Adjectives

(Talking about a rainbow—īris, īridis (3f; the genitive can also be īris).) Numquam (adv.): never. Non: not. Adversus/ adversa /adversum (1/2): turned toward, facing, opposite; turned forward, directed to the front; moving in the opposite direction, (esp. of winds) blowing against one (and thus unfavorable/adverse); (in all sorts of other contexts) opposed, adverse, hostile, unfavorable. Sōlī is the dative singular form of sōl, sōlis (3m): sun. Est: it is.

(Petilius making his attack by dividing his army in half to ascend a mountain ridge.) Duābus is the feminine ablative form of duo/duae/duo (irreg.): two. Simul (adv.): at the same time, at once, simultaneously; together. Partibus is the ablative plural form of pars, partis (3f): part; side. Subeō, subīre, subiī, subitum (irreg.): to go underneath; come up to, approach; climb, ascend; undergo. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Adversōs is the masculine accusative plural form of adversus/adversa/adversum (1/2): turned toward, facing, opposite; turned forward, directed to the front; moving in the opposite direction, (esp. of winds) blowing against one (and thus unfavorable/adverse); (in all sorts of other contexts) opposed, adverse, hostile, unfavorable. Montēs is the accusative plural form of mōns, montis (3m): mountain; hill. Coepit is the third person singular perfect form of coepī, coepisse, coeptum (defective; no present forms in regular use): to start, begin.

Ad (prep.): to, toward (takes accusative). Adversam is the feminine accusative singular form of adversus/adversa/adversum (1/2): turned toward, facing, opposite; turned forward, directed to the front; moving in the opposite direction, (esp. of winds) blowing against one (and thus unfavorable/adverse); (in all sorts of other contexts) opposed, adverse, hostile, unfavorable. Basim is the accusative singular form of basis, basis (3f): base, foundation, pedestal. Accessimus is the first person plural perfect form of accēdō, accēdere, accessī, accessum (3): to come near, approach (usually intransitive, often with ad).

(A sign that he didn’t flee from the enemy; otherwise the wounds would have been on his back.) Adversō is the m/n ablative singular form of adversus/adversa/adversum (1/2): turned toward, facing, opposite; turned forward, directed to the front; moving in the opposite direction, (esp. of winds) blowing against one (and thus unfavorable/adverse); (in all sorts of other contexts) opposed, adverse, hostile, unfavorable. Corpore is the ablative singular form of corpus, corporis (3n): body. Exceptās is the feminine accusative plural form of exceptus/excepta/exceptum (1/2), the perfect passive participle (received) of excipiō, excipere, excēpī, exceptum (3, –iō): to take out; exclude, except; receive; sustain; catch, intercept. Ostendēbat is the third person singular imperfect form of ostendō, ostendere, ostendī, ostentum/ostēnsum (3): to show, display, exhibit. Cicātrīcēs is the accusative plural form of cicātrīx, cicātrīcis (3f): scar.

Bis (adv.): twice. Tamen (adv.): nevertheless. Adversō is the m/n ablative singular form of adversus/adversa/adversum (1/2): turned toward, facing, opposite; turned forward, directed to the front; moving in the opposite direction, (esp. of winds) blowing against one (and thus unfavorable/adverse); (in all sorts of other contexts) opposed, adverse, hostile, unfavorable. Rediērunt is the third person plural perfect form of redeō, redīre, rediī, reditum (irreg.): to go or come back, turn back, turn around, return, to push back. Carbasa is the nominative plural form of carbasus, carbasī (2f, but n in the plural): linen garment; sail. Ventō is the ablative singular form of ventus, ventī (2m): wind.

Fortūnam is the accusative singular form of fortūna, fortūnae (1f): fortune, luck. Adhūc (adv.): still, yet; thus far. Tantum (adv.): so much; as much; only. Adversam is the feminine accusative singular form of adversus/adversa/adversum (1/2): turned toward, facing, opposite; turned forward, directed to the front; moving in the opposite direction, (esp. of winds) blowing against one (and thus unfavorable/adverse); (in all sorts of other contexts) opposed, adverse, hostile, unfavorable. Tulistī is the second person singular perfect form of ferō, ferre, tulī, lātum (3, irreg.): to carry, bear; endure; produce; tell, say, relate.

Adversōs is the masculine accusative plural form of adversus/adversa/adversum (1/2): turned toward, facing, opposite; turned forward, directed to the front; moving in the opposite direction, (esp. of winds) blowing against one (and thus unfavorable/adverse); (in all sorts of other contexts) opposed, adverse, hostile, unfavorable. Extimuēre is the third person plural perfect form of extimēscō, extimēscere, extimuī, — (3): to take fright; dread. Deōs is the accusative plural form of deus, deī (2, irreg.): god, deity.

Spēs, speī (5f): hope. Est: is. Ultimus/ultima/ ultimum (1/2): last; furthest. Adversārum is the feminine genitive plural form of adversus/adversa/adversum (1/2): turned toward, facing, opposite; turned forward, directed to the front; moving in the opposite direction, (esp. of winds) blowing against one (and thus unfavorable/adverse); (in all sorts of other contexts) opposed, adverse, hostile, unfavorable. Rērum is the genitive plural form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair; fact; event; circumstance. Sōlācium, sōlāciī (2m): comfort, solace, consolation.

(Instead of teaching me how to compose sad music.) Mōnstrā is the singular imperative form of mōnstrō, mōnstrāre, mōnstrāvī, mōnstrātum (1): to show. Potius (adv.): rather, preferably. Quōmodo (interrog. adv.): how? Inter (prep.): among, in the midst of; between; during (takes accusative). Adversa is the neuter accusative plural form of adversus/adversa/adversum (1/2): turned toward, facing, opposite; turned forward, directed to the front; moving in the opposite direction, (esp. of winds) blowing against one (and thus unfavorable/adverse); (in all sorts of other contexts) opposed, adverse, hostile, unfavorable. Nōn: not. Ēmittam is the first person singular subjunctive form of ēmittō, ēmittere, ēmīsī, ēmissum (3): to send out; dispatch; let out; emit; utter (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect and deliberative question). Flēbilem is the m/f accusative singular form of flēbilis/flēbilis/flēbile (3): related to weeping; lamentable; plaintive; piteous; tearful. Vōcem is the accusative singular form of vōx, vōcis (3f): voice; utterance; word.

Sabīnus, Sabīnī (2m): Roman cognomen. Exercitum is the accusative singular form of exercitus, exercitūs (4m): army. Aequō is the m/n ablative singular form of aequus/aequa/aequum (1/2): level, flat, even; equal; equitable, just, fair, right; tranquil, calm, untroubled. Locō is the ablative singular form of locus, locī (2m): place, position. Ostendit is the third person singular (perfect or present; if present, it’s the historical present here) form of ostendō, ostendere, ostendī, ostentum/ostēnsum (3): to show, exhibit, display.

Aequus/ aequa /aequum (1/2): level, flat, even; equal; equitable, just, fair, right; tranquil, calm, untroubled. Vidētur is the third person singular passive form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see; (in the passive) seem. Enim (particle): for, indeed. Dēmentia, dēmentiae (1f): madness, insanity. Dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say. Utrumque is the m/n (here n) accusative singular form of uterque/utraque/utrumque (1/2, irreg.): each of two, either.

(As opposed to anger, which only wants its decision to seem just.) Ratiō, ratiōnis (3f): reason; reasoning; method; calculation. Id is the neuter accusative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Iūdicō, iūdicāre, iūdicāvī, iūdicātum (1): to judge, decide, pronounce, give judgment. Vult is the third person singular form of volō, velle, voluī, — (irreg.): to want, wish. Quī/quae/ quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Aequus/aequa/ aequum (1/2): level, flat, even; equal; equitable, just, fair, right; tranquil, calm, untroubled. Est: is.

(You might as well be comfortable losing your property, because your life will be gone soon enough.) Aequō is the m/n ablative singular form of aequus/aequa/aequum (1/2): level, flat, even; equal; equitable, just, fair, right; tranquil, calm, untroubled. Animō is the ablative singular form of animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit (aequō animō is an expression: with a calm mind, with equanimity). Perde is the singular imperative form of perdō, perdere, perdidī, perditum (3): to destroy; ruin; lose. Pereundus/pereunda/ pereundum is the gerundive of pereō, perīre, periī, peritum (irreg.): to disappear, be lost; be destroyed, perish, die. Est: it is (pereundum est is the impersonal passive periphrastic: perishing must happen, one must perish, you must be lost/die).

In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Aequum is the accusative singular form of aequum, aequī (2n): level ground; an equal footing, equality; that which is just, right, fair or equitable; justice, right, equity (a substantive use of aequus/aequa/aequum (1/2): level, flat, even; equal; equitable, just, fair, right; tranquil, calm, untroubled). Dēscendunt is the third person plural form of dēscendō, dēscendere, dēscendī, dēscēnsum (3): to descend, go down; sink, penetrate deeply (it’s in the historical present).

Avēs is the nominative plural form of avis, avis (3f): bird. Ex /ē (prep.): out of, from; according to (takes the ablative). Aequō is the ablative singular form ofaequum, aequī (2n): level ground; an equal footing, equality; that which is just, right, fair or equitable; justice, right, equity (a substantive use of aequus/aequa/aequum (1/2): level, flat, even; equal; equitable, just, fair, right; tranquil, calm, untroubled (ex aequo: in an equal manner, evenly). Partiuntur is the third person plural form of partior, partīrī, partītus sum (4, deponent): to share, distribute, divide. Cibōs is the accusative plural form of cibus, cibī (2m): food.

Cēdit is the third person singular form of cēdō, cēdere, cessī, cessum (3): to go, move; go away, withdraw, retreat; yield, submit; happen, result, turn out. Vīribus is the dative plural form of vīs, vīs (3f): strength, force, power (sometimes plural with singular translation). Aequum, aequī (2n): level ground; an equal footing, equality; that which is just, right, fair or equitable; justice, right, equity (a substantive use of aequus/aequa/aequum (1/2): level, flat, even; equal; equitable, just, fair, right; tranquil, calm, untroubled).

Crīmine is the ablative singular form of crīmen, crīminis (3n): charge, accusation; crime. Aliēnō is the m/n ablative singular form aliēnus/aliēna/aliēnum (1/2): of another, belonging to another or others, not one’s own; alien, foreign, unfamiliar, unrelated; out-of-place, irrelevant, unsuitable; unprofitable; harmful; hostile, unfavorable. Exulās is the second person singular form of exulō, exulāre, exulāvī, exulātum (1—also exsulō): to be exiled, live in exile. Tuō is the m/n ablative singular form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours. Redībis is the second person singular future form of redeō, redīre, rediī, reditum (irreg.): to go or come back, return.

(Time alone is ours.) Omnia is the neuter nominative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): every; all; (n. pl. used substantively) all things, everything. Lūcīlī is the masculine vocative singular form of the family name Lūcīlius/Lūcīlia/Lūcīlium (1/2). Aliēna is the neuter nominative plural form of aliēnus/aliēna/aliēnum (1/2): of another, belonging to another or others, not one’s own; alien, foreign, unfamiliar, unrelated; out-of-place, irrelevant, unsuitable; unprofitable; harmful; hostile, unfavorable. Sunt: are.

Homō, hominis (3m): man, human. Sum: I am. Hūmānī is the m/n (here n) genitive singular form of hūmānus/hūmāna/hūmānum (1/2): human, belonging to human beings. Nīl (contraction of nihil; n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here acc.): nothing. Ab/ ā (prep.): from; by (takes ablative). Mē is the ablative form of ego: I (me). Aliēnum is the m/n accusative singular form of aliēnus/aliēna/aliēnum (1/2): of another, belonging to another or others, not one’s own; alien, foreign, unfamiliar, unrelated; out-of-place, irrelevant, unsuitable; unprofitable; harmful; hostile, unfavorable. Putō, putāre, putāvī, putātum (1): to think, suppose, regard, consider.

(As a remedy for tuberculosis.) Balineum, balineī (2n—also balneum): bath. Aliēnus/aliēna/ aliēnum (1/2): of another, belonging to another or others, not one’s own; alien, foreign, unfamiliar, unrelated; out-of-place, irrelevant, unsuitable; unprofitable; harmful; hostile, unfavorable. Est: is.

Hominēs is the nominative plural form of homō, hominis (3m): human, man. Erant: they were—the third person plural imperfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Ab /ā (prep.): (away) from; by (takes the ablative). Hōc is the m/n ablative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Omnēs is the m/f nominative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Aliēnissimī is the masculine nominative plural form of aliēnissimus/aliēnissima/aliēnissimum (1/2): most/very foreign, most/very unfamiliar, most/very unrelated—the superlative form of aliēnus/aliēna/aliēnum (1/2): of another, belonging to another or others, not one’s own; alien, foreign, unfamiliar, unrelated; out-of-place, irrelevant, unsuitable; unprofitable; harmful; hostile, unfavorable.

Levis/levis/ leve (3): light; gentle; easy. Aes, aeris (3n): copper; money. Aliēnus/aliēna/ aliēnum (1/2): of another, belonging to another or others, not one’s own; alien, foreign, unfamiliar, unrelated; out-of-place, irrelevant, unsuitable; unprofitable; harmful; hostile, unfavorable (aes aliēnum = debt). Dēbitōrem is the accusative singular form of dēbitor, dēbitōris (3m): debtor. Facit is the third person singular form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Gravis/gravis/ grave (3): heavy; serious; hard, painful, grievous. Inimīcum is the accusative singular form of inimīcus, inimīcī (2m): enemy.

(As when someone abruptly changes and seems to become someone else.) Subitō (adv.): suddenly. Alius /alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): another, other; different.

Aliī is the m/f/n dative singular form of alius/alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): another, other; different. Exul, exulis (3m/f—also exsul): exile (exiled person). Est: he is. Tibi is the dative form of tū: you (to you). Pater, patris (3m): father.

Aliās is the feminine accusative plural form of alius/alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): another, other; different. Causās is the accusative plural form of causa, causae (1f): cause, reason; case. Aliam is the feminine accusative singular form of alius/alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): another, other; different. Mentem is the accusative singular form of mēns, mentis (3f): mind; attitude of mind, mindset; intention. Aliam is the feminine accusative singular form of alius/alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): another, other; different. Ratiōnem is the accusative singular form of ratiō, ratiōnis (3f): calculation; reasoning, rationale; method; reason. Dabō is the first person singular future form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1): to give; impute, assign, attribute.

Inter (prep.): among; between; during (takes the accusative). Alia is the neuter accusative plural form of alius/alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): another, other; different.

Sed (conj.): but. Haec is the neuter accusative plural form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it (these things). Tē is the accusative form of tū: you; here it’s the accusative subject of an indirect statement whose infinitive verb is left implied. Mālō, mālle, māluī, — (irreg.): to prefer. Ab /ā (prep.): from; by (takes ablative). Aliīs is the m/f/n (here m) ablative plural form of alius/alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): another, other; different.

Aliō is the m/n ablative singular form of alius/alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): another, other; different (alius. . . alius = one. . . another). Locō is the ablative singular form of locus, locī (2m): place. Comitem is the accusative singular form of comes, comitis (3m/f): companion, comrade. Relinquēs is the second person singular future form of relinquō, relinquere, relīquī, relictum (3): to relinquish, abandon, leave behind. Aliō is the m/n ablative singular form of alius/alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): another, other; different. Efferēs is the second person singular future form of efferō, efferre, extulī, ēlātum (3, irreg.): to bring or bear out; bear to the grave, bury; lift up, elevate. Aliō is the m/n ablative singular form of alius/alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): another, other; different. Timēbis is the second person singular future form of timeō, timēre, timuī, — (2): to fear, be afraid.

(Also an adage of Erasmus.) Fallācia, fallāciae (1f): deception, deceit, lie. Alius/ alia /aliud (1/2, irreg.): another, other; different (alius. . . alius = one. . . another). Aliam is the feminine accusative singular form of alius/alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): another, other; different. Trūdit is the third person singular form of trūdō, trūdere, trūsī, trūsum (3): to thrust, push, shove; press on, drive on, impel.

(Talking about the ranks of the envied.) Aliī is the masculine nominative plural form of alius/alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): another, other; different (aliī. . . aliī = some. . . others). Ēlīdentur is the third person plural future passive form of ēlīdō, ēlīdere, ēlīsī, ēlīsum (3): to crush, smash; knock out, force out, squeeze out, eject. Aliī is the masculine nominative plural form of alius/alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): another, other; different. Cadent is the third person plural future form of cadō, cadere, cecidī, cāsum (3): to fall.

(The absence of punctuation in Latin gives rise to the ambiguity reflected in the translations. In any case, Seneca is presenting a hypothetical scenario. The next sentence tells us what to do if someone has indeed given us offense for the umpteenth time: let’s bear what we’ve borne before.) Saepe (adv.): often. Et (conj.): and. Aliās (adv.): at another time or times, on another occasion or other occasions. Offendit is the third person singular perfect form of offendō, offendere, offendī, offēnsum (3): to hit; stumble upon; offend.

(He’s discussing two kinds of benefits: the everyday kind vs. the deeper kind the wise can give to each other.) Dē (prep.): from, down from; about, concerning (takes the ablative). Alterō is the m/n ablative singular form of alter/altera/alterum (1/2, irreg.): the other, the second; another, a second; one of two. Beneficium, beneficiī (2n): a kindness, service, benefit. Genere is the ablative singular form of genus, generis (3n): kind, type; race, birth, descent. Dubitātur is the third person singular passive form of dubitō, dubitāre, dubitāvī, dubitātum (1): to doubt; hesitate.

Dēbet is the third person singular form of dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitum (2): to owe; ought. Nēmō, nēminis (3m): no one. Nisi (conj.): unless, if not; except. Alterī is the m/f/n (here m) dative singular form of alter/altera/alterum (1/2, irreg.): the other, the second; another, a second; one of two.

Turpis /turpis/turpe (3): ugly; disgraceful, shocking, shameful. Dē (prep.): from, down from; about, concerning (takes the ablative). Tē is the ablative form of tū: you. Iam (adv.): already; now; soon; anymore. Liber, librī (2m): book. Alter /altera/alterum (1/2, irreg.): the other, the second; another, a second; one of two. Erit: there will be—the third person singular future form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

Oculō is the ablative singular form of oculus, oculī (2m): eye. Semper (adv.): always. Philaenis, Philaenidos (3f): a Greek name. Alterō is the m/n ablative singular form of alter/altera/alterum (1/2, irreg.): the other, the second; another, a second; one of two. Plōrat is the third person singular form of plōrō, plōrāre, plōrāvī, plōrātum (1): to weep aloud, cry, wail.

