Adverbs

(Beforehand: We are ready to sacrifice our time, our peace of mind, our freedom and our decency to obtain things we wouldn’t spend our money on.) Adeō (adv.): to this point, so, so much, to such an extent, so true is it that; in addition, besides, moreover; indeed, actually, in fact, quite. Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here nom.): nothing. Est: it is. Cuique: to each person—the m/f/n dative singular form of quisque/quaeque/quidque (pron.): each one, each person, each thing. Sē: than himself—the ablative form of the reflexive pronoun (the ablative of comparison). Vīlior/vīlior/ vīlius (3): cheaper—the comparative form of vīlis/vīlis/vīle (3): cheap.

(Beforehand: When we’re absorbed in the present moment, we don’t notice it passing.) Adeō (adv.): to this point, so, so much, to such an extent, so true is it that; in addition, besides, moreover; indeed, actually, in fact, quite. Praeceps, praecipitis (3, adj.): headlong; steep, sheer, precipitous. Fuga, fugae (1f): flight, escape. Trānsitus, trānsitūs (4m): transition, passage, crossing over. Lēnis /lēnis/lēne (3): soft, smooth, gentle. Est: is.

(Beforehand: Could I successfully steal from a man as cautious as my father?) Atque /ac (conj.): and, and also, and then. Adeō (adv.): to this point, so, so much, to such an extent, so true is it that; in addition, besides, moreover; indeed, actually, in fact, quite. Sī (conj.): if. Faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Possim is the first person singular subjunctive form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can (potential subjunctive). Pietās, pietātis (3f): sense of duty; devotion, piety. Prohibet is the third person singular form of prohibeō, prohibēre, prohibuī, prohibitum (2): to prevent, hold back.

(He’s talking about the crowd’s approval of Catiline, and saying that people without money always favor upheaval. The implied subject is plēbēs, plēbēī (5f): the common people—a singular word, hence the singular verb even though the plural is natural in English.) Id is the neuter accusative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Adeō (adv.): to this point, so, so much, to such an extent, so true is it that; in addition, besides, moreover; indeed, actually, in fact, quite. Mōre is the ablative singular form of mōs, mōris (3m): custom, habit; (in pl.) character, morals. Suō: its (own)—the m/n ablative singular form of suus/sua/suum (1/2). Vidēbātur is the third person singular imperfect passive form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see; (in the passive) seem, appear. Faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make.

(That is, quoting him for guidance.) Adhūc (adv.): still, yet; so far, as yet. Epicūrum is the accusative singular form of Epicūrus, Epicūrī (2m): Epicurus. Compīlāmus is the first person plural form of compīlō, compīlāre, compīlāvī, compīlātum (1): to plunder, rob.

(The it implied by the Latin verbs is a category of people—genus, generis (3n): those who’ve made partial progress in Stoicism.) Iam (adv.): already; now; soon; anymore. Nōn: not. Concupīscit is the third person singular form of concupīscō, concupīscere, concupīvī/concupiī, concupītum (3): to desire, covet. Sed (conj.): but. Adhūc (adv.): still, yet; so far, as yet. Timet is the third person singular form of timeō, timēre, timuī, — (2): to fear, be afraid.

Bellē (adv.): nicely, well, pleasantly. Adhūc (adv.): still, yet; so far, as yet.

Nihil (n, indeclinable, singular only, nom. or acc. only—here acc.): nothing. Adhūc (adv.): still, yet; so far, as yet. Scīmus is the first person plural form of sciō, scīre, scīvī/sciī, scītum (4): to know.

(A short good life compared to a long one; life is vīta, vītae (1f)). Aequē (adv.): equally, (just) as. Honestus/ honesta /honestum (1/2): honorable, noble. Est: it is.

(He’s talking one at a time about the terms of a criminal law.) Aequē (adv.): equally, (just) as. Incertus/incerta/ incertum (1/2): undefined, unspecified; uncertain, doubtful; vague. Et (conj.): and. Īnfīnītus/īnfīnīta/ īnfīnītum (1/2): indefinite, undefined, unspecified; infinite, endless. Est: it is.

(Take anyone you like. . .) Inveniēs is the second person singular future form of inveniō, invenīre, invēnī, inventum (4): to find. Aequē (adv.): equally, (just) as. Timidum is the m/n accusative singular form of timidus/timida/timidum (1/2): fearful, timid; cowardly. Mors, mortis (3f): death. Aequē (adv.): equally, (just) as. Īnscium is the m/n accusative singular form of īnscius/īnscia/īnscium (1/2): ignorant, unaware; unskilled. Vīta, vītae (1f): life.

Aequē (adv.): equally, (just) as. Atque/ ac (conj.): and, and also, and then; (in expressions of similarity or dissimilarity) as, to, from, than. Tū: you. Doleō, dolēre, doluī, dolitum (2): to suffer, feel pain; grieve (for), be sorry.

(He’s quoting a Greek poet.) Aliquandō (adv.): sometimes, from time to time, now and then; someday, sometime, eventually, sooner or later; once, at some point in the past; finally, at last. Et (adv.): even; also. Īnsāniō, īnsānīre, īnsānīvī/īnsāniī, īnsānītum (4): to be insane; act madly, rave. Iūcundus/iūcunda/ iūcundum (1/2): pleasant, delightful, agreeable. Est: is.