(A man died after writing two wills, each in favor of a different friend. Usually, the last will prevails; but in this case the second will was judged invalid. Now the dead man’s relatives are contesting the first will, on the grounds that it was neither the only will nor the last.) Scrīpsit is the third person singular perfect form of scrībō, scrībere, scrīpsī, scrīptum (3): to write. Inquit is the third person singular form of inquam (irreg. and defective): to say. Et (adv.): also, too; even. Alterās is the feminine accusative plural form of alter/altera/alterum (1/2, irreg.): the other, the second; another, a second; one of two; (in the plural) the other group/set, another group/set, etc. Tabulās is the accusative plural form of tabula, tabulae (1f): board; tablet (on which a document like a letter, contract, or will could be written).

Alter /altera/alterum (1/2, irreg.): the other, the second; another, a second; one of two (alter. . . alter = the one. . . the other). Post (prep.): after; behind (takes accusative). Mortem is the accusative singular form of mors, mortis (3f): death. Quoque (adv.): also, too; even. Est: is (exists). Alter /altera/alterum (1/2, irreg.): the other, the second; another, a second; one of two. Ante (prep.): before; in front of (takes accusative). Mortem is the accusative singular form of mors, mortis (3f): death. Perīt (contraction of periit) is the third person singular perfect form of pereō, perīre, periī, peritum (irreg.): to disappear, be lost; be destroyed, perish, die.

In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Vitia is the accusative plural form of vitium, vitiī (2n): vice, fault. Alter /altera/alterum (1/2, irreg.): the other, the second; another, a second; one of two. Alterum is the m/n accusative singular form of alter/altera/alterum (1/2, irreg.): the other, the second; another, a second; one of two (alter alterum, or alterī, etc. , depending on the sentence = each other, one another (a reciprocal relationship). Trūdimus is the first person plural form of trūdō, trūdere, trūsī, trūsum (3): to thrust, push, shove.

(He’s talking about desire—cupiditās, cupiditātis (3f)—and its never-ending character.) Alter/ altera /alterum (1/2, irreg.): the other, the second; another, a second; one of two (alter. . . alter = the one. . . the other). Ex/ ē (prep.): out of, from (takes the ablative). Fīne is the ablative singular form of fīnis, fīnis (3m): end; limit. Alterīus is the m/f/n genitive singular form of alter/altera/alterum (1/2, irreg.): the other, the second; another, a second; one of two. Nāscitur is the third person singular form of nāscor, nāscī, nātus sum (3, deponent): to be born; spring forth.

(Describing a route.) Mōns, montis (3m): mountain. Autem (particle): on the other hand, but, however; and, moreover. Altissimus /altissima/altissimum (1/2): very tall/tallest—the superlative form of altus/alta/altum (1/2): high, tall, lofty, elevated; deep, profound. Impendēbat is the third person singular imperfect form of impendeō, impendēre, —, — (2, irreg.): to hang above; tower over; threaten, impend.

Altus/alta/ altum (1/2): high, tall, lofty, elevated; deep, profound. Quīdam/quaedam/ quiddam (pron.): a certain one, somebody, something. Est: is. Virtūs, virtūtis (3f): virtue; courage; power, strength.

Nimiō (adv.): by a very great degree, a lot (in comparisons). Minus (adv.): less. Altus /alta/altum (1/2): high, tall, lofty, elevated; deep, profound. Puteus, puteī (2m): pit; well. Vīsust is a contraction of vīsus est, the third person masculine singular perfect passive form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see; (in the passive) seem, appear. Quam (rel. adv.): as; than. Prius (adv.): first, earlier, previously, beforehand.

Ita (adv.): thus, so, in this/that way. Sunt: are. Altae is the feminine nominative plural form of altus/alta/altum (1/2): high, tall, lofty, elevated; deep, profound. Stirpēs is the nominative plural form of stirps, stirpis (3f): stem; root; family; offspring. Stultitia, stultitiae (1f): stupidity, foolishness, folly.

Vapor, vapōris (3m): steam, vapor. Ex /ē (prep.): out of, from (takes the ablative). Altō is the ablative singular form of altum, altī (2n): a high place a position on high, a height or heights; a deep place, a depth or depths; the deep, the open sea (a substantive use of altus/alta/altum (1/2): high, tall, lofty, elevated; deep, profound). Cadit is the third person singular form of cadō, cadere, cecidī, cāsum (3): to fall. Rūrsusque (adv.): backward; on the contrary; again; in turn (the enclitic conjunction – que adds and). In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Altum is the accusative singular form of altum, altī (2n): a high place a position on high, a height or heights; a deep place, a depth or depths; the deep, the open sea (a substantive use of altus/alta/altum (1/2): high, tall, lofty, elevated; deep, profound). Redit is the third person singular form of redeō, redīre, rediī, reditum (irreg.): to go or come back, return.

Nūllus/ nūlla /nūllum (1/2, irreg.): no, not any. Sollicitūdō, sollicitūdinis (3f): anxiety, worry. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Altō is the ablative singular form of altum, altī (2n): a high place a position on high, a height or heights; a deep place, a depth or depths; the deep, the open sea (a substantive use of altus/alta/altum (1/2): high, tall, lofty, elevated; deep, profound). Est: is.

Illōrum is the m/n (here m) genitive plural form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she, it. Nāvis, nāvis (3f): ship. Longē (adv.): a long way off, far off, at or from a distance. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Altum is the accusative singular form of altum, altī (2n): a high place a position on high, a height or heights; a deep place, a depth or depths; the deep, the open sea (a substantive use of altus/alta/altum (1/2): high, tall, lofty, elevated; deep, profound). Abscesserat is the third person singular pluperfect form of abscēdō, abscēdere, abscessī, abscessum (3): to go away.

Verbīs is the ablative plural form of verbum, verbī (2n): word. Sōlābar is the first person singular imperfect form of sōlor, sōlārī, sōlātus sum (1, deponent): to comfort, console. Amīcīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of amīcus/amīca/amīcum (1/2): friendly, well-disposed, favorable; bound by ties of friendship; dear.

Quis /quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Autem (particle): on the other hand, but, however; and, moreover. Amīcior /amīcior/amīcius (3): friendlier, better-disposed, more favorable; more bound by ties of friendship; dearer—the comparative form of amīcus/amīca/amīcum (1/2): friendly, well-disposed, favorable; bound by ties of friendship; dear. Quam (rel. adv.): than; as. Frātrī is the dative singular form of frāter, frātris (3m): brother. Frāter, frātris (3m): brother. (The verb is implied.)

Pompēium is the m/n (here m) accusative singular form of Pompēius/Pompēia/Pompēium (1/2): a Roman family name, here of Pompey the Great. Nōbīs is the dative form of nōs: we (to us) (first person plural used for the first person singular). Amīcissimum is the m/n (here m) accusative singular form of amīcissimus/amīcissima/amīcissimum (1/2): very friendly/friendliest, very well-disposed/best-disposed, very/most favorable; very/most bound by ties of friendship; very dear/dearest—the superlative form of amīcus/amīca/amīcum (1/2): friendly, well-disposed, favorable; bound by ties of friendship; dear. Cōnstat is the third person singular form of cōnstō, cōnstāre, cōnstitī, cōnstātūrus (1): to stand together; stand firm; be consistent; (with ablative) be made of; (with ablative) cost; (impersonally) be generally agreed, be established as a fact. Esse: to be.

In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Pectore is the ablative singular form of pectus, pectoris (3n): chest, breast; the seat of feelings, the heart. Amīcus, amīcī (2m): (male) friend. Nōn: not. Atriō is the ablative singular form of ātrium, ātriī (2n): atrium, the central room of a Roman house, with an opening in the roof and a basin collecting rain water; callers were typically received in this room. Quaeritur is the third person singular passive form of quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī/quaesiī, quaesītum (3): to seek; ask.

Amīcum is the masculine accusative singular form of amīcus, amīcī (2m): (male) friend. Ego: I. Dēfendō, dēfendere, dēfendī, dēfēnsum (3): to ward off; defend. Meum is the m/n accusative singular form of meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine.

Clausit is the third person singular perfect form of claudō, claudere, clausī, clausum (3): to close, shut. Amīca, amīcae (1f): (female) friend; girlfriend, mistress. Forēs is the accusative plural form of foris, foris (3f): door; (in the plural, more common) (double) door.

Exempla is the accusative plural form of exemplum, exemplī (2n): example; precedent. Quaerimus is the first person plural form of quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī/quaesiī, quaesītum (3): to seek, look for; ask. Et (conj.): and. Ea is the neuter accusative plural form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Nōn: not. Antīqua is the neuter accusative plural form of antīquus/antīqua/antīquum (1/2): situated in front; old, ancient; long-standing; former; old-time, old-fashioned.

Tū: you. Es: (you) are. Ex/ ē (prep.): from, out of (takes the ablative). Mūnicipiō is the ablative singular form of mūnicipium, mūnicipiī (2n): a self-governing community in Italy, municipality. Antīquissimō is the m/n ablative singular form of antīquissimus/antīquissima/antīquissimum (1/2): very/most ancient—the superlative form of antīquus/antīqua/antīquum (1/2): situated in front; old, ancient; long-standing; former; old-time, old-fashioned. Tusculānō is the m/n ablative singular form of Tusculānus/Tusculāna/Tusculānum (1/2): Tusculan, of the Italian town of Tusculum.

Umbrōrum is the m/n (here m) genitive plural form of Umber/Umbra/Umbrum (1/2): Umbrian. Gēns, gentis (3f): a Roman gens, clan, extended family; race, nation, people. Antīquissimus/ antīquissima /antīquissimum (1/2): very/most ancient—the superlative form of antīquus/antīqua/antīquum (1/2): situated in front; old, ancient; long-standing; former; old-time, old-fashioned. Italia, Italiae (1f): Italy. Exīstimātur is the third person singular passive form of exīstimō, exīstimāre, exīstimāvī, exīstimātum (1): to think, suppose; judge.

Antīquus /antīqua/antīquum (1/2): situated in front; old, ancient; long-standing; former; old-time, old-fashioned. Amor, amōris (3m): love; love affair. Cancer, cancrī (2m): crab; Cancer (constellation); a sore, tumor, canker, or similar ailment. Est: is.

Pars, partis (3f): part. Antīquī is the m/n genitive singular form of antīquus/antīqua/antīquum (1/2): situated in front; old, ancient; long-standing; former; old-time, old-fashioned. Nūllus/ nūlla /nūllum (1/2, irreg.): no, none, not any. Vigor, vigōris (3m): vigor, energy. Adest is the third person singular form of adsum, adesse, adfuī, adfutūrus (irreg.): to be there, be present.

(From a letter by Marcus Aurelius praising a speech of Fronto’s.) Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here acc.): nothing. Ego: I. Umquam (adv.): ever. Cultius is the neuter accusative singular form of cultior/cultior/cultius (3): more refined—the comparative form of cultus/culta/cultum (1/2): cultivated; refined (originally the perfect passive participle of colō, colere, coluī, cultum (3): to inhabit; cultivate; practice; worship). Antīquius is the neuter accusative singular form of antīquior/antīquior/antīquius (3): older, more ancient; more old-time, more old-fashioned, more classical—the comparative form of antīquus/antīqua/antīquum (1/2): situated in front; old, ancient; long-standing; former; old-time, old-fashioned (it sometimes can be rendered as classical when meant in a good way). Condītius is the neuter accusative singular form of condītior/condītior/condītius (3): more flavored; more ornamented or polished—the comparative form of condītus/condīta/condītum (1/2): flavored; (of style of speech or writing) ornamented or polished (originally the perfect passive participle of condiō, condīre, condīvī/condiī, condītum (4): to season, flavor). Latīnius is the neuter accusative singular form of Latīnior/Latīnior/Latīnius (3): more Latin—the comparative form of Latīnus/Latīna/Latīnum (1/2): Latin. Legō, legere, lēgī, lēctum (3): to read; collect; pick, choose.

(Talking about expressions that they used.) Plēnī is the masculine nominative plural form of plēnus/plēna/plēnum (1/2) full (can take the ablative or the genitive). Tālibus is the m/f/n (here n) ablative plural form of tālis/tālis/tāle (3): such. Antīquī is the masculine nominative plural form of antīquus/antīqua/antīquum (1/2): situated in front; old, ancient; long-standing; former; old-time, old-fashioned. Sunt: are.

Animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit. Remedia is the nominative plural form of remedium, remediī (2n): cure, remedy. Inventa sunt is the third person neuter plural perfect passive form of inveniō, invenīre, invēnī, inventum (4): to find; discover; invent. Ab /ā (prep.): from; by (takes the ablative). Antīquīs is the m/f/n (here m) ablative plural form of antīquus/antīqua/antīquum (1/2): situated in front; old, ancient; long-standing; former; old-time, old-fashioned.

Quī is the masculine nominative plural form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Pauperēs is the m/f nominative plural form of pauper, pauperis (3, adj.): poor. Sunt: are. Iīs is the m/f/n dative plural form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that (those). Antīquior/ antīquior /antīquius (3): older, more ancient; (special meanings in the comparative) more important; better, preferable, more desirable—the comparative form of antīquus/antīqua/antīquum (1/2): situated in front; old, ancient; long-standing; former; old-time, old-fashioned. Officiō is the ablative singular form of officium, officiī (2n): duty, obligation; service; function. Pecūnia, pecūniae (1f): money. Est: is.

Officium, officiī (2n): duty, obligation; service; function. Sit is the third person singular subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrum (irreg.): to be (a jussive subjunctive). Nōbīs is the dative form of nōs: we (to us). Antīquissimus/antīquissima/ antīquissimum (1/2): very old/oldest, very/most ancient; (special meanings of the superlative) first in importance, foremost, chief, most important—the superlative form of antīquus/antīqua/antīquum (1/2): situated in front; old, ancient; long-standing; former; old-time, old-fashioned.

(—hanging over the neck of Damocles, who was therefore unable to enjoy the fine things in front of him.) Gladium is the accusative singular form of gladius, gladiī (2m): sword. Ex/ ē (prep.): from, out of (takes the ablative). Lacūnārī is the ablative singular form of lacūnar, lacūnāris (3n): an ornamental panel in a ceiling; ceiling. Saetā is the ablative singular form of saeta, saetae (1f—also sēta): a coarse hair of an animal. Equīnā is the feminine ablative singular form of equīnus/equīna/equīnum (1/2): horse-. . . , of a horse, belonging to a horse. Aptum is the m/n accusative singular form of aptus/apta/aptum (1/2): tied, fastened, attached; joined, linked, connected; equipped, furnished, fitted (with something); fitted, suited, fitting, suitable, apt. Dēmittī is the passive infinitive form of dēmittō, dēmittere, dēmīsī, dēmissum: to send down, let down, lower. Iussit is the third person singular perfect form of iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussum (2): to order, command.

Facilior/facilior/ facilius (3): easier—the comparative form of facilis/facilis/facile (3): easy. Est: it is. Enim (particle): for, indeed. Apta is the neuter accusative plural form of aptus/apta/aptum (1/2): tied, fastened, attached; joined, linked, connected; equipped, furnished, fitted (with something); fitted, suited, fitting, suitable, apt. Dissolvō, dissolvere, dissolvī, dissolūtum (3): to break up, dissolve, disintegrate; unbind, set free; solve; pay. Quam (rel. adv.): than; as. Dissipāta is the neuter accusative plural form of dissipātus/dissipāta/dissipātum (1/2): dispersed, scattered; disordered—the perfect passive participle of dissipō, dissipāre, dissipāvī, dissipātum (1): to disperse, scatter, dissipate; disintegrate; squander. Cōnectō, cōnectere, cōnexī, cōnexum (3): to join, fasten, link or string together.

Caelum is the accusative singular form of caelum, caelī (2n): sky, heaven. Prōspexit is the third person singular perfect form of prōspiciō, prōspicere, prōspexī, prōspectum (3, –iō): to see in front; look before one; look out (at/on/for); anticipate, foresee; take care (that); make provision. Stēllīs is the ablative plural form of stēlla, stēllae (1f): star. Fulgentibus is the m/f/n ablative plural form of fulgēns, fulgentis (3): shining, flashing, gleaming, glittering—the present active of fulgeō, fulgēre, fulsī, — (2): to shine, flash, gleam, glitter. Aptum is the m/n accusative singular form of aptus/apta/aptum (1/2): tied, fastened, attached; joined, linked, connected; equipped, furnished, fitted (with something); fitted, suited, fitting, suitable, apt.

(Talking about a name—nōmen, nōminis (3n)—for a thing.) Aptissimus/aptissima/ aptissimum (1/2): very/most suitable—the superlative form of aptus/apta/aptum (1/2): tied, fastened, attached; joined, linked, connected; equipped, furnished, fitted (with something); fitted, suited, fitting, suitable, apt. Tamen (adv.): yet, still, nevertheless. Vidētur is the third person singular passive form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see; (in the passive) seem. Mihi is the dative form of ego: I (to me). Quō is the m/n ablative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Cicerō, Cicerōnis (3m): Cicero. Ūsus est is the third person masculine singular perfect form of ūtor, utī, ūsus sum (3, deponent): to use (takes an ablative object).

Itaque (adv.): (and) so, consequently, therefore. Nātūrā is the ablative singular form of nātūra, nātūrae (1f): nature. Sumus: we are. Aptī is the masculine nominative plural form of aptus/apta/aptum (1/2): tied, fastened, attached; joined, linked, connected; equipped, furnished, fitted (with something); fitted, suited, fitting, suitable, apt. Ad (prep.): to, toward; for (takes the accusative). Coetūs is the accusative plural form of coetus, coetūs (4m): gathering, concourse, assembly; group, band, company, society, union, association. Concilia is the accusative plural form of concilium, conciliī (2n): public meeting; assembly, gathering; group, band, company, society, union, association. Cīvitātēs is the accusative plural form of cīvitās, cīvitātis (3f): state, city-state.

Sōlus /sōla/sōlum (1/2, irreg.): alone; only. Aptus /apta/aptum (1/2): tied, fastened, attached; joined, linked, connected; equipped, furnished, fitted (with something); fitted, suited, fitting, suitable, apt. Est: he is. Ad (prep.): to, toward; for (takes the accusative). Hanc is the feminine accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Artem is the accusative singular form of ars, artis (3f): skill, art, technique.

Conturbātus /conturbāta/conturbātum (1/2) is the perfect passive participle of conturbō, conturbāre, conturbāvī, conturbātum (1): to mix up, upset; perturb, disquiet. Animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit. Nōn: not. Est: is. Aptus /apta/aptum (1/2): tied, fastened, attached; joined, linked, connected; equipped, furnished, fitted (with something); fitted, suited, fitting, suitable, apt. Ad (prep.): to, toward; for (takes the accusative). Exequendum is the m/n accusative singular form of exequendus/exequenda/exequendum (1/2), the gerundive of exequor, exequī, execūtus sum (3, deponent—also exsequor): to follow; pursue; carry out, execute; enumerate. Mūnus is the accusative singular form of mūnus, mūneris (3n): function, work, job; gift. Suum: its (own)—the m/n accusative singular form of suus/sua/suum (1/2).

Tempus, temporis (3n): time. Adest is the third person singular form of adsum, adesse, adfuī, adfutūrus (irreg.): to be there, be present. Aptus/apta/ aptum (1/2): tied, fastened, attached; joined, linked, connected; equipped, furnished, fitted (with something); fitted, suited, fitting, suitable, apt. Precibus is the dative plural form of prex, precis (3f; the nominative and genitive singular forms aren’t in common use): prayer, entreaty, petition.

Ō (interjection): O! Oh! Rem is the accusative singular form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair; fact (it’s in the exclamatory accusative). Minimē (adv.): least; not at all. Aptam is the feminine accusative singular form of aptus/apta/aptum (1/2): tied, fastened, attached; joined, linked, connected; equipped, furnished, fitted (with something); fitted, suited, fitting, suitable, apt. Meīs is the m/f/n dative plural form of meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine. Mōribus is the dative plural form of mōs, mōris (3m): custom, habit; (in pl.) habits, ways, behavior, manners, morals, character.

Clipeō is the dative singular form of clipeus, clipeī (2m): shield. Manus, manūs (4f): hand. Aptus/ apta /aptum (1/2): tied, fastened, attached; joined, linked, connected; equipped, furnished, fitted (with something); fitted, suited, fitting, suitable, apt. Ferendō is the m/n dative singular form of ferendus/ferenda/ferendum (1/2), the gerundive of ferō, ferre, tulī, lātum (3, irreg.): to carry, bear; endure; produce; tell, say, relate. Est: is.

(Cicero is referring to his use of the old Cato as the main speaker in his dialogue Cato the Elder on Old Age.) Nūllus/ nūlla /nūllum (1/2, irreg.): no, none, not any. Vidēbātur is the third person singular imperfect passive form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see; (in the passive) seem. Aptior/ aptior /aptius (3): a more suitable—the comparative form of aptus/apta/aptum (1/2): tied, fastened, attached; joined, linked, connected; equipped, furnished, fitted (with something); fitted, suited, fitting, suitable, apt. Persōna, persōnae (1f): mask; character; person. Quī/ quae /quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Dē (prep.): from, down from; of; about, concerning. Illā is the feminine ablative singular form of ille/illa/illud (adj.): that. Aetāte is the ablative singular form of aetās, aetātis (3f): age; period of life; lifetime. Loquerētur is the third person singular imperfect subjunctive form of loquor, loquī, locūtus sum (3, deponent): to speak, talk (subjunctive because it’s in a relative clause of purpose).

Fōrma, fōrmae (1f): shape, form. Papillārum is the genitive plural form of papilla, papillae (1f): nipple, teat. Quam (interrog. adv.): how (much)? to what degree? Fuit is the third person singular perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Aptus/ apta /aptum (1/2): tied, fastened, attached; joined, linked, connected; equipped, furnished, fitted (with something); fitted, suited, fitting, suitable, apt. Premī is the passive infinitive form of premō, premere, pressī, pressum (3): to press, squeeze; suppress.

Aliquis /aliqua/aliquid (pron.): someone, something; anyone, anything. Beātus /beāta/beātum (1/2): happy, blessed, fortunate; prosperous. Est: Aliquis /aliqua/aliquid (pron.): someone, something; anyone, anything. Miser /misera/miserum (1/2): wretched, miserable. Neque/ nec (conj.): and not, nor; (adv.): not; neither, not either, not even (nec. . . nec: neither. . . nor). Beātus /beāta/beātum (1/2): happy, blessed, fortunate; prosperous. Neque/ nec (conj.): nor. Miser /misera/miserum (1/2): wretched, miserable.

(He’s talking about virtue—virtūs, virtūtis (3f)—on a large scale or a small one.) Ergō (particle): therefore, then. Aequē (adv.): equally, just as. Beātus/ beāta /beātum (1/2): happy, blessed, fortunate; prosperous. Est: it is.

Numquam (adv.): never. Videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see. Hominem is the accusative singular form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human. Beātum is the m/n accusative singular form of beātus/beāta/beātum (1/2): happy, blessed, fortunate; prosperous. Indecentius (adv.): more indecently—the comparative form of indecenter (adv.): indecently, unbecomingly.

(He’s considering another party’s views on divine nature, and arguing that the adjectives—including beātus—used by that party to describe a god—deus, deī (2m, irreg.)—contradict their other beliefs about him. For example, after this sentence, Cicero says that happiness can’t exist without virtue, and virtue is about action; but the god imagined by the other party doesn’t do anything; therefore such a god couldn’t be happy.) Videāmus is the first person plural subjunctive form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see; look at, consider (subjunctive because it’s hortatory: let us). Nunc (adv.): now. Dē (prep.): from, down from; about, concerning (takes the ablative case). Beātō is the m/n (here m) ablative singular form of beātus/beāta/beātum (1/2): happy, blessed, fortunate; prosperous.

(He’s describing a category of legal case where the way something was done is relevant to guilt.) Bonā is the feminine ablative singular form of bonus/bona/bonum (1/2): good. Mente is the ablative singular form of mēns, mentis (3f): mind; intention. Factus/facta/ factum (1/2) is the perfect passive participle (done) of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Ideō (adv.): for that reason, therefore. Palam (adv.): openly, publicly; plainly.

Prūdentia, prūdentiae (1f): prudence, wisdom, understanding. Est: is. Rērum is the genitive plural form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair. Bonārum is the feminine genitive plural form of bonus/bona/bonum (1/2): good. Et (conj.): and. Malārum is the feminine genitive plural form of malus/mala/malum (1/2): bad; evil. Neutrārumque is the feminine genitive plural form of neuter/neutra/neutrum (1/2, irreg.): neither; neutral; (in grammar) neuter (the enclitic conjunction – que adds and). Scientia, scientiae (1f): knowledge.

Bonae is the feminine nominative plural form of bonus/bona/bonum (1/2): good. Lēgēs is the nominative plural form of lēx, lēgis (3f): law. Ex /ē (prep.): from, out of (takes ablative). Malīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of malus/mala/malum (1/2): bad; evil. Mōribus is the ablative plural form of mōs, mōris (3m): habit, custom, (habitual) manner; (in pl.) morals, manners, (habitual) behavior. Prōcreantur is the third person plural passive form of prōcreō, prōcreāre, prōcreāvī, prōcreātum (1): to beget, produce.

Clāritās, clāritātis (3f): loudness; brightness; clearness; fame, renown. Inquit is the third person singular form of inquam (irreg. and defective): to say. Laus, laudis (3f): praise; merit. Est: is. Ab/ ā (prep.): from; by (takes the ablative). Bonīs is the m/f/n (here m) ablative plural form of bonus/bona/bonum (1/2): good. Bonō is the m/n (here m) dative singular form of bonus/bona/bonum (1/2): good. (both are used substantively to mean good men and a good man respectively). Redditus/ reddita /redditum (1/2) is the perfect passive participle (rendered) of reddō, reddere, reddidī, redditum (3): to give back, return, render, deliver.

Improbant is the third person plural form of improbō, improbāre, improbāvī, improbātum (1): to disapprove. Bonī is the masculine nominative plural form of bonus/bona/bonum (1/2): good (used substantively).

Ergō (particle): therefore, then. Clāritās, clāritātis (3f): loudness; brightness; clearness; fame, renown. Bonum, bonī (2n): a good thing, a good, a blessing, a boon; that which is good, the good (a substantive use of bonus/bona/bonum (1/2): good). Nōn: not. Est: is.

Paterna is the neuter accusative plural form of paternus/paterna/paternum (1/2): paternal, of a father. Oportet, oportēre, oportuit, — (2): it behooves, it is fitting, it is right or needed (impersonal verb; appears in the third person singular only; often takes an accusative-and-infinitive clause). Fīliō is the dative singular form of fīlius, fīliī (2m): son. Reddī is the passive infinitive form of reddō, reddere, reddidī, redditum (3): to give back, return, restore. Bona is the accusative plural form of bonum, bonī (2n): a good thing, a good, a blessing, a boon; that which is good, the good; (esp. in the plural) possessions, property (a substantive use of bonus/bona/bonum (1/2): good).

Quā is the feminine ablative singular form of quī/quae/quod (interrog. adj.): which. . . ? what. . . ? Parte is the ablative singular form of pars, partis (3f): part; party. Melior /melior/melius (3): better—the comparative form of bonus/bona/bonum (1/2): good. Es: are you.

Tunc (adv.): then, at that time. Longē (adv.): far away; by far. Meliōrēs is the m/f nominative plural form of melior/melior/melius (3): better—the comparative form of bonus/bona/bonum (1/2): good. Erant is the third person plural imperfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Virī is the nominative plural form of vir, virī (2m): man.

(Reason.) In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Homine is the ablative singular form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human, person. Quis/quis/ quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Est: is. Optimus/optima/ optimum (1/2): best; very good, excellent—the superlative form of bonus/bona/bonum (1/2): good.

Prō (prep.): before, in front of; for; instead of, in place of (it can indicate that a person/thing is filling the same function, or is regarded in the same way, etc. , as another) (takes ablative). Optimō is the m/n (here m) ablative singular form of optimus/optima/optimum (1/2): best; very good, excellent—the superlative form of bonus/bona/bonum (1/2): good. Sit is the third person singular subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be (subjunctive because it’s jussive). Minimē (adv.): least. Malus /mala/malum (1/2): bad; evil.

Cārus /cāra/cārum (1/2): dear; costly, expensive. Fuit is the third person singular perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Āfricānō is the m/n (here m) dative singular form of Āfricānus/Āfricāna/Āfricānum (1/2): of or connected with Africa, African; here referring to Scipio Africanus (Scipio the African), so nicknamed because of his victory over Carthage. Superiōrī is the m/f/n dative singular form of superior/superior/superius (3): upper, situated further above; superior; earlier, older—the comparative form of superus/supera/superum (1/2): situated above; heavenly. Noster /nostra/nostrum (1/2): our, ours. Ennius /Ennia/Ennium (1/2): a Roman family name, here (as often) of the poet Ennius.

Honestum, honestī (2n): that which is honorable, virtue, rectitude. Eī is the m/f/n dative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Vīlis/vīlis/ vīle (3): cheap; worthless; contemptible; low, inferior. Est: is. Cui is the m/f/n dative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Corpus, corporis (3n): body. Nimis (adv.): too (much), excessively. Cārus/cāra/ cārum (1/2): dear; costly, expensive. Est: is.

(The first it refers to luxury—luxuria, luxuriae (1f)—or the taste for it.) Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here nom.): nothing. Illī is the m/f/n dative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she, it. Potest is the third person singular form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can. Placeō, placēre, placuī, placitum (2): to please, be pleasing (to) (it takes a dative object). Nisi (conj.): unless, if not; except. Cārus/cāra/ cārum (1/2): dear; costly, expensive.

(Probably not really written by Sallust.) Lībertātem is the accusative singular form of lībertās, lībertātis (3f): freedom, liberty. Glōriā is the ablative singular form of glōria, glōriae (1f): glory. Cāriōrem is the m/f accusative singular form of cārior/cārior/cārius (3): dearer; costlier, more expensive—the comparative form of cārus/cāra/cārum (1/2): dear; costly, expensive. Habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have; hold, consider, regard as.

(i.e., the time of your death is predetermined; you can’t change it.) Certō is the m/n ablative singular form of certus/certa/certum (1/2): fixed, set, settled, predetermined, definite; sure, certain; confident; unerring; reliable, dependable; firm, steady; determined. Veniunt is the third person plural perfect form of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come. Tempore is the ablative singular form of tempus, temporis (3n): time. Parcae, Parcārum (1f, plural): the Parcae, the three sister goddesses of fate (one of them spins a thread (representing a person’s life), another measures it, and the third severs it).

Omnia is the neuter nominative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every; (n. pl. used substantively) all things, everything. Certō is the m/n ablative singular form of certus/certa/certum (1/2): fixed, set, settled, predetermined, definite; sure, certain; confident; unerring; reliable, dependable; firm, steady; determined. Trāmite is the ablative singular form of trāmes, trāmitis (3m): footpath, track, path. Vādunt is the third person plural form of vādō, vādere, vāsī, — (3): to go (especially with a quick, violent, or purposeful movement), rush. Prīmusque /prīma/prīmum (1/2): first (the enclitic conjunction – que adds and). Diēs, diēī (5m/f): day. Dedit is the third person singular perfect form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give. Extrēmum is the m/n (here m) accusative singular form of extrēmus/extrēma/extrēmum (1/2): situated at the end or tip; last, final; extreme.

Singulārum is the feminine genitive plural form of singulus/singula/singulum (1/2): single, separate, individual, particular; (in pl.) one each; one by one; each individually. Virtūtum is the genitive plural form of virtūs, virtūtis (3f): virtue, good quality; courage, bravery. Sunt: there are. Certa is the neuter nominative plural form of certus/certa/certum (1/2): fixed, set, settled, predetermined, definite; sure, certain; confident; unerring; reliable, dependable; firm, steady; determined. Quaedam is the neuter nominative plural form of quīdam/quaedam/quoddam (adj.): some, (a) certain. Officia is the nominative plural form of officium, officiī (2n): a service; duty; function. Atque/ ac (conj.): and. Mūnera is the nominative plural form of mūnus, mūneris (3n): function; duty; gift.

Hic/haec/ hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Ūnus/ūna/ ūnum (1/2, irreg.): one; alone; only, sole, single. Certus/certa/ certum (1/2): fixed, set, settled, predetermined, definite; sure, certain; confident; unerring; reliable, dependable; firm, steady; determined. Est: is. Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here acc.): nothing. Esse: (there) to be (or exist). Certī is the m/n (here n) genitive singular form of certus/certa/certum (1/2): fixed, set, settled, predetermined, definite; sure, certain; confident; unerring; reliable, dependable; firm, steady; determined (a partitive genitive).

Expavēscimus is the first person plural form of expavēscō, expavēscere, expāvī, — (3): to become frightened, take fright (at). Dubia is the neuter accusative plural form of dubius/dubia/dubium (1/2): doubtful, uncertain. Prō (prep.): in front of; for; instead of, in place of; in exchange for; in the capacity of; on behalf of; in defense of; as, as if; in proportion to (takes the ablative). Certīs is the m/f/n (here n) ablative plural form of certus/certa/certum (1/2): fixed, set, settled, predetermined, definite; sure, certain; confident; unerring; reliable, dependable; firm, steady; determined.

Hinc (adv): from here, hence. Ōrantibus is the m/f/n (here m) dative plural form of ōrāns, ōrantis (3), the present active participle (praying) of ōrō, ōrāre, ōrāvī, ōrātum (1): to pray, beseech, supplicate; speak in court, plead. Respōnsa is the nominative plural form of respōnsum, respōnsī (2n): reply, answer, response; oracle (a substantive use of the perfect passive participle of respondeō, respondēre, respondī, responsum (2): to reply, answer, respond). Dantur is the third person plural passive form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give. Certa is the neuter nominative plural form of certus/certa/certum (1/2): fixed, set, settled, predetermined, definite; sure, certain; confident; unerring, infallible; reliable, dependable; firm, steady; determined.

(Speaking of an evil king who had just shot an arrow that killed the father’s son. The father had advised the king to drink less wine. The king shot the arrow to prove that he was steady even after drinking a lot.) Respiciēns, respicientis (3) is the present active participle (looking back at, turning toward) of respiciō, respicere, respexī, respectum (3, –iō): to look back (at); turn toward (and look at); consider; have regard for. Patrem is the accusative singular form of pater, patris (3m): father. Interrogāvit is the third person singular perfect form of interrogō, interrogāre, interrogāvī, interrogātum (1): to ask, inquire. Satisne (adv.): enough (the enclitic interrogative particle – ne turns the word into part of a question; it’s translated as whether or if when the question is indirect). Certam is the feminine accusative singular form of certus/certa/certum (1/2): fixed, set, settled, predetermined, definite; sure, certain; confident; unerring; reliable, dependable; firm, steady; determined. Habēret is the third person singular imperfect subjunctive form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect question). Manum is the accusative singular form of manus, manūs (4f): hand.

Gaudet is the third person singular form of gaudeō, gaudēre, gāvīsus sum (2, semi-deponent): to be glad, rejoice. Cadmēius/ Cadmēia /Cadmēium (1/2): Cadmean, belonging to or descended from Cadmus (the founder of the citadel of Thebes). Plēbēs, plēbēī (5f): the common people, plebeians. Certus/ certa /certum (1/2): fixed, set, settled, predetermined, definite; sure, certain; confident; unerring; reliable, dependable; firm, steady; determined. Tuī is the genitive form of tū: you.

Abiit is the third person singular perfect form of abeō, abīre, abiī, abitum (irreg.): to go away. Neque /nec: (as conj.) and not, nor; (as adv.) neither, not either, not even. Mē is the accusative form of ego: I (me). Certiōrem is the m/f accusative singular form of certior/certior/certius (3): more certain—the comparative form of certus/certa/certum (1/2): fixed, set, settled, predetermined, definite; sure, certain; confident; unerring; reliable, dependable; firm, steady; determined. Fēcit is the third person singular perfect form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make (certiōrem facere = to let know, tell, inform).

Faciam is the first person singular future form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Certiōrem is the m/f accusative singular form of certior/certior/certius (3): more certain—the comparative form of certus/certa/certum (1/2): fixed, set, settled, predetermined, definite; sure, certain; confident; unerring; reliable, dependable; firm, steady; determined (certiōrem facere = to let know, tell, inform). Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Quid is the neuter accusative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Ēgerim is the first person singular perfect subjunctive form of agō, agere, ēgī, āctum (3): to drive, put in motion; do, perform, carry out, conduct, engage in; act; plead (a case) (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect question).

Vōs is the accusative form of vōs: you (pl.). Certus/certa/ certum (1/2): fixed, set, settled, predetermined, definite; sure, certain; confident; unerring; reliable, dependable; firm, steady; determined. Est: it is (certum est = it is settled/determined; i.e., one is determined (to)). Sequor, sequī, secūtus sum (3, deponent): to follow.

Certus/certa/ certum (1/2): fixed, set, settled, predetermined, definite; sure, certain; confident; unerring; reliable, dependable; firm, steady; determined. Est: it is (certum est + dative = it is settled/determined for X; i.e., X is determined (to). Mihi is the dative form of ego: I (to/for me). Vēra is the neuter accusative plural form of vērus/vēra/vērum (1/2): true. Fateor, fatērī, fassus sum (2, deponent): to admit, confess, acknowledge; declare, tell (openly).

Amīcus, amīcī (2m): friend. Certus /certa/certum (1/2): fixed, set, settled, predetermined, definite; sure, certain; confident; unerring; reliable, dependable; firm, steady; determined. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Rē is the ablative singular form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair; fact; event; circumstance, situation. Incertā is the feminine ablative singular form of incertus/incerta/incertum (1/2): not fixed, not predetermined, undefined; uncertain, doubtful; not confident; not dependable; unsteady. Cernitur is the third person singular passive form of cernō, cernere, crēvī, crētum (3): to sift; decide, determine; discern, distinguish, see, perceive.

(So expect it everywhere.) Incertus/incerta/ incertum (1/2): not fixed, not predetermined, undefined; uncertain, doubtful; not confident; not dependable; unsteady. Est: it is. Quō is the m/n ablative singular form of quī/quae/quod (interrog. adj.): which. . . ? what. . . ? Locō is the ablative singular form of locus, locī (2m): place, location. Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Mors, mortis (3f): death. Expectet is the third person singular subjunctive form of expectō, expectāre, expectāvī, expectātum (1—also exspectō): to wait (for), await; expect.

(He’s comparing the joys of wisdom to the pleasures of good circumstances, luck, etc.) Cēterae is the feminine nominative plural form of cēterus/cētera/cēterum (1/2): (all) (the) other(s), the rest (of). Hilaritātēs is the nominative plural form of hilaritās, hilaritātis (3f): merriment, joyousness. Nōn: not. Implent is the third person plural form of impleō, implēre, implēvī, implētum (2): to fill. Pectus is the accusative singular form of pectus, pectoris (3n): breast, chest.

Eadem is the neuter accusative plural form of īdem/eadem/idem (pron.): the same. Faciēmus is the first person plural future form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Quae is the neuter accusative plural form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Cēterī is the masculine nominative plural form of cēterus/cētera/cēterum (1/2): (all) (the) other(s), the rest (of).

(Why should you compare yourself with other people?) Quis/quis/ quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Tibi: to you—the dative form of tū: you. Cum (prep.): with (takes the ablative). Cēterīs is the m/f/n (here m) ablative plural form of cēterus/cētera/cēterum (1/2): (all) (the) other(s), the rest (of).

Cēteram is the feminine accusative singular form of cēterus/cētera/cēterum (1/2): (all) (the) other(s), the rest (of). Multitūdinem is the accusative singular form of multitūdō, multitūdinis (3f): multitude, crowd, mob; a great number. Oppidumque is the accusative singular form of oppidum, oppidī (2n): town (the enclitic conjunction – que adds and). Ipsum is the m/n accusative singular form of ipse/ipsa/ipsum (adj.): himself/herself/itself etc. ; in person; the very; the actual. Vī is the ablative singular form of vīs, vīs (3f, irreg.): energy, force, power; violence. Cēpit is the third person singular perfect form of capiō, capere, cēpī, captum (3, –iō): to take, seize, capture.

Dē (prep.): from, down from; about, concerning (here idiomatically translated as for) (takes the ablative). Cēterō is the m/n (here n) ablative singular form of cēterus/cētera/cēterum (1/2): (all) (the) other(s), the rest (of). Parce is the singular imperative form of parcō, parcere, pepercī/parsī, parsum (3): to spare, be lenient, be merciful; refrain, forbear.

Simulābat is the third person singular imperfect from of simulō, simulāre, simulāvī, simulātum (1): to simulate; pretend. Sēsē: himself—a variant of sē, the accusative form of the reflexive pronoun. Negōtium, negōtī (2n): occupation, business, affair, matter; difficulty, trouble. Grātiā is the ablative singular form of grātia, grātiae (1f): favor; gratitude, (in plural) thanks; charm, grace; (in the ablative singular, following a genitive word) for the sake (of). Properō, properāre, properāvī, properātum (1): to hasten, hurry; be quick; be in a hurry; do or make (something) with haste. Cēterum (adv.): for the rest, besides; moreover; on the other hand, but (at the same time/actually), yet. Prōditiōnem is the accusative singular form of prōditiō, prōditiōnis (3f): betrayal. Timēbat is the third person singular imperfect form of timeō, timēre, timuī, — (2): to fear, be afraid.

Circueō, circuīre, circuiī, circuitum (irreg. —also circumeō): to go round, make the circuit of, make the rounds of. Omnēs is the m/f accusative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Angulōs is the accusative plural form of angulus, angulī (2m): corner, angle. Coepī, coepisse, coeptum (defective; no present tense in regular use; the principal parts given here are perfect forms): to begin, start. Et (conj.): and. Clārā is the feminine ablative singular form of clārus/clāra/clārum (1/2): loud; bright; clear; well-known, famous, celebrated, illustrious. Vōce is the ablative singular form of vōx, vōcis (3f): voice; word; utterance. Encolpion is the accusative singular form of Encolpios, Encolpiī (2m—also Encolpius): a Greek name (hence the unusual forms). Clāmitō, clāmitāre, clāmitāvī, clāmitātum (1): to clamor, shout or cry out repeatedly (for).

(A doctor’s advice to someone recovering from an eye disease: first pass from darkness to soft light, and then. . .) Paulātim (adv. —also paullātim): little by little, gradually. Clāram is the feminine accusative singular form of clārus/clāra/clārum (1/2): loud; bright; clear; well-known, famous, celebrated, illustrious. Lūcem is the accusative singular form of lūx, lūcis (3f): light. Patior, patī, passus sum (3, deponent): to suffer, undergo; endure; allow. Adsuēsce is the singular imperative form of adsuēscō, adsuēscere, adsuēvī, adsuētum (3—also assuēscō): to accustom; get accustomed (with infinitive: get accustomed to doing something).

Omnia is the neuter nominative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every; (n. pl. used substantively) all things, everything. Nōn: not. Properantī is the m/f/n (here m) dative singular form of properāns, properantis (3), the present active participle (hurrying, being in a rush) of properō, properāre, properāvī, properātum (1): to hurry; be quick; be in a rush. Clāra is the neuter nominative plural form of clārus/clāra/clārum (1/2): loud; bright; clear; well-known, famous, celebrated, illustrious. Certaque is the neuter nominative plural form of certus/certa/certum (1/2): fixed, settled, definite; sure, certain, about which there is no doubt; reliable (the enclitic conjunction – que adds and). Erunt is the third person plural future form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

Forīs (adv.): outside, abroad. Clārōs is the masculine accusative plural form of clārus/clāra/clārum (1/2): loud; bright; clear; well-known, famous, celebrated, illustrious. Domesticus/ domestica /domesticum (1/2): belonging to the household, domestic. Dēstruēbat is the third person singular imperfect form of dēstruō, dēstruere, dēstrūxī, dēstrūctum (3): to destroy, demolish. Īnfāmia, īnfāmiae (1f): bad reputation; disgrace; infamy.

Parrhasius, Parrhasiī (2m). Athēnīs is the locative form of Athēnae, Athēnārum (1f, plural only): Athens. Pictor, pictōris (3m): painter. Clārus /clāra/clārum (1/2): loud; bright; clear; well-known, famous, celebrated, illustrious. Fuit is the third person singular perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

Sē: with himself—the ablative form of the reflexive pronoun. Contentus /contenta/contentum (1/2): content, satisfied. Est: is. Sapiēns, sapientis (3m): wise man, sage.

Sīmus is the first person plural subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be (subjunctive because it’s hortatory: let us be). Igitur (conj.): therefore, so, then. Contentī is the masculine nominative plural form of contentus/contenta/contentum (1/2): content, satisfied—originally the perfect passive participle (held together, limited, contained) of contineō, continēre, continuī, contentum (2): to hold together, link, connect; limit, restrain; contain. Hīs is the m/f/n (here m—referring to a few philosophers) ablative plural form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it.

Ambitiōsus/ ambitiōsa /ambitiōsum (1/2): ambitious (mostly in a bad sense). Nōn: not. Est: is. Famēs, famis (3/5f): hunger. Contentus/ contenta /contentum (1/2): content, satisfied. Dēsinō, dēsinere, dēsiī/dēsīvī, dēsitum (3): to cease, stop, end. Est: it is.

Cūnctus/ cūncta /cūnctum (1/2): all, whole. Contrā (prep.): facing, opposite; against (takes the accusative). Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Italia, Italiae (1f): Italy. Armātus/ armāta /armātum (1/2) is the perfect passive participle (armed) of armō, armāre, armāvī, armātum (1): to arm. Est: is.

Erat is the third person singular imperfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Mēcum: with me; on my side (mē = me; cum = with). Cūnctus /cūncta/cūnctum (1/2): all, whole. Equester /equestris/equestre (3): equestrian. Ōrdō, ōrdinis (3m): rank; order.

Oppōne is the singular imperative form of oppōnō, oppōnere, opposuī, oppositum (3): to put (acc.) in front or in the way of (dat.); set (acc.) against (dat.). Cūnctīs is the m/f/n dative plural form of cūnctus/cūncta/cūnctum (1/2): all, whole. Vīle is the neuter accusative singular form of vīlis/vīlis/vīle (3): cheap; worthless; contemptible; low, inferior. Suppliciīs is the dative plural form of supplicium, suppliciī (2n): an act of atonement, propitiatory offering; punishment, penalty (often the death penalty); torment, (extreme) suffering. Caput is the accusative singular form of caput, capitis (3n): head; (by metonymy) one’s life.

Cūnctōs is the masculine accusative plural form of cūnctus/cūncta/cūnctum (1/2): all, whole (used substantively to mean all people, everyone). Exturbā is the singular imperative form of exturbō, exturbāre, exturbāvī, exturbātum (1): to drive out, throw out, expel. Aedibus is the ablative plural form of aedēs, aedis (3f—nominative also aedis): (in the singular) temple, shrine; (in the plural, with singular translation) house.

(He’s writing to Nero, and saying that his kindness (if it appears) will influence the whole empire.) Cūncta is the neuter nominative plural form of cūnctus/cūncta/cūnctum (1/2): all, whole (used substantively to mean all things, everything). In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Similitūdinem is the accusative singular form of similitūdō, similitūdinis (3f): likeness, resemblance. Tuam is the feminine accusative singular form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours. Fōrmābuntur is the third person plural future passive form of fōrmō, fōrmāre, fōrmāvī, fōrmātum (1): to shape, mold.

(Speaking of philosophy.) Dignus /digna/dignum (1/2): worthy, deserving; suitable (often with ablative). Illā is the feminine ablative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she, it. Es: you are. Ille/ illa /illud (pron.): that; he, she, it Dignus/ digna /dignum (1/2): worthy, deserving; suitable (often with ablative). Tē is the ablative form of tū: you. Est: is.

Quid is the neuter accusative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Enim (particle): for, indeed. Umquam (adv.): ever. Fēcistī is the second person singular perfect form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Lūce is the ablative singular form of lūx, lūcis (3f): light. Dignum is the m/n accusative singular form of dignus/digna/dignum (1/2): worthy, deserving; suitable (often with ablative).

Erunt: there will be—the third person plural future form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Sociī is the nominative plural form of socius, sociī (2m): companion, comrade; associate; ally. Dignī is the masculine nominative plural form of dignus/digna/dignum (1/2): worthy, deserving; suitable (often with ablative). Hāc is the feminine ablative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Bonitāte is the ablative singular form of bonitās, bonitātis (3f): goodness, kindness, benevolence.

(Advice to Cicero from Balbus, a Roman politician.) Suscipe is the singular imperative form of suscipiō, suscipere, suscēpī, susceptum (3, –iō): to take up; undertake, enter upon; receive; acknowledge (a child). Cūram is the accusative singular form of cūra, cūrae (1f): care; worry. Et (conj.): and. Cōgitātiōnem is the accusative singular form of cōgitātiō, cōgitātiōnis (3f): thinking, thought, reflection; intention, design. Dignissimam is the feminine accusative singular form of dignissimus/dignissima/dignissimum (1/2): very/most worthy—the superlative form of dignus/digna/dignum (1/2): worthy, deserving; suitable. Tuae is the feminine genitive singular form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours. Virtūs, virtūtis (3f): virtue, moral excellence; courage, valor.

Dignus /digna/dignum (1/2): worthy, deserving; suitable (with a form of quī followed by a subjunctive verb: worthy to. . .). Est: he is. Quī /quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Īnsepultus /īnsepulta/īnsepultum (1/2): unburied. Abiciātur is the third person singular passive subjunctive form of abiciō, abicere, abiēcī, abiectum (3, –iō): to cast away, throw away.

Bīduō is the ablative singular form of bīduum, bīduī (2n): a period of two days. Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here nom.): nothing. Dignus/digna/ dignum (1/2): worthy, deserving; suitable. Dictū is the ablative supine (to say/with respect to saying or telling) form of dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say, tell. Āctus/ācta/ āctum (1/2) is the perfect passive participle (done) of agō, agere, ēgī, āctum (3): to drive, set in motion; do, perform, achieve (est is implied: āctum est is the third person neuter singular perfect passive form).

Erat: he was—the third person singular imperfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Tum (adv.): then, at that time or moment. Dignus /digna/dignum (1/2): worthy, deserving; suitable. Amārī is the passive infinitive form of amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum (1): to love.

Quīdam is the masculine nominative plural form of quīdam/quaedam/quiddam (pron.): someone, something, a certain person, a certain thing. Cēnent is the third person plural subjunctive form of cēnō, cēnāre, cēnāvī, cēnātum (1): to dine (a jussive subjunctive). Tēcum: with you (tē = you; cum = with). Quia (conj.): because; that. Dignī is the masculine nominative plural form of dignus/digna/dignum (1/2): worthy, deserving; suitable. Sunt is the third person plural indicative form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

Ut (conj. , with subjunctive): that, so that. Sint is the third person plural subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

Tandem (adv.): at last, at length, finally, eventually, in the end (sometimes, as here, it conveys impatience in a question or command). Indignus /indigna/indignum (1/2): unworthy, not deserving (something good or bad); shameful; undeserved. Videor is the first-person singular passive form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see; (in the passive) seem.

Quō (interrog. adv.): where (with motion)? whither? to what place? Dīversus /dīversa/dīversum (1/2): turned, facing, going, etc. , in a different direction or different directions; situated apart or on opposite sides/on the opposite side; separate; divergent; different; various; opposite; at odds, in conflict, unfriendly. Abīs is the second person singular form of abeō, abīre, abiī, abitum (irreg.): to go away, depart.

(Addressing two females.) Omnium is the m/f/n (here n) genitive plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Prīmum (adv.): first. Dīversae is the feminine nominative plural form of dīversus/dīversa/dīversum (1/2): turned, facing, going, etc. , in a different direction or different directions; situated apart or on opposite sides/on the opposite side; separate; divergent; different; various; opposite; at odds, in conflict, unfriendly. Stāte is the plural imperative form of stō, stāre, stetī, statum (1): to stand.

Urbem is the accusative singular form of urbs, urbis (3f): city. Et (conj.): and. Fīnīs is the accusative plural form of fīnis, fīnis (3m): end; limit, boundary, border; territory. Lītora is the accusative plural form of lītus, lītoris (3n): coast, shore, beach. Gēns, gentis (3f): a Roman gens, clan, extended family; race, nation, people. Dīversī is the masculine nominative plural form of dīversus/dīversa/dīversum (1/2): turned, facing, going, etc. , in a different direction or different directions; situated apart or on opposite sides/on the opposite side; separate; divergent; different; various; opposite; at odds, in conflict, unfriendly. Explōrant is the third person plural form of explōrō, explōrāre, explōrāvī, explōrātum (1): to reconnoiter, inspect, explore, search out; inquire into, investigate.

Dīversīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of dīversus/dīversa/dīversum (1/2): turned, facing, going, etc. , in a different direction or different directions; situated apart or on opposite sides/on the opposite side; separate; divergent; different; various; opposite; at odds, in conflict, unfriendly. Stimulantur is the third person plural passive form of stimulō, stimulāre, stimulāvī, stimulātum (1): to goad (on), spur (on); urge, incite, rouse, stimulate. Cupiditātibus is the ablative plural form of cupiditās, cupiditātis (3f): desire, yearning, craving; lust; greed.

Dīversō is the m/n ablative singular form of dīversus/dīversa/dīversum (1/2): turned, facing, going, etc. , in a different direction or different directions; situated apart or on opposite sides/on the opposite side; separate; divergent; different; various; opposite; at odds, in conflict, unfriendly. Autem (particle): on the other hand, but, however; and, moreover. Remediō is the ablative singular form of remedium, remediī (2n): cure, medicine, remedy. Ūtētur is the third person singular future form of ūtor, utī, ūsus sum (3, deponent): to use (takes an ablative object). When the verb comes before a composite subject (like sapiēns adfectātorque sapientiae) and the first part of that composite subject is singular (like sapiēns) the verb can be singular in agreement with the nearest subject, while still having its meaning apply to the whole. Sapiēns, sapientis (3m): wise man, sage. Adfectātorque, adfectātōris (3m—also affectātor): (zealous) seeker, one who strives to obtain something (the enclitic conjunction – que adds and). Sapientia, sapientiae (1f): wisdom.

In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into (or in where motion is implied). Dīversum is the m/n (here n) accusative singular form of dīversus/dīversa/dīversum (1/2): turned, facing, going, etc. , in a different direction or different directions; situated apart or on opposite sides/on the opposite side; separate; divergent; different; various; opposite; at odds, in conflict, unfriendly (in dīversum = in a different direction or in different directions; to a different effect or purpose). Ecce (interjection): lo! behold! look! see! here is/are. . . ! Sapientia, sapientiae (1f): wisdom. Et (conj.): and. Stultitia, stultitiae (1f): foolishness, folly. Discēdunt is the third person plural form of discēdō, discēdere, discessī, discessum (3): to part company, divide, separate; go away, depart.

(Virtues are as contagious as vices. The vices of your friends make you worse; their virtues make you better.) Īdem/ eadem /idem (adj.): the same. Ex /ē (prep.): from, out of; according to (takes the ablative). Dīversō is the m/n ablative singular form of dīversus/dīversa/dīversum (1/2): turned, facing, going, etc. , in a different direction or different directions; situated apart or on opposite sides/on the opposite side; separate; divergent; different; various; opposite; at odds, in conflict, unfriendly (ex dīversō (or ē dīversō) = from or on the opposite side; from a different point of view; in contrast; in reverse, the other way round). Ratiō, ratiōnis (3f): calculation, account; reasoning; reason; method; system; principle; the way a thing works or is done, etc. Virtūtum is the genitive plural form of virtūs, virtūtis (3f): virtue, good quality; courage, bravery. Est: is.

Beātus/ beāta /beātum (1/2): happy; prosperous. Autem (particle): on the other hand, but, however; and, moreover. Vīta, vītae (1f): life. Dīvīnus/ dīvīna /dīvīnum (1/2): divine, godly, godlike. Est: is.

Hic/ haec /hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it (referring to philosophia, philosophiae (1f), mentioned shortly before). Docuit is the third person singular perfect form of doceō, docēre, docuī, doctum (2): to teach. Colō, colere, coluī, cultum (3): to cultivate; practice; inhabit; worship. Dīvīna is the neuter accusative plural form of dīvīnus/dīvīna/dīvīnum (1/2): divine, godly, godlike.

Āfricānī is the m/n (here m) genitive singular form of Āfricānus/Āfricāna/Āfricānum (1/2): connected with Africa, African—nickname of Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, Roman general in the Second Punic War. Vōcem is the accusative singular form of vōx, vōcis (3f): voice; word; utterance, speech. Dīvīnam is the feminine accusative singular form of dīvīnus/dīvīna/dīvīnum (1/2): divine, godly, godlike. Inhiat is the third person singular form of inhiō, inhiāre, inhiāvī, inhiātum (1): to open one’s mouth; to be open-mouthed with astonishment; covet, be avid for (the verb is part of a clause introduced by dum, which often takes the present tense when referring to the past). Avidīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of avidus/avida/avidum (1/2): greedy; eager. Auribus is the ablative plural form of auris, auris (3f): ear.

Nunc (adv.): now; as it is. Lavābō is the first person singular future form of lavō, lavāre/lavere, lāvī, lavātum/lautum (1/3): to wash. Ut (conj. , with subjunctive): that, so that; though, even if. Rem is the accusative singular form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair. Dīvīnam is the feminine accusative singular form of dīvīnus/dīvīna/dīvīnum (1/2): divine, godly, godlike. Faciam is the first person singular subjunctive form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make.

Nōn: not. Sum: I am. Dīvīnus /dīvīna/dīvīnum (1/2): divine, godly, godlike; endowed with the second sight or other magical powers. Sed (conj.): but. Sciō, scīre, scīvī/sciī, scītum (4): to know. Quid is the neuter accusative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Faciās is the second person singular subjunctive form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make (subjunctive because it's in an indirect question).

Neque/ nec: (as conj.) and not, nor; (as adv.) neither, not either, not even. Dubius/ dubia /dubium (1/2): doubtful, uncertain, undecided; dubious, unreliable; fickle. Victōria, victōriae (1f): victory. Fuit is the third person singular perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

Dubia is the neuter nominative plural form of dubius/dubia/dubium (1/2): doubtful, uncertain, undecided; dubious, unreliable; fickle. Plūs (adv.): more. Torquent is the third person plural form of torqueō, torquēre, torsī, tortum (2): to twist; torture, torment. Mala is the nominative plural form of malum, malī (2n): an evil or any bad thing (disaster, calamity, misfortune, disease, etc.).

(Their good fortune can end any time; no one knows the future.) Omnia is the neuter nominative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every; (n. pl. used substantively) all things, everything. Mihi is the dative form of ego: I (me/to me). Crēde is the singular imperative form of crēdō, crēdere, crēdidī, crēditum (3): to lend; entrust; believe; trust (the person believed or trusted goes in the dative). Etiam (particle): still; even; also. Fēlīcibus is the m/f/n (here m) dative plural form of fēlīx, fēlīcis (3, adj.): fortunate, lucky, blessed, happy; successful; prosperous. Dubia is the neuter nominative plural form of dubius/dubia/dubium (1/2): doubtful, uncertain, undecided; dubious, unreliable; fickle. Sunt: are.

Saepe (adv.): often. Dubiam is the feminine accusative singular form of dubius/dubia/dubium (1/2): doubtful, uncertain, undecided; dubious, unreliable; fickle. Verēcundiam is the accusative singular form of verēcundia, verēcundiae (1f): a sense of shame or propriety; respect; modesty; moderation, restraint. Vōx, vōcis (3f): voice; word; utterance. Convīciāns, convīciantis (3) is the present active participle (reviling) of convīcior, convīciārī, convīciātus sum (1, deponent): to utter abuse at, scold, revile, insult. Clārior/ clārior /clārius (3): louder; rather loud; too loud—the comparative form of clārus/clāra/clārum (1/2): loud; bright; clear; famous, illustrious. Rūpit is the third person singular perfect form of rumpō, rumpere, rūpī, ruptum (3): to cause to split or burst; break.

Dubius /dubia/dubium (1/2): doubtful, uncertain, undecided; dubious, unreliable; fickle. Sum: I am. Quid is the neuter accusative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Faciam is the first person singular subjunctive form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make (this verb has two reasons to be in the subjunctive: it’s in an indirect question that’s also deliberative.)

Nōn: not. Dubiumst is a contraction of dubium est (dubius/dubia/dubium (1/2): doubtful, uncertain, undecided; dubious, unreliable; fickle (with est: it is). Quīn (conj. , with subjunctive; it’s used after negated or quasi-negated verbs): so that not, with the result that not; after expressions of doubts, it’s translated as that. Uxōrem is the accusative singular form of uxor, uxōris (3f): wife. Nōlit is the third person singular subjunctive form of nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, — (irreg.): to not want, refuse. Fīlius, fīliī (2m): son.

Sine (prep.): without (takes the ablative). Dubiō is the m/n (here n) ablative singular form of dubius/dubia/dubium (1/2): doubtful, uncertain, undecided; dubious, unreliable; fickle; (neuter used substantively) a doubtful thing, that which is doubtful, doubt. Perdidimus is the first person plural perfect form of perdō, perdere, perdidī, perditum (3): to destroy; lose; waste, squander. Hominem is the accusative singular form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human, person.

Procul (adv.): far (away); at or from a distance. Dubiō is the m/n (here n) ablative singular form of dubius/dubia/dubium (1/2): doubtful, uncertain, undecided; dubious, unreliable; fickle; (neuter used substantively) a doubtful thing, that which is doubtful, doubt. Hic /haec/hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Nōn: not. Possēdit is the third person singular perfect form of possideō, possidēre, possēdī, possessum (2): to own, possess. Dīvitiās is the accusative plural form of dīvitiae, dīvitiārum (1f, plural only): wealth, riches. Sed (conj.): but. Ab/ ā (prep.): (away) from; by (takes the ablative). Dīvitiīs is the ablative plural form of dīvitiae, dīvitiārum (1f, plural only): wealth, riches. . Possessus est is the third person masculine singular perfect passive form of possideō, possidēre, possēdī, possessum (2): to own, possess. .

(A body free from pain and a soul free from disturbance.) Apud (prep.): with; at, by, near; among; at the house of; in (an author), in the writings of; according to. Epicūrum is the accusative form of Epicūrus, Epicūrī (2m): Epicurus. Duo/duae/ duo (irreg.): two. Bona is the nominative plural form of bonum, bonī (2n): a good thing, a good. Sunt: there are.

(Compensation for past injuries or deterrence of future ones.) Ultiō, ultiōnis (3f): revenge. Duās is the feminine accusative form of duo/duae/duo (irreg.): two. Praestō, praestāre, praestitī, praestātum (1): to stand out, be better or best; fulfill, discharge; offer, provide. Rēs is the accusative plural form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair. Solet is the third person singular form of soleō, solēre, solitus sum (2, semi-deponent): to be accustomed to (doing something), be in the habit of (doing something), do (something) habitually, be apt to (it’s completed by an infinitive).

Ēgregius/ ēgregia /ēgregium (1/2): outstanding, excellent, first-rate, splendid, wonderful; pre-eminent, distinguished, glorious, illustrious. Rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair; fact; circumstance, situation. Est: it is. Mortem is the accusative singular form of mors, mortis (3f): death. Condiscō, condiscere, condidicī, — (3): to learn thoroughly.

Hic /haec/hoc (pron.): this (one/person/thing); he, she, it. Ēgregiīs is the m/f/n ablative singular form of ēgregius/ēgregia/ēgregium (1/2): outstanding, excellent, first-rate, splendid, wonderful; pre-eminent, distinguished, glorious, illustrious. Maiōribus is the ablative form of maiōrēs, maiōrum (3m, plural only): ancestors (a substantive use of maior/maior/maius (3): bigger, larger, greater; older—the comparative form of magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): big, large, great). Ortus est is the third person masculine singular perfect form of orior, orīrī, ortus sum (3, –ior/4, deponent): (esp. of heavenly bodies) to rise; arise; come into being, be born; (in perfect forms) be descended (from).

Adiciam is the first person singular future form of adiciō, adicere, adiēcī, adiectum (3, –iō): to throw at; add (the first translation might make you think the verb is subjunctive; but while “let me” is natural here in English, Latin uses the future tense in this sort of context where the speaker or writer declares what he’s going to say next). Quod is the neuter accusative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what (that which). Mē is the accusative form of ego: I (me). Docuit is the third person singular perfect form of doceō, docēre, docuī, doctum (2): to teach (both the thing taught and the person taught go in the accusative). Ūsus, ūsūs (4m): use; practice; experience. Magister, magistrī (2m): teacher, master. Ēgregius /ēgregia/ēgregium (1/2): outstanding, excellent, first-rate, splendid, wonderful; pre-eminent, distinguished, glorious, illustrious.

Ō (interjection): O! Oh! Quam (interrog. adv.): how (much)? to what degree? Multārum is the feminine genitive plural form of multus/multa/multum (1/2): much, many (used substantively to mean many women). Ēgregia is the neuter nominative plural form of ēgregius/ēgregia/ēgregium (1/2): outstanding, excellent, first-rate, splendid, wonderful; pre-eminent, distinguished, glorious, illustrious. Opera is the nominative plural form of opus, operis (3n): work; deed. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Obscūrō is the m/n (here n) ablative singular form of obscūrus/obscūra/obscūrum (1/2): dark, obscure (used substantively). Iacent is the third person plural form of iaceō, iacēre, iacuī, — (2): to lie (be in a recumbent position, be located, or lie in a certain state).

Omnia is the neuter nominative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every; (n. pl. used substantively) all things, everything. Sapientibus is the dative plural form of sapiēns, sapientis (3m): wise man, sage. Facilia is the neuter nominative plural form of facilis/facilis/facile (3): easy (the verb is implied).

(He was satisfied with the basic necessities, didn’t need fancy stuff.) Sapiēns, sapientis (3m): wise man, sage. Facilis /facilis/facile (3): easy; easy-going. Vīctū is the ablative singular form of vīctus, vīctus (4m): living, way of life. Fuit is the third person singular perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

Facilior/facilior/ facilius (3): easier—the comparative form of facilis/facilis/facile (3): easy. Est: it is. Virō is the dative singular form of vir, virī (2m): man; husband. Placeō, placēre, placuī, placitum (2): to be pleasing, seem good, please, satisfy (takes a dative object). Quam (rel. adv.): than. Dominō is the dative singular form of dominus, dominī (2m): lord, master.

Stulta is the neuter accusative plural form of stultus/stulta/stultum (1/2): foolish, stupid (used substantively to mean foolish things). Reprehendō, reprehendere, reprehendī, reprehēnsum (3): to seize; find fault with, reprimand, reprehend. Facillimus/facillima/ facillimum (1/2): very easy/easiest—the superlative form of facilis/facilis/facile (3): easy. Est: it is.

Nōs: we (for us, for ourselves). Omnia is the neuter accusative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): every; all; (n. pl. used substantively) all things, everything. Nōbīs is the dative form of nos: we. Difficilia is the neuter accusative plural form of difficilis/difficilis/difficile (3): difficult, hard (to do, deal with, etc.). Facilium is the m/f/n (here n) genitive plural form of facilis/facilis/facile (3): easy (used substantively). Fastīdiō is the ablative singular form of fastīdium, fastīdiī (2n): aversion, disgust; squeamishness; disdain; haughtiness, pride. Fēcimus is the first person plural perfect form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make.

Hoc is the neuter accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Dīcam is the first person singular future (or subjunctive) form of dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say, state. Falsum is the m/n accusative singular form of falsus/falsa/falsum (1/2): false, wrong, untrue, mistaken; fake, counterfeit; deceitful. Esse: to be.

Falsās is the feminine accusative plural form of falsus/falsa/falsum (1/2): false, wrong, untrue, mistaken; fake, counterfeit; deceitful. Ratiōnēs is the accusative plural form of ratiō, ratiōnis (3f): calculation, reckoning; accounting; reasoning; reason; method. Cōnficis is the second person singular form of cōnficiō, cōnficere, cōnfēcī, cōnfectum (3, –iō): to complete, produce, make.

Falsa is the neuter nominative plural form of falsus/falsa/falsum (1/2): false, wrong, untrue, mistaken; fake, counterfeit; deceitful. Nōn: not. Dūrant is the third person plural form of dūrō, dūrāre, dūrāvī, dūrātum (1): to harden; last, endure.

(Spoken by an unhappy widow who has to lie to herself to get to sleep.) Dum (conj.): while, as; until; as long as, provided that. Careō, carēre, caruī, caritum (2): to lack, be without, be free from (takes its object in the ablative case). Vērīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of vērus/vēra/vērum (1/2): true; real. Gaudia is the nominative plural form of gaudium, gaudiī (2n): joy. Falsa is the neuter nominative plural form of falsus/falsa/falsum (1/2): false, wrong, untrue, mistaken; fake, counterfeit; deceitful. Iuvant is the third person plural form of iuvō, iuvāre, iūvī, iūtum (1): to help, aid, assist; benefit, avail; delight, gratify, please.

Ingēns, ingentis (3, adj.): huge, enormous; mighty. Exiit is the third person singular perfect form of exeō, exīre, exīvī/exiī, exitum (irreg.): to go out, exit, depart; (of plants) to spring up, grow out, sprout. Ad (prep.): to, toward (takes the accusative). Caelum is the accusative singular form of caelum, caelī (2n): sky; climate. Rāmīs is the ablative plural form of rāmus, rāmī (2m): branch. Fēlīcibus is the m/f/n ablative plural form of fēlīx, fēlīcis (3, adj.): fruitful, fertile; fortunate, lucky, blessed, happy; successful. Arbōs, arboris (3f—variant of arbor): tree.

Fēlīx, fēlīcis (3): fruitful, fertile; fortunate, lucky, blessed, happy; successful. Quī /quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here acc.): nothing. Dēbet is the third person singular form of dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitum (2): to owe; ought. (The verb is implied.)

Fēlīcēs is the m/f nominative plural form of fēlīx, fēlīcis (3, adj.): fruitful, fertile; fortunate, lucky, blessed, happy; successful. Quī is the masculine nominative plural form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Suō: their (own)—the m/n ablative singular form of suus/sua/suum (1/2). Arbitriō is the ablative singular form of arbitrium, arbitriī (2n): arbitration; judgment, decision, choice. Moriuntur is the third person plural form of morior, morī, mortuus sum (3, –ior, deponent): to die.

(He’s saying that if happiness amounts to pleasure, animals—animal, animālis (3n)—have it better.) Sequitur is the third person singular form of sequor, sequī, secūtus sum (3, deponent): to follow. Ut (conj. , with subjunctive): that, so that. Multō (adv.): much, by much (in comparisons). Fēlīciōra is the neuter nominative plural form of fēlīcior/fēlīcior/fēlīcius (3): happier, more fortunate—the comparative form of fēlīx, fēlīcis (3, adj.): fruitful, fertile; fortunate, lucky, blessed, happy; successful. Sint is the third person plural subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Homine is the ablative singular form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human (the ablative of comparison with fēlīciōra: more fortunate than man).

Ab/ ā (prep.): (away) from; by (takes the ablative). Fēlīcissimō is the m/n (here m) ablative singular form of fēlīcissimus/fēlīcissima/fēlīcissimum (1/2): very/most fortunate—the superlative form of fēlīx, fēlīcis (3, adj.): fruitful, fertile; fortunate, lucky, blessed, happy; successful. Incipiam is the third person singular future form of incipiō, incipere, incēpī, inceptum (3, –iō): to start, begin.

(From a speech by Fabius Maximus, a Roman general c. 220). Nōn: not. Semper (adv.): always. Temeritās, temeritātis (3f): recklessness; readiness to take risks, boldness. Est: is. Fēlīx, fēlīcis (3, adj.): fruitful, fertile; fortunate, lucky, blessed, happy; successful.

(The attitude of the crowd.) Fēlīcem is the m/f accusative singular form of fēlīx, fēlīcis (3): fruitful, fertile; fortunate, lucky, blessed, happy; successful; prosperous. Ōdērunt is the third person plural form of ōdī, ōdisse, ōsum (irreg. , perfect forms with present meaning): to hate. Īnfēlīcem is the m/f accusative singular form of īnfēlīx, īnfēlīcis (3, adj.): unfruitful; unfortunate, unlucky, unhappy; unsuccessful; unprosperous. Contemnunt is the third person plural form of contemnō, contemnere, contempsī, contemptum (3): to despise, scorn, hold in contempt, value little, disregard.

Fac is the singular imperative form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make; (with subjunctive) make sure. Fidēlis /fidēlis/fidēle (3): faithful, loyal; trusty, trustworthy, reliable. Sīs is the second person singular subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Fidēlī is the m/f/n dative singular form of fidēlis/fidēlis/fidēle (3): faithful, loyal; trusty, trustworthy, reliable.

Ignōsce is the singular imperative form of ignōscō, ignōscere, ignōvī, ignōtum (3): to forgive. Fidēlissime is the masculine vocative singular form of fidēlissimus/fidēlissima/fidēlissimum (1/2): very/most faithful, very/most loyal; very trusty/trustiest, very/most trustworthy, very/most reliable—the superlative form of fidēlis/fidēlis/fidēle (3): faithful, loyal; trusty, trustworthy, reliable. Servulōrum is the genitive plural form of servulus, servulī (2m—also servolus): a young or little slave.

Longior/ longior /longius (3): longer; more lasting—the comparative form of longus/longa/longum (1/2): long; lasting. Fidēlior/ fidēliorque /fidēlior (3): more faithful, more loyal; trustier, more trustworthy, more reliable—the comparative form of fidēlis/fidēlis/fidēle (3): faithful, loyal; trusty, trustworthy, reliable (the enclitic conjunction – que adds and). Est: is. Memoria, memoriae (1f): memory, remembrance. Voluptātum is the genitive plural form of voluptās, voluptātis (3f): pleasure. Quam (rel. adv.): than; as. Praesentia, praesentiae (1f): presence.

Etsī (conj.): even if. Scelestus /scelesta/scelestum (1/2): cursed; wicked, villainous. Est: he is. At (conj.): but, yet; at least. Mī is a contracted form of mihi, the dative form of ego: I (to me). Īnfidēlis /īnfidēlis/īnfidēle (3): disloyal, faithless, treacherous. Nōn: not.

Odōrem is the accusative singular form of odor, odōris (3m): smell, odor. Foedum is the m/n accusative singular form of foedus/foeda/foedum (1/2): foul, loathsome, repulsive, disgusting; ugly, hideous; terrible, severe, horrible, shocking, atrocious; shameful, vile, disgraceful. Movent is the third person plural form of moveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtum (2): to move; cause, produce.

Adeōne (adv.): to such a point, to such a degree, so; besides, moreover; indeed, in fact (the enclitic interrogative particle – ne turns the word into part of a question). Pulcher/ pulchra /pulchrum (1/2): beautiful, pretty, handsome. Est: is she, (there) is. Immō (particle): nay, rather; on the contrary. Foedior/foedior/ foedius (3): uglier—the comparative form of foedus/foeda/foedum (1/2): foul, loathsome, repulsive, disgusting; ugly, hideous; terrible, severe, horrible, shocking, atrocious; shameful, vile, disgraceful. Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here nom.): nothing. Est: is.

Tempestātēs is the nominative plural for of tempestās, tempestātis (3f): time, season; weather; storm, tempest. Foedae is the feminine nominative plural form of foedus/foeda/foedum (1/2): foul, loathsome, repulsive, disgusting; ugly, hideous; terrible, severe, horrible, shocking, atrocious; shameful, vile, disgraceful. Fuēre (an alternative form of fuērunt) is the third person plural perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

(After naming two people who had both died.) Hic /haec/hoc (pron.): this (one); he, she, it; the latter. Foedā is the feminine ablative singular form of foedus/foeda/foedum (1/2): foul, loathsome, repulsive, disgusting; ugly, hideous; terrible, severe, horrible, shocking, atrocious; shameful, vile, disgraceful. Morte is the ablative singular form of mors, mortis (3f): death. Perīt (contraction of periit) is the third person singular perfect form of pereō, perīre, periī, peritum (irreg.): to disappear; be destroyed, perish, ie.

Mē is the accusative form of ego: I (me). Uxor, uxōris (3f): wife. Īnsānum is the m/n accusative singular form of īnsānus/īnsāna/īnsānum (1/2): mad, crazy, insane. Facit is the third person singular form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Suīs: her (own)—the m/f/n ablative plural form of suus/sua/suum (1/2). Foedīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of foedus/foeda/foedum (1/2): foul, loathsome, repulsive, disgusting; ugly, hideous; terrible, severe, horrible, shocking, atrocious; shameful, vile, disgraceful. Factīs is the ablative plural form of factum, factī (2n): act, action, deed.

(Speaking of Stilpo, who walked away from ruin saying that he had all his goods with him.) Ecce (interj.): behold! see! here/there is. . . ! Vir, virī (2m): man. Fortis /fortis/forte (3): brave, valiant, courageous; strong, stout, vigorous, powerful. Atque/ ac (conj.): and. Strēnuus /strēnua/strēnuum (1/2): brisk, vigorous, keen, active, energetic (often coupled with a form of fortis).

Fac is the singular imperative form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Mē is the accusative form of ego: I (me). Fortiōrem is the m/f accusative singular form of fortior/fortior/fortius (3): braver—the comparative form of fortis/fortis/forte (3): brave, valiant, courageous; strong, stout, vigorous, powerful.

Singulōrum is the m/n (here m) genitive plural form of singulus/singula/singulum (1/2): single, separate, alone; (in pl.) one each; one by one; each individually. Fortia is the neuter accusative plural form of fortis/fortis/forte (3): brave, valiant, courageous; strong, stout, vigorous, powerful. Facta is the accusative plural form of factum, factī (2n): deed, act—a substantive use of factus/facta/factum (1/2), the perfect passive participle (having been done) of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Commemorās is the second person singular form of commemorō, commemorāre, commemorāvī, commemorātum (1): to recall (esp. in speech or writing); mention, relate.

Fortius is the neuter accusative singular form of fortior/fortior/fortius (3): stronger—the comparative form of fortis/fortis/forte (3): brave, valiant, courageous; strong, stout, vigorous, powerful. Lignum is the accusative singular form of lignum, lignī (2n): wood. Quercus, quercūs (4f): oak (tree or wood); especially the common oak. Habet is the third person singular form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have. Et (conj.): and. Incorruptius is the neuter accusative singular form of incorruptior/incorruptior/incorruptius (3): more undamaged; more imperishable; more uncorrupted; more uncorruptible—the comparative form of incorruptus/incorrupta/incorruptum (1/2): undamaged, unspoiled; imperishable, not liable to decay; uncorrupted; uncorruptible.

Fortis /fortis/forte (3): brave, valiant, courageous; strong, stout, vigorous, powerful. Crēbrīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of crēber/crēbra/crēbrum (1/2): frequent, repeated, constant; occurring or placed at repeated intervals. Sonat is the third person singular form of sonō, sonāre, sonuī, sonitum (1): to sound, make a noise. Ictibus is the ablative plural form of ictus, ictūs (4m): blow; sting. Umbō, umbōnis (3m): the boss of a shield (the fortified part in the middle).

Veniunt is the third person plural form of veniō, venīre, venī, ventum (4): to come (it’s in the historical present). Frequentēs is the m/f nominative plural form of frequēns, frequentis (3, adj.): occurring at close intervals; densely packed; present in large numbers; (of a group) numerous; crowded; populous; abounding; assiduous, constant; frequent; widespread, common.

Frequēnsne, frequentis (3, adj.): occurring at close intervals; densely packed; present in large numbers; (of a group) numerous; crowded; populous; abounding; assiduous, constant; frequent; widespread, common (the enclitic particle – ne turns it into part of a question). Turba, turbae (1f): disorder, commotion; crowd, throng. Rēgium is the m/n accusative singular form of rēgius/rēgia/rēgium (1/2): royal. Cīnxit is the third person singular perfect form of cingō, cingere, cīnxī, cīnctum (3): to surround, encircle; gird, equip. Latus is the accusative singular form of latus, lateris (3n): side.

Veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Senātum is the accusative singular form of senātūs, senātūs (4m): senate. Frequēns, frequentis (3, adj.): occurring at close intervals; densely packed; present in large numbers; (of a group) numerous; crowded; populous; abounding; assiduous, constant; frequent; widespread, common.

Tam (adv.): so, to such a degree. Frequēns, frequentis (3, adj.): occurring at close intervals; densely packed; present in large numbers; (of a group) numerous; crowded; populous; abounding; assiduous, constant; frequent; widespread, common. Migrātiō, migrātiōnis (3f): a change of place, the act of moving residence. Īnstabilis is the m/f/n genitive singular form of īnstabilis/īnstabilis/īnstabile (3): unsteady; inconstant, fickle. Animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit. Est: is.

(Ingratitude.) Hic/haec/ hoc (adj.): this. Frequentissimus/frequentissima/ frequentissimum (1/2): very/most densely packed or very/most numerous, etc. ; very common/commonest—the superlative form of frequēns, frequentis (3, adj.): occurring at close intervals; densely packed; present in large numbers; (of a group) numerous; crowded; populous; abounding; assiduous, constant; frequent; widespread, common. Crīmen, crīminis (3n): accusation, charge; crime. Nusquam (adv.): nowhere. Pūnītur is the third person singular passive form of pūniō, pūnīre, pūnīvī/pūniī, pūnītum (4): to punish. Ubīque (adv.): everywhere. Improbātur is the third person singular passive form of improbō, improbāre, improbāvī, improbātum (1): to express disapproval of, condemn, denounce, reject.

Ad (prep.): to, toward; at. Sinistram is the feminine accusative singular form of sinister/sinistra/sinistrum (1/2): left, located on the left side. Portam is the accusative singular form of porta, portae (1f): gate. Īnfrequentēs is the m/f (here m) accusative plural form of īnfrequēns, īnfrequentis (3, adj.): present in only small numbers; having few people present; in which there are few/is little (of something); not assiduous; infrequent. Videt is the third person singular form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see (it’s in the historical present).

Prōdest is the third person singular form of prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuī, prōfutūrus (irreg.): to be helpful or advantageous, help, benefit, avail. Grātum is the m/n (here m) accusative singular form of grātus/grāta/grātum (1/2): grateful, thankful; received with gratitude, appreciated; enjoying favor, welcome, popular; pleasing, agreeable. Sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Erō is the first person singular future form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Tamen (adv.): nevertheless, yet. Grātus /grāta/grātum (1/2): grateful, thankful; received with gratitude, appreciated; enjoying favor, welcome, popular; pleasing, agreeable. Etiam (particle): still; even; also. Sī (conj.): if. Nocet is the third person singular form of noceō, nocēre, nocuī, nocitum (2): to be harmful, harm.

Duo/duae/ duo (irreg.): two. Genera is the nominative plural form of genus, generis (3n): kind, type; race, birth, descent. Sunt: there are. Grātī is the m/n genitive singular form of grātus/grāta/grātum (1/2): grateful, thankful; received with gratitude, appreciated; enjoying favor, welcome, popular; pleasing, agreeable. Homō, hominis (3m): man, human, person.

Grātissimus/ grātissima /grātissimum (1/2): very/most pleasing/gratifying—the superlative form of grātus/grāta/grātum (1/2): grateful, thankful; received with gratitude, appreciated; enjoying favor, welcome, popular; pleasing, agreeable. Mihi is the dative form of ego: I (to me). Tuus/ tua /tuum (1/2): your, yours. Voluntās, voluntātis (3f): wish, desire, will. Est: is.

Multitūdinī is the dative singular form of multitūdō, multitūdinis (3): large number, multitude; the masses. Tamen (adv.): nevertheless, yet. Grātior /grātior/grātius (3): more pleasing/popular—the comparative form of grātus/grāta/grātum (1/2): grateful, thankful; received with gratitude, appreciated; enjoying favor, welcome, popular; pleasing, agreeable. Fuit is the third person singular perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Quam (rel. adv.): than; as. Patribus is the dative plural form of pater, patris (3m): father; (in pl.) patricians; (in pl.) senators, the senate.

Sed (conj.): but. Mehercule (an interjection used by males in asseverations): by Hercules! Mihi is the dative form of ego: I (to me). Quoque (adv.): too, as well. Grātissimum is the m/n (here n) accusative singular form of grātissimus/grātissima/grātissimum (1/2): very/most pleasing—the superlative form of grātus/grāta/grātum (1/2): grateful, thankful; received with gratitude, appreciated; enjoying favor, welcome, popular; pleasing, agreeable. Fēcistī is the second person singular perfect form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make.

Ingrātī is the m/n genitive singular form of ingrātus/ingrāta/ingrātum (1/2): ungrateful; not received with gratitude, not appreciated; unwelcome, unpopular; unpleasing, displeasing, disagreeable. Animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit. Crīmen is the accusative singular form of crīmen, crīminis (3n): charge, accusation; crime. Horreō, horrēre, horruī, — (2): to bristle; shiver, shudder; shudder at, dread.

Fuit is the third person singular perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Hic/ haec /hoc (adj.): this. Ōrātiō, ōrātiōnis (3f): speech. Nōn: not. Ingrātus/ ingrāta /ingrātum (1/2): ungrateful; not received with gratitude, not appreciated; unwelcome, unpopular; unpleasing, displeasing, disagreeable. Gallīs is the dative plural form of Gallus, Gallī (2m): a Gaul.

(Orion.) Ille /illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she, it. Gravī is the m/f/n ablative singular form of gravis/gravis/grave (3): heavy, weighty; burdened; grave, serious; hard, troublesome, painful, grievous, severe. Moriēns, morientis (3) is the present active participle (dying) of morior, morī, mortuus sum (3, –ior, deponent): to die. Cōnstrāvit is the third person singular perfect form of cōnsternō, cōnsternere, cōnstrāvī, cōnstrātum (3): to strew, cover; bring down, make calm. Corpore is the ablative singular form of corpus, corporis (3n): body. Terram is the accusative singular form of terra, terrae (1f): land.

(Does complaining about it make you feel it any less?) Dolōrem is the accusative singular form of dolor, dolōris (3m): pain. Gravem is the m/f accusative singular form of gravis/gravis/grave (3): heavy, weighty; grave, serious; hard, troublesome, painful, grievous, severe. Sentiō, sentīre, sēnsī, sēnsum (4): to feel; perceive; think.

Eum is the masculine accusative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Morbus, morbī (2m): disease, ailment. Invāsit is the third person singular perfect form of invādō, invādere, invāsī, invāsum (3): to enter in hostile fashion, attack, invade; seize, take possession of. Gravis /gravis/grave (3): heavy, weighty; grave, serious; hard, troublesome, painful, grievous, severe.

Illae is the feminine nominative plural form of ille/illa/illud (adj.): that. Pestēs is the nominative plural form of pestis, pestis (3f): destruction, death; ruin, disaster; a cause of destruction or ruin; plague, curse, disease; pest, nuisance. Nōn: not. Minus (adv.): less. Gravēs is the m/f nominative plural form of gravis/gravis/grave (3): heavy, weighty; grave, serious; hard, troublesome, painful, grievous, severe. Sunt: are.

(Pompey.) Hominem is the accusative singular form of homō, hominis (3m): human, man. Enim (particle): for, indeed. Integrum is the m/n accusative singular form of integer/integra/integrum (1/2): untouched, unhurt; whole, complete; morally unblemished, upright. Et (conj.): and. Castum is the m/n accusative singular form of castus/casta/castum (1/2): morally pure, chaste, guiltless, virtuous. Gravem is the m/f accusative singular form of gravis/gravis/grave (3): heavy, weighty; grave, serious; hard, troublesome, painful, grievous, severe. Cognōscō, cognōscere, cognōvī, cognitum (3): to learn, get to know; recognize.

Vir, virī (2m): man. Est: he is. Optimus /optima/optimum (1/2): very good/best, excellent—the superlative form of bonus/bona/bonum (1/2): good. Honestissimus /honestissima/honestissimum (1/2): very/most honorable—the superlative form of honestus/honesta/honestum (1/2): honorable, virtuous, noble. Nostrī: of us—the genitive form of nōs: we (first person plural used for the first person singular). Amantissimus /amantissima/amantissimum (1/2): most loving—the superlative form of amāns, amantis (3, adj.): loving, fond, devoted (often with the genitive)—originally the present active participle of amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum (1): to love.

(Because bad people have to say something other than what they really think; good people don’t.) Bonōs is the masculine accusative plural form of bonus/bona/bonum (1/2): good (used substantively to mean good people). Numquam (adv.): never. Honestus /honesta/honestum (1/2): honorable, virtuous, noble. Sermō, sermōnis (3m): conversation, talk, speech. Dēficiet is the third person singular future form of dēficiō, dēficere, dēfēcī, dēfectum (3, –iō): to run out; fail; desert.

Vīta, vītae (1f): life. Nōn: not. Est: is. Inperfectus/ inperfecta /inperfectum (1/2—also imperfectus): unfinished, incomplete. Sī (conj.): if. Honestus/ honesta /honestum (1/2): honorable, virtuous, noble. Est: is.

(This refers to a heroic but thankless deed—opus, operis (3n).) Hoc is the neuter accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Esse: to be. Honestum is the m/n accusative singular form of honestus/honesta/honestum (1/2): honorable, virtuous, noble. Sciō, scīre, scīvī/sciī, scītum (4): to know.

Vidē is the singular imperative form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see. Quantus/ quanta /quantum (1/2, interrog. adj.): how great, how much. Vīs, vīs (3f, irreg.): power; force. Honestum, honestī (2n): that which is honorable, virtue, rectitude (a substantive use of honestus/honesta/honestum (1/2): honorable, virtuous, noble). Sit is the third person singular subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be (subjunctive because it’s an indirect question.)

(Death, prison, fires, etc.) Omnia is the neuter accusative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Ista is the neuter accusative plural form of iste/ista/istud (pron.): that; he, she, it (those things). Hūmānae is the feminine genitive singular form of hūmānus/hūmāna/hūmānum (1/2): human; cultured, civilized; humane, kind; courteous, polite. Vīta, vītae (1f): life. Formīdinēs is the accusative plural form of formīdō, formīdinis (3f): great fear, terror; a thing that causes fear or terror; bugbear, scarecrow. Putat is the third person singular form of putō, putāre, putāvī, putātum (1): to think, suppose, imagine, consider (as).

Fidēs, fideī (5f): faith; trust; loyalty. Sānctissimus/sānctissima/ sānctissimum (1/2): very/most sacred, very holy/holiest; very/most virtuous—the superlative form of sānctus/sāncta/sānctum (1/2): sacred, holy; virtuous (originally the perfect passive participle of sanciō, sancīre, sānxī, sānctum (4): to ratify). Hūmānī is the m/n genitive singular form of hūmānus/hūmāna/hūmānum (1/2): human; cultured, civilized; humane, kind; courteous, polite. Pectus, pectoris (3n): breast, chest; heart. Bonum, bonī (2n): a good thing, a good. Est: is.

Quīntum is the accusative singular form of quīntus, quīntī (2m): praenomen of Cicero’s younger brother (and the husband of Atticus’s sister), Quintus Tullius Cicero. Frātrem is the accusative singular form of frāter, frātris (3m): brother. Optimum is the m/n accusative singular form of optimus/optima/optimum (1/2): very good/best—the superlative form of bonus/bona/bonum (1/2): good. Hūmānissimumque is the m/n accusative singular form of hūmānissimus/hūmānissima/hūmānissimum (1/2): very kind/kindest—the superlative form of hūmānus/hūmāna/hūmānum (1/2): human; cultured, civilized; humane, kind; courteous, polite (the enclitic conjunction – que adds and). Sustentā is the singular imperative form of sustentō, sustentāre, sustentāvī, sustentātum (1): to hold up, support.

(After recounting the bad treatment of slaves.) Alia is the neuter accusative plural form of alius/alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): other, another. Interim (adv.): meanwhile, in the meantime; for the time being, for a while. Crūdēlia is the neuter accusative plural form of crūdēlis/crūdēlis/crūdēle (3): cruel. Inhūmāna is the neuter accusative plural form of inhūmānus/inhūmāna/inhūmānum (1/2): inhuman or inhumane; uncultured, uncivilized; brutal, heartless; discourteous, churlish, impolite. Praetereō, praeterīre, praeteriī/praeterīvī, praeteritum (irreg.): to pass by; pass over, neglect.

Ego: I. Enim (particle): for. Īdem /eadem/idem (pron. or adj.): the same; identical. Sum: I am.

Omnīs is the m/f accusative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): every; all; (m. pl. used substantively) all (people), everyone. Īdem/ eadem /idem (adj.): the same; identical. Condiciō, condiciōnis (3f): condition; situation. Dēvīnxit is the third person singular perfect form of dēvinciō, dēvincīre, dēvīnxī, dēvīnctum (4): to bind, constrain.

Mundus, mundī (2m): universe; world. Eundem is the masculine accusative singular form of īdem/eadem/idem (adj.): the same; identical. Habitum is the accusative singular form of habitus, habitūs (4m): state of being; condition; bearing, demeanor; build, shape, form; character. Atque/ ac (conj.): and. Modum is the accusative singular form of modus, modī (2m): measure; size; limit; manner. Servat is the third person singular form of servō, servāre, servāvī, servātum (1): to save; protect; keep.

(As when the same lesson has to be given many times until it sinks in.) Eandem is the feminine accusative singular form of īdem/eadem/idem (adj.): the same; identical. Tundō, tundere, tutudī, tūnsum (3): to pound, beat. Incūdem is the accusative singular form of incūs, incūdis (3f): anvil.

Eādem is the feminine ablative singular form of īdem/eadem/idem (adj.): the same; identical. Viā is the ablative singular form of via, viae (1f): way, road. Eōdem is the m/n ablative singular form) of īdem/eadem/idem (adj.): the same; identical. Diē is the ablative singular form of diēs, diēī (5m/f): day. Et (conj.) and (et. . . et: both. . . and). Lutō is the ablative singular form of lutum, lutī (2n): mud, dirt, soil; clay. Et (conj.): and. Pulvere is the ablative singular form of pulvis, pulveris (3m): dust. Labōrāvimus is the first person plural perfect form of labōrō, labōrāre, labōrāvī, labōrātum (1): to labor, toil; strive; suffer; struggle, be in difficulty.

Fluant is the third person plural subjunctive form of fluō, fluere, flūxī, flūxum (3): to flow. Lacrimae is the nominative plural form of lacrima, lacrimae (1f): tear. Sed (conj.): but. Eaedem is the feminine nominative plural form of īdem/eadem/idem (pron.): the same. Et (adv.): also; even. Dēsinant is the third person plural subjunctive form of dēsinō, dēsinere, dēsiī/dēsīvī, dēsitum (3): to stop, cease, desist (the verbs are subjunctive because they’re jussive: let them flow/cease).

Quoūsque (interrog. adv.): until when? for how long? Eadem is the neuter nominative or accusative plural form of īdem/eadem/idem (pron.): the same (this eadem could be nominative or accusative depending on just what was implied. Compare until when will the same things keep happening —where eadem would be the subject, and thus nominative—with until when will I keep doing the same things (where eadem would be the direct object and so accusative).

Lēgātiōnem is the accusative singular form of lēgātiō, lēgātiōnis (3f): embassy, office of an ambassador; persons attatched to an embassy. Aliam is the feminine accusative singular form of alius/alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): other, another; different. Cum (prep.): with (takes ablative). Eīsdem is the m/f/n ablative plural form of īdem/eadem/idem (adj.): the same; identical. Mandātīs is the ablative plural form of mandātum, mandātī (2n): mandate, command, order. Mittit is the third person singular form of mittō, mittere, mīsī, missum (3): to send; throw.

(If you abuse the advocates for the other side, you license them to reciprocate.) Īdem/eadem/ idem (pron.): the same. Iūs, iūris (3n): right, law. Respōnsūrīs is the m/f/n (here m) dative plural form of respōnsūrus/respōnsūra/respōnsūrum (1/2), the future active participle (about to respond) of respondeō, respondēre, respondī, respōnsum (2): to respond, answer. Datur is the third person singular passive form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give.

Inānēs is the m/f nominative plural form of inānis/inānis/ināne (3): empty, void; hollow; devoid (of); empty-handed, carrying nothing; poor, penniless; (of time) idle, free, unoccupied; insubstantial; false, illusory; trifling, frivolous, silly, foolish, inane; vain, futile, pointless; invalid, null and void. Vīllae is the nominative plural form of vīlla, vīllae (1f): country house, farmhouse, farm. Sunt: are.

Nūllōs is the masculine accusative plural form of nūllus/nūlla/nūllum (1/2, irreg.): no, none, not any. Esse: to be. Deōs is the accusative plural form of deus, deī (2m, irreg.): god. Ināne is the neuter accusative singular form of inānis/inānis/ināne (3): empty, void; hollow; devoid (of); empty-handed, carrying nothing; poor, penniless; (of time) idle, free, unoccupied; insubstantial; false, illusory; trifling, frivolous, silly, foolish, inane; vain, futile, pointless; invalid, null and void. Caelum is the accusative singular form of caelum, caelī (2n): sky, heaven. Affirmat is the third person singular form of affirmō, affirmāre, affirmāvī, affirmātum (1): to confirm; assert, maintain, affirm, declare. Segius /Segia/Segium (1/2): a family name.

Volnus, volneris (3n—also vulnus): wound. Inānis/inānis/ ināne (3): empty, void; hollow—or made hollow, emptied, gaping; devoid (of); empty-handed, carrying nothing; poor, penniless; (of time) idle, free, unoccupied; insubstantial; false, illusory; trifling, frivolous, silly, foolish, inane; vain, futile, pointless; invalid, null and void. Patet is the third person singular form of pateō, patēre, patuī, — (2): to be open; be exposed; be apparent (it’s in the historical present).

Inānissima is the neuter nominative plural form of inānissimus/inānissima/inānissimum (1/2): very/most devoid—the superlative form of inānis/inānis/ināne (3): empty, void; hollow; devoid (of); empty-handed, carrying nothing; poor, penniless; (of time) idle, free, unoccupied; insubstantial; false, illusory; trifling, frivolous, silly, foolish, inane; vain, futile, pointless; invalid, null and void. Prūdentia, prūdentiae (1f): good sense, sagacity, intelligence. Reperta sunt is the third person neuter plural perfect passive form of reperiō, reperīre, repperī, repertum (4): to find.

Sīc (adv.): thus, so, in this/that way; accordingly. Illī is the masculine nominative plural form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she, it (those/they). Tum (adv.): then, at that time, at that moment. Inānēs is the m/f nominative plural form of inānis/inānis/ināne (3): empty, void; hollow; devoid (of); empty-handed, carrying nothing; poor, penniless; (of time) idle, free, unoccupied; insubstantial; false, illusory; trifling, frivolous, silly, foolish, inane; vain, futile, pointless; invalid, null and void. Ad (prep.): to (takes the accusative). Antiochum is the accusative form of Antiochus, Antiochī (2m). Revertuntur is the third person plural form of revertor, revertī, reversus sum (3, deponent): to return (it’s in the historical present).

Inānī is the m/f/n ablative singular form of inānis/inānis/ināne (3): empty, void; hollow; devoid (of); empty-handed, carrying nothing; poor, penniless; (of time) idle, free, unoccupied; insubstantial; false, illusory, trifling, frivolous, silly, foolish, inane; vain, futile, pointless; invalid, null and void. Et (conj.): and. Tenuī is the m/f/n ablative singular form of tenuis/tenuis/tenue (3): thin; slight, faint, feeble. Spē is the ablative singular form of spēs, speī (5f): hope. Tē is the accusative form of tū: you (used reflexively: yourself). Cōnsōlāris is the second person singular form of cōnsōlor, cōnsōlārī, cōnsōlātus sum (1, deponent): to comfort, console.

Nōmen, nōminis (3n): name. Amīcitia, amīcitiae (1f): friendship. Est: is. Inānis/inānis/ ināne (3): empty, void; hollow; devoid (of); empty-handed, carrying nothing; poor, penniless; (of time) idle, free, unoccupied; insubstantial; false, illusory; trifling, frivolous, silly, foolish, inane; vain, futile, pointless; invalid, null and void. Fidēs, fideī (5f): faith; loyalty; trust; credence; promise.

Frīvolīs is the m/f/n (here n) ablative plural form of frīvolus/frīvola/frīvolum (1/2): worthless; trifling, silly, frivolous. Turbāmur is the first person plural passive form of turbō, turbāre, turbāvī, turbātum (1): to cause a disturbance; disturb, upset. Et (conj.): and. Inānibus is the m/f/n (here n) ablative plural form of inānis/inānis/ināne (3): empty, void; hollow; devoid (of); empty-handed, carrying nothing; poor, penniless; (of time) idle, free, unoccupied; insubstantial; false, illusory; trifling, frivolous, silly, foolish, inane; vain, futile, pointless; invalid, null and void.

Respondeō, respondēre, respondī, respōnsum (2): to reply, respond, answer. Inānem is the m/f accusative singular form of inānis/inānis/ināne (3): empty, void; hollow; devoid (of); empty-handed, carrying nothing; poor, penniless; (of time) idle, free, unoccupied; insubstantial; false, illusory; trifling, frivolous, silly, foolish, inane; vain, futile, pointless; invalid, null and void. Fuisse is the perfect infinitive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Eam is the feminine accusative singular form of is/ea/id (adj.): this, that. Stipulātiōnem is the accusative singular form of stipulātiō, stipulātiōnis (3f): stipulation.

Est: there is. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Rēbus is the ablative plural form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair; fact; event; circumstance. Ināne, inānis (3n): empty space, void, emptiness (a substantive use of inānis/inānis/ināne (3): empty, void; hollow; devoid (of); empty-handed, carrying nothing; poor, penniless; (of time) idle, free, unoccupied; insubstantial; false, illusory; trifling, frivolous, silly, foolish, inane; vain, futile, pointless; invalid, null and void.)

Tum (adv.): then, at that time, at that moment. Magicō is the m/n ablative singular form of magicus/magica/magicum (1/2): magical, magic. Volitant is the third person plural form of volitō, volitāre, volitāvī, volitātum (1): to fly about, flit. Cantū is the ablative singular form of cantus, cantūs (4m): song, singing; incantation, the singing of spells. Per (prep.): through (takes the accusative). Inānia is the accusative plural form of ināne, inānis (3n): empty space, void, emptiness (a substantive use of inānis/inānis/ināne (3): empty, void; hollow; devoid (of); empty-handed, carrying nothing; poor, penniless; (of time) idle, free, unoccupied; insubstantial; false, illusory; trifling, frivolous, silly, foolish, inane; vain, futile, pointless; invalid, null and void. Mānēs, mānium (3m, plural only): the spirits of the dead; a ghost or ghosts. Excītī is the masculine nominative plural form of excītus/excīta/excītum (1/2), the perfect passive participle of exciō, excīre, excīvī/exciī, excītum (4): to rouse, stir; call up, summon.

(The Tuscan Sea was called the Lower Sea because it was thought of as located below Italy.) Inde (adv.): from there; from that time; therefore. Āpūliam is the accusative singular form of Āpūlia, Āpūliae (1f): province in southeast Italy. Atque/ ac (conj.): and, and also, and then. Mare is the accusative singular form of mare, maris (3n): sea. Īnferum is the m/n accusative singular form of īnferus/īnfera/īnferum (1/2): of below, situated below; belonging to the underworld, infernal. Petiērunt is the third person plural perfect form of petō, petere, petīvī/petiī, petītum (3): to direct one’s course to, make one’s way to, make for; aim at; go for, attack; seek; ask.

Augilae, Augilārum (1m, plural only): an African tribe. Īnferōs is the masculine accusative plural form of īnferus/īnfera/īnferum (1/2): of below, situated below; belonging to the underworld, infernal. Tantum (adv.): so much; as much; only. Colunt is the third person plural form of colō, colere, coluī, cultum (3): to inhabit; cultivate; practice; worship.

(As opposed to the upper reaches of the universe, which are serene, as the upper reaches of the mind should be.) Īnferiōra is the neuter nominative plural form of īnferior/īnferior/īnferius (3): situated further below, lower; inferior; later, more recent—the comparative form of īnferus/īnfera/īnferum (1/2): of below, situated below; belonging to the underworld, infernal (neuter plural adjectives can be used substantively to mean (adjective) places/regions as well as (adjective) things). Fulminantur is the third person plural passive form of fulminō, fulmināre, fulmināvī, fulminātum (1): to hurl lightning; strike with lightning; (impersonal) lightning strikes.

Nostrōs is the masculine accusative plural form of noster/nostra/nostrum (1/2): our, ours. Nōn: not. Esse: to be. Īnferiōrēs is the m/f accusative plural form of īnferior/īnferior/īnferius (3): situated further below, lower; inferior; later, more recent—the comparative form of īnferus/īnfera/īnferum (1/2): of below, situated below; belonging to the underworld, infernal. Intellēxit is the third person singular perfect form of intellegō, intellegere, intellēxī, intellēctum (3): to understand, realize.

Īnferior /īnferior/īnferius (3): inferior—the comparative form of īnferus/īnfera/īnferum (1/2): of below, situated below; belonging to the underworld, infernal. Rescit is the third person singular form of resciō, rescīre, —, — (4): to get to know of, learn (something unsuspected). Quicquid is the neuter accusative singular form of quisquis/quicquid (rel. pron. ; the neuter form is also spelled quidquid): whoever, whatever. Peccat is the third person singular form of peccō, peccāre, peccāvī, peccātum (1): to sin, do wrong. Superior /superior/superius (3): situated further above, higher; superior; earlier—the comparative form of superus/supera/superum (1/2): of above, situated above; heavenly.

(Describing Claudius’s writings as a historian: he skipped the civil war because it was too controversial.) Transiit is the third person singular perfect form of trānseō, trānsīre, trānsīvī/trānsiī, trānsitum (irreg.): to cross over; pass. Ad (prep.): to, toward; (takes the accusative). Īnferiōra is the neuter accusative plural form of īnferior/īnferior/īnferius (3): situated further below, lower; inferior; later, more recent—the comparative form of īnferus/īnfera/īnferum (1/2): of below, situated below; belonging to the underworld, infernal. Tempora is the accusative plural form of tempus, temporis (3n): time. Coepitque is the third person singular perfect form of coepī, coepisse, coeptum (defective): began (no present tense; I begin is incipiō) (the enclitic conjunction – que adds and). Ab/ ā (prep.): (away) from; by (takes the ablative). Pāce is the ablative singular form of pāx, pācis (3f): peace. Cīvīlī is the m/f/n ablative singular form of cīvīlis/cīvīlis/cīvīle (3): civil.

Est: is. Autem (conj.): on the other hand, but, however; and, moreover. Īnfimus/ īnfima /īnfimum (1/2): lowest, bottommost, deepest. Condiciō, condiciōnis (3f): agreement; condition; situation. Et (conj.): and. Fortūna, fortūnae (1f): fortune, luck; fate. Servōrum is the genitive plural form of servus, servī (2m): slave.

(He’s talking about a swarm of bees and their best place of habitation—sēdēs, sēdis (3f).) Hic/ haec /hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Autem (conj.): on the other hand, but, however; and, moreover. Sit is the third person singular subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be (a jussive subjunctive). Īmā is the feminine ablative singular form of īmus/īma/īmum (1/2): lowest, bottommost, deepest. Parte is the ablative singular form of pars, partis (3f): part, share. Vallēs, vallis (3f—also vallis): valley.

Adhaesit is the third person singular perfect form of adhaereō, adhaerēre, adhaesī, adhaesum (2): to stick (to), cling (to). Hominī is the dative singular form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human. Ad (prep.): to, toward (takes the accusative). Īnfimum is the m/n accusative singular form of īnfimus/īnfima/īnfimum (1/2): lowest, bottommost, deepest. Ventrem is the accusative singular form of venter, ventris (3m): belly; womb. Famēs, famis (3/5f): hunger; famine.

Pedēs is the accusative plural form of pēs, pedis (3m): foot. Vestis, vestis (3f): clothing; dress. Dēflūxit is the third person singular perfect form of dēfluō, dēfluere, dēflūxī, dēflūxum (3): to flow down. Ad (prep.): to, toward (takes the accusative). Īmōs is the masculine accusative plural form of īmus/īma/īmum (1/2): lowest, bottommost, deepest.

(That is, at the bottom of a sea, river, or well where you might drown.) Lībertās, lībertātis (3f): liberty, freedom. Illīc (adv.): there. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Īmō is the m/n (here n) ablative singular form of īmus/īma/īmum (1/2): lowest, bottommost, deepest; (n. used substantively) the lowest or deepest part, bottom. Sedet is the third person singular form of sedeō, sedēre, sēdī, sessum (2): to sit; lodge; be situated.

(Speaking of hunger.) Ferās is the feminine accusative plural form of ferus/fera/ferum (1/2): wild, fierce, savage, ferocious (or it could be taken as the noun fera, ferae (1f): wild beast—a substantive use of the adjective). Etiam (particle): still; even; also, too, as well; again; yes. Et (conj.): and. Ingentēs is the m/f accusative plural form of ingēns, ingentis (3, adj.): huge, enormous, (very) great. Bēluās is the accusative plural form of bēlua, bēluae (1f): beast; monster. Subigit is the third person singular form of subigō, subigere, subēgī, subāctum (3): to propel from below; tame; train; subdue.

Ingēns, ingentis (3, adj.): huge, enormous, (very) great. Īra, īrae (1f); anger. Exitus, exitūs (4m): the action of going out; a way out; exit; conclusion; outcome, result. Furor, furōris (3m): madness; rage. Est: is.

Ingentī is the m/f/n ablative singular form of ingēns, ingentis (3, adj.): huge, enormous, (very) great. Incrēmentō is the ablative singular form of incrēmentum, incrēmentī (2n): growth, increase; the action of becoming greater. Surgit is the third person singular form of surgō, surgere, surrēxī, surrēctum (3): to rise, get up. Laus, laudis (3f): praise; renown, glory; merit, excellence. Eius: his—the m/f/n genitive singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that.

Quā is the feminine ablative singular form of quī/quae/quod (interrog. adj.): which. . . ? what. . . ? Spē is the ablative singular form of spēs, speī (5f): hope; expectation. Inimīcā is the feminine ablative singular form of inimīcus/inimīca/inimīcum (1/2): unfriendly, hostile, unfavorable; harmful. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Gente is the ablative singular form of gēns, gentis (3f): a Roman gens, clan, extended family; race, nation, people. Morātur is the third person singular form of moror, morārī, morātus sum (1, deponent): to tarry, delay; detain, hold back.

(. . . to someone with a swollen spleen.) Dulcia is the neuter nominative plural form of dulcis/dulcis/dulce (3): sweet. Omnia is the neuter nominative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Inimīca is the neuter nominative plural form of inimīcus/inimīca/inimīcum (1/2): unfriendly, hostile, unfavorable; harmful. Sunt: are.

Inimīcum is the accusative singular form of inimīcus, inimīcī (2m): enemy. Ego: I. Inquis is the second person singular form of inquam (irreg. and defective): to say. Accūsō, accūsāre, accūsāvī, accūsātum (1): to accuse. Meum is the m/n accusative singular form of meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine.

Cōnsilia is the accusative plural form of cōnsilium, cōnsiliī (2n): deliberation; advice; plan; purpose. Exspectat is the third person singular form of exspectō, exspectāre, exspectāvī, exspectātum (1—also expectō): to wait (for), await; expect. Inimīcōrum is the genitive plural form of inimīcus, inimīcī (2m): enemy. Meōrum is the m/n genitive plural form of meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine.

Pater, patris (3m): father. Rem is the accusative singular form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair; fact; circumstance. Petit is the third person singular form of petō, petere, petīvī/petiī, petītum (3): to make for, direct one’s course to; seek; ask; attack. Iūstiōrem is the m/f accusative singular form of iūstior/iūstior/iūstius (3): more just—the comparative form of iūstus/iūsta/iūstum (1/2): lawful; rightful, legitimate, justified; just, fair, equitable; upright; right, proper, correct, regular; normal. Māter, mātris (3f): mother. Faciliōrem is the m/f accusative singular form of facilior/facilior/facilius (3): easier, more simple—the comparative form of facilis/facilis/facile (3): easy, simple.

Paucī is the masculine nominative plural form of paucus/pauca/paucum (1/2): few. Lībertātem is the accusative singular form of lībertās, lībertātis (3f): freedom, liberty. Pars, partis (3f): part. Magnus/ magna /magnum (1/2): big, large, great. Iūstōs is the masculine accusative plural form of iūstus/iūsta/iūstum (1/2): lawful; rightful, legitimate, justified; just, fair, equitable; upright; right, proper, correct, regular; normal. Dominōs is the accusative plural form of dominus, dominī (2m): lord, master; owner. Volunt is the third person plural form of volō, velle, voluī, — (irreg.): to want, wish.

Multa is the neuter nominative plural form of multus/multa/multum (1/2): much, many. Incommoda is the nominative plural form of incommodum, incommodī (2n): detriment, harm; disadvantage; inconvenience; trouble, misfortune (a substantive use of incommodus/incommoda/incommodum (1/2): troublesome, annoying, inconvenient, disadvantageous). Iūstīs is the m/f/n dative plural form of iūstus/iūsta/iūstum (1/2): lawful; rightful, legitimate, justified; just, fair, equitable; upright; right, proper, correct, regular; normal. Virīs is the dative plural form of vir, virī (2m): man. Accidunt is the third person plural form of accidō, accidere, accidī, — (3): to happen.

Iūstus/iūsta/ iūstum (1/2): lawful; rightful, legitimate, justified; just, fair, equitable; upright; right, proper, correct, regular; normal. Aliquamdiū (adv.): for some time, for a time, for a while. Proelium, proeliī (2n): battle. Fuit is the third person singular perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

Statūrā is the ablative singular form of statūra, statūrae (1f): height, stature. Fuit is the third person singular perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Prope (adv.): approximately, about, roughly. Iūstā is the feminine ablative singular form of iūstus/iūsta/iūstum (1/2): lawful; rightful, legitimate, justified; just, fair, equitable; upright; right, proper, correct, regular; normal (statūrā iūstā is an ablative of quality/description).

(Give him a proper burial.) Nunc (adv.): now. Iūsta is the neuter accusative plural form of iūstus/iūsta/iūstum (1/2): lawful; rightful, legitimate, justified; just, fair, equitable; upright; right, proper, correct, regular; normal (used substantively to mean due rites). Nātō is the dative singular form of nātus, nātī (2m): son—a substantive use of the masculine form of nātus/nāta/nātum (1/2), the perfect participle (having been born) of nāscor, nāscī, nātus sum (3, deponent): to be born. Solve is the singular imperative form of solvō, solvere, solvī, solūtum (3): to loosen, untie; release; solve; dissolve; pay.

Illa is the neuter nominative plural form of ille/illa/illud (adj.): that (pl. those). Iniūsta is the neuter nominative plural form of iniūstus/iniūsta/iniūstum (1/2): unjust, unfair, inequitable; unjustified; unrightful. Bella is the nominative plural form of bellum, bellī (2n): war. Sunt: are. Quae is the f/n nominative plural form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Sunt: are. Sine (prep.): without (takes the ablative). Causā is the ablative singular form of causa, causae (1f): cause, reason; case. Suscepta is the neuter nominative plural form of susceptus/suscepta/susceptum, the perfect passive participle of suscipiō, suscipere, suscēpī, susceptum (3, –iō): to catch from below or support; take up, enter upon, assume, accept, receive, undertake.

Est: is. Quidem (particle): at any rate; indeed, admittedly, yes (typically followed by an objection in the next clause: X is true, yes, but. . .). Iniūstus /iniūsta/iniūstum (1/2): unjust, unfair, inequitable; unjustified; unrightful. Dolor, dolōris (3m): pain. Rērum is the genitive plural form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair; fact; circumstance. Aestimātor, aestimātōris (3m): valuer, appraiser, estimator, judge.

Graviōra is the neuter nominative plural form of gravior/gravior/gravius (3): heavier—the comparative form of gravis/gravis/grave (3): heavy, weighty; burdened; grave, serious; hard, troublesome, painful, grievous, severe (the two adjectives here are used substantively to mean lighter things/objects and heavier things/objects). Dēscendunt is the third person plural form of dēscendō, dēscendere, dēscendī, dēscēnsum (3): to go down, descend; sink. Leviōra is the neuter nominative plural form of levior/levior/levius (3): lighter—the comparative form of levis/levis/leve (3): light; slight, mild; trifling, trivial, unimportant; inconstant, fickle, unreliable. Gestantur is the third person plural passive form of gestō, gestāre, gestāvī, gestātum (1): to carry, bear; wear.

Cūrae is the nominative plural form of cūra, cūrae (1f): care; worry. Levēs is the m/f nominative plural form of levis/levis/leve (3): light; slight, mild; trifling, trivial, unimportant; inconstant, fickle, unreliable. Locuntur (variant spelling of loquuntur) is the third person plural form of loquor, loquī, locūtus sum (3, deponent): to speak, talk. Ingentēs is the m/f nominative plural form of ingēns, ingentis (3, adj.): huge, immense, enormous. Stupent is the third person plural form of stupeō, stupēre, stupuī, — (2): to be numb or paralyzed; be dazed, speechless, dumbfounded, astounded.

Hic/haec/ hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Levis/levis/ leve (3): light; slight, mild; trifling, trivial, unimportant; inconstant, fickle, unreliable. Est: is. Quod (conj.): that; the fact that; as for the fact that; because. Sum: I am. Nocēns, nocentis (3, adj.): guilty. Faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Nocentēs is the m/f accusative plural form of nocēns, nocentis (3, adj.): guilty.

Īnstat is the third person singular form of īnstō, īnstāre, īnstitī, īnstātūrus (1): to stand on; threaten, loom, be upon; press, assail; apply oneself urgently. Deinde (adv.): after that, then, next. Sitis, sitis (3f): thirst. Nōn: not. Levior/ levior /levius (3): milder, weaker—the comparative form of levis/levis/leve (3): light; slight, mild; trifling, trivial, unimportant; inconstant, fickle, unreliable. Famē is the ablative singular form of famēs, famis (3/5f): hunger.

Levis/ levis /leve (3): light; slight, mild; trifling, trivial, unimportant; inconstant, fickle, unreliable. Est: is. Fortūna, fortūnae (1f): fortune, chance, luck (good or bad). Cito (adv.): quickly; soon. Reposcit is the third person singular form of reposcō, reposcere, —, — (3): to demand back. Quod is the neuter accusative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Dēdit is the third person singular perfect form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give.

Servus, servī (2m): slave. Est: he is. Sed (conj.): but. Fortasse (adv.): perhaps. Līber /lībera/līberum (1/2): free; unrestricted. Animō is the ablative singular form of animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit.

(Someone unafraid of death always has a way out of terrible situations.) Līberum is the m/n accusative singular form of līber/lībera/līberum (1/2): free; unrestricted. Ōstium is the accusative singular form of ōstium, ōstiī (2n): door, entrance. Habet is the third person singular form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have.

Tibi is the dative form of tū: you. Līber/lībera/ līberum (1/2): free; unrestricted. Nōn: not. Est: it is.

Prīmus /prīma/prīmum (1/2): first; foremost. Liber, librī (2m): book. Nouāte is the vocative singular form of the proper name Novātus, Novātī (2m). Benigniōrem is the m/f accusative singular form of benignior/benignior/benignius (3): kinder; more copious—the comparative form of benignus/benigna/benignum (1/2): kind; generous, bounteous, fertile, copious. Habuit is the third person singular perfect form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have. Māteriam is the accusative singular form of māteria, māteriae (1f): material, matter; topic, theme, subject-matter.

Aliter (adv.): otherwise, differently (aliter. . . aliter = in one way. . . in another). Hominēs is the nominative plural form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human, person; (in pl.) people. Amīcam is the accusative singular form of amīca, amīcae (1f): female friend; girlfriend, mistress. Aliter (adv.): otherwise, differently. Aliter. . . aliter = in one way. . . in another. Līberōs is the accusative form of līberī, līberōrum (2m, plural only): children (in respect to their parents), sons and daughters. Ōsculantur is the third person plural form of ōsculor, ōsculārī, ōsculātus sum (1, deponent): to kiss.

Grātuītae is the feminine nominative plural form of grātuītus/grātuīta/grātuītum (1/2): free (of charge), costing nothing. Dēbent is the third person plural form of dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitum (2): to owe; ought, must, should; be bound. Esse: to be. Virtūtēs is the nominative plural form of virtūs, virtūtis (3f): virtue, merit, moral excellence; courage, valor.

(Describing a weapon.) Ferrum is the accusative singular form of ferrum, ferrī (2n): iron; sword; the iron part of a weapon—blade, head, etc. Autem (particle): on the other hand, but, however; and, moreover. Trēs is the accusative form of trēs/trēs/tria (3, plural only): three. Longum is the m/n accusative singular form of longus/longa/longum (1/2): long. Habēbat is the third person singular imperfect form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have. Pedēs is the accusative plural form of pēs, pedis (3m): foot.

Quid (interrog. adv.): why? Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Tam (adv.): so, so much, to such a degree. Longō is the m/n ablative singular form of longus/longa/longum (1/2): long. Circumitū is the ablative singular form of circumitus, circumitūs (4m—also circuitus): a circular course, orbit, circuit; cycle; circumference; roundabout way. Trahō, trahere, trāxī, tractum (3): to drag, pull, draw.

Dolōrem is the accusative singular form of dolor, dolōris (3m): pain, grief, sorrow. Diēs, diēī (5m/f): day; time. Longus/ longa /longum (1/2): long. Cōnsūmit is the third person singular form of cōnsūmō, cōnsūmere, cōnsūmpsī, cōnsūmptum (3): to consume, destroy, exhaust.

Longam is the feminine accusative singular form of longus/longa/longum (1/2): long. Enim (particle): for. Facit is third person singular form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Operam is the feminine accusative singular form of opera, operae (1f): work; task. Quod (conj.): that; the fact that; as for the fact that; because. Repugnāmus is the first person plural form of repugnō, repugnāre, repugnāvī, repugnātum (1): to fight back, oppose, resist.

Sēsquipede is the ablative singular form of sēsquipēs, sēsquipedis (3m): one and a half feet. Quiddamst is a contraction of quiddam and est: the accusative singular form of quīdam/quaedam/quiddam (pron.): someone, something, a certain one; (in pl.) some (people), some things (plus he is). Quam (rel. adv.): as; than. Tū: you. Longior /longior/longius (3): longer; taller—the comparative form of longus/longa/longum (1/2): long; tall.

Laudāturque is the third person singular passive form of laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātum (1): to praise (the enclitic conjunction – que adds and). Domus, domūs (2/4f): house. Longōs is the masculine accusative plural form of longus/longa/longum (1/2): long; vast, spacious; far off, remote, distant. Quī/ quae /quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Prōspicit is the third person singular form of prōspiciō, prōspicere, prōspexī, prōspectum (3, –iō): to look before one (at); look out on; see ahead. Agrōs is the accusative plural form of ager, agrī (2m): land, farmland, field, territory.

(You’re making a trivial contribution to a great matter.) Magnō is the m/n dative singular form of magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): big, large, great; important. Flūminī is the dative singular form of flūmen, flūminis (3n): river. Rīvulum is the accusative singular form of rīvulus, rīvulī (2m): small channel, rivulet. Indūcis is the second person singular form of indūcō, indūcere, indūxī, inductum (3): to lead or bring in(to); bring forward; put on (e. g. , clothes) (the thing that something is led into etc. can go in the dative).

Imperat is the third person singular form of imperō, imperāre, imperāvī, imperātum (1): to command; demand. Magnum is the m/n accusative singular form of magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): big, large, great; important. Numerum is the accusative singular form of numerus, numerī (2m): number. Obsidum is the genitive plural form of obses, obsidis (3m/f): hostage.

Magnī is the m/n genitive singular form of magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): big, large, great; important. Animus, animī (2m): mind, soul. Est: it is. Iniūriās is the accusative plural form of iniūria, iniūriae (1f): injury, harm, wrong, injustice. Dēspiciō, dēspicere, dēspexī, dēspectum (3, –iō): to despise, look down upon, disdain, not care about.

Magnī is the masculine nominative plural form of magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): big, large, great; important. Ista is the neuter accusative plural form of iste/ista/istud (pron.): that, this; he, she, it. Crēdidērunt is the third person plural perfect form of credō, crēdere, crēdidī, crēditum (3): to lend; entrust; believe; trust. Virī is the nominative plural form of vir, virī (2m): man.

In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on (denoting a static location); (with acc.) into, onto, on (with motion), against. Sē: themselves—the accusative form of the reflexive pronoun. Magna is the neuter nominative plural form of magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): big, large, great; important (used substantively to mean great things). Ruunt is third person plural form of ruō, ruere, ruī, ruitūrus (3): to collapse, fall; rush.

Mors, mortis (3f): death. Nūllus/ nūlla /nūllum (1/2, irreg.): no, not any, none. Maior/ maior /maius (3): bigger, larger, greater; more important—the comparative form of magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): big, large, great; important. Aut (conj.): or. Minor/ minor /minus (3): smaller, lesser; less important—the comparative form of parvus/parva/parvum (1/2): small, little; unimportant. Est: is.

Quī is the masculine nominative plural form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what (they who, those who). Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here acc.): nothing. Agō, agere, ēgī, āctum (3): to drive, set in motion; do, perform, manage, conduct, deal with, be engaged in; act. Videntur is the third person plural passive form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see; (in the passive) seem. Maiōra is the neuter accusative plural form (used substantively) of maior/maior/maius (3): bigger, larger, greater; more important—the comparative form of magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): big, large, great; important. Agunt is the third person plural form of agō, agere, ēgī, āctum (3): to drive, set in motion; do, perform, manage, conduct, deal with, be engaged in; act.

(But it shouldn’t be; he’s just soft. Talking about Gaius Maecenas, a minister to Augustus.) Maximus/ maxima /maximum (1/2): very big/biggest, very large/largest, very great/greatest; very/most important—the superlative form of magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): big, large, great; important. Laus, laudis (3f): praise; merit. Illī is the m/f/n dative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she, it. Tribuitur is the third person singular passive form of tribuō, tribuere, tribuī, tribūtum (3): to grant, bestow. Mānsuētūdō, mānsuētūdinis (3f): mildness, gentleness, clemency.

Quī/quae/ quod (interrog. pron.): which (one)? what? Sit is the third person singular subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect question). In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Tē is the ablative form of tū: you. Vitium, vitiī (2n): fault. Maximus/maxima/ maximum (1/2): very big/biggest, very large/largest, very great/greatest; very/most important—the superlative form of magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): big, large, great; important. Quaeris is the second person singular form of quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī/quaesiī, quaesītum (3): to ask; seek.

Maximīs is the m/f/n dative plural form of maximus/maxima/maximum (1/2): very big/biggest, very large/largest, very great/greatest; very/most important—the superlative form of magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): big, large, great; important. Minimīsque is the m/f/n dative plural form of minimus/minima/minimum (1/2): very small/smallest, very little/least: very unimportant/least important—the superlative form of parvus/parva/parvum (1/2): small, little; unimportant (the enclitic conjunction – que adds and). Corporibus is the dative plural form of corpus, corporis (3n): body; substance. Pār, paris (3, adj.): equal, even. Est is the third person singular present form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrum (irreg.): to be. Dolor, dolōris (3m): pain; grief. Vulnus, vulneris (3n): wound, injury.

(He’s asking his friend to write to him, even if only to tell him that he’s fine.) Hic/haec/ hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Mihi is the dative form of ego: I (for me). Sufficit is the third person singular form of sufficiō, sufficere, suffēcī, suffectum (3, –iō): to suffice, be sufficient. Est: it is. Enim (particle): for, indeed. Maximus/maxima/ maximum (1/2): very big/biggest, very large/largest, very great/greatest; very/most important—the superlative form of magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): big, large, great; important.

Maiōrēs is the m/f nominative plural form of maior/maior/maius (3): bigger, larger, greater; more important; older, elder—the comparative form of magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): big, large, great; important. Nātū can be analyzed as the ablative singular form of nātus, nātūs (4m): birth; but it’s only used in the ablative singular (usually with adjectives like maior/minor or maximus/minimus to mean older/younger or oldest/youngest). Negābant is the third person plural imperfect form of negō, negāre, negāvī, negātum (1): to deny; refuse. Triumphum is the accusative singular form of triumphus, triumphī (2m): triumph, celebration of victory.

(How elephants travel.) Dūcit is the third person singular form of dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductum (3): to lead, guide, bring, take (to a place); draw; think, consider. Agmen is the accusative singular form of agmen, agminis (3n): a train of things; army (esp. on the march); (marching) column. Maximus /maxima/maximum (1/2): very big/biggest, very large/largest, very great/greatest; very/most important—the superlative form of magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): big, large, great; important. Nātū can be analyzed as the ablative singular form of nātus, nātūs (4m): birth; but it’s only used in the ablative singular (usually with adjectives like maior/minor or maximus/minimus to mean older/younger or oldest/youngest). Cōgit is the third person singular form of cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coāctum (3): to drive or bring together, round up, gather, collect; drive forward; force, compel. Aetāte is the ablative singular form of aetās, aetātis (3f): lifetime; age. Proximus /proxima/proximum (1/2): next, nearest, closest; very near, very close—the superlative form of propinquus/propinqua/propinquum (1/2): near, close.

Vidēte is the plural imperative form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see. Maiōrum is the m/f/n genitive plural form of maior/maior/maius (3): bigger, larger, greater; more important; older, elder; (m. pl. used substantively) ancestors—the comparative form of magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): big, large, great; important. Dīligentiam is the accusative singular form of dīligentia, dīligentiae (1f): diligence, care, attentiveness; thrift.

Quia (conj.): because; that. Sum: I am. Malus /mala/malum (1/2): bad; evil, wicked. Poēta, poētae (1m): poet.