Haec is the neuter nominative plural form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it (these things). Tangent is the third person plural future form of tango, tangere, tetigī, tāctum (3): to touch; reach; move, affect. Aliquandō (adv.): sometimes, from time to time, now and then; someday, sometime, eventually, sooner or later; once, at some point in the past; finally, at last. Caesar, Caesaris (3m): Caesar. Aurēs is the accusative plural form of auris, auris (3f): ear.

Fuit is the third person singular perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Aliquandō (adv.): sometimes, from time to time, now and then; someday, sometime, eventually, sooner or later; once, at some point in the past; finally, at last. Sānus /sāna/sānum (1/2): healthy; sane.

Tū: you. Modo (adv.): just, only. Nōs is the accusative form of nōs: we (us). Revīse is the singular imperative form of revīsō, revīsere, —, — (3): to revisit, go or come to see again. Aliquandō (adv.): sometimes, from time to time, now and then; someday, sometime, eventually, sooner or later; once, at some point in the past; finally, at last.

Discēdant is the third person plural subjunctive form of discēdō, discēdere, discessī, discessum (3): to part ways, leave, depart (subjunctive because it’s jussive). Aliquandō (adv.): sometimes, from time to time, now and then; someday, sometime, eventually, sooner or later; once, at some point in the past; finally, at last. Ista is the neuter nominative plural form of iste/ista/istud (adj.): that, this. Īnsidiōsa is the neuter nominative plural form of īnsidiōsus/īnsidiōsa/īnsidiōsum (1/2): deceitful; dangerous. Bona is the nominative plural form of bonum, bonī (2n): a good thing, a good.

Alius /alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): other, another; different. Illud is the neuter accusative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she, it; the former. Aliter (adv.): otherwise, differently. Expressit is the third person singular perfect form of exprimō, exprimere, expressī, expressum (3): to squeeze or force out; elicit; depict; express, describe.

Aliter (adv.): otherwise, differently (aliter. . . aliter = in one way. . . in another). Inquis is the second person singular form of inquam (irreg. and defective): to say. Loqueris is the second person singular form of loquor, loquī, locūtus sum (3, deponent): to speak, talk. Aliter (adv.): otherwise, differently (aliter. . . aliter = in one way. . . in another). Vīvis is the second person singular form of vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctum (3): to live.

Hic/haec/ hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Nunc (adv.): now; as it is. Aliter (adv.): otherwise, differently. Fit is the third person singular form of fīō, fierī, —, — (irreg.): to be done; be made; happen; become. Atque /ac (conj.): and, and also, and then; (in expressions of similarity or dissimilarity) as, to, from, than. Ōlim (adv.): once (upon a time), of old, in the past; one day, in the future.

Sī (conj.): if. Valēs is the second person singular form of valeō, valēre, valuī, valitum (2): to be strong; be well, be in health; be able; be valid; be worth. Bene (adv.): well. Est: it is.

(His preferred alternative to the old salutation.) Sī (conj.): if. Philosophāris is the second person singular form of philosophor, philosophārī, philosophātus sum (1, deponent): to study philosophy, philosophize. Bene (adv.): well. Est: it is.

Bene (adv.): well. Reprehendis is the second person singular form of reprehendō, reprehendere, reprehendī, reprehēnsum (3): to grasp to oneself, grasp and hold back; find fault with, censure, reprehend.

Meritō (adv.): deservedly, justly, rightly. Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum (1): to love. Bene (adv.): well. Facis is the second person singular form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make.

Dīc is the singular imperative form of dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say, speak. Aliquandō (adv): sometimes; sometime; once, in the past; finally. Et (adv.): also, as well, too; even. Bene (adv.): well.

(. . . yet it’s within everyone’s power to live nobly, but no one’s power to live long.) Nēmō, nēminis (3m): no one. Quam (interrog. adv.): how (much)? to what degree? Bene (adv.): well. Vīvat is the third person singular subjunctive form of vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctum (3): to live (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect question). Sed (conj.): but. Diū (adv.): long, for a long time. Cūrat is the third person singular form of cūrō, cūrāre, cūrāvī, cūrātum (1): to look after, attend to; care.

Sīc (adv.): thus, so, in such manner. Auspicātus /auspicāta/auspicātum (1/2) is the perfect active participle of auspicor, auspicārī, auspicātus sum (1, deponent): to take auspices; start with auspices; begin, enter upon. Bella is the accusative plural form of bellum, bellī (2n): war (the poetic plural—used for the singular). Nōn: not. Melius (adv.): better—the comparative form of bene (adv.): well. Gerit is the third person singular form of gerō, gerere, gessī, gestum (3): to bear, carry; wear; carry on, conduct, do, perform; wage (war); (with reflexive object) conduct (oneself), behave (it’s in the historical present).

Optimē (adv.): very well; best—the superlative form of bene (adv.): well. Rēgnum, rēgnī (2n): kingdom; kingship. Meī is the m/n genitive singular form of meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine. Fātum is the accusative singular form of fātum, fātī (2n): fate, that which is ordained. Ipse /ipsa/ipsum (pron. or adj.): himself/herself/itself/myself/etc. ; in person; the very. Nōscō, nōscere, nōvī, nōtum (3): (in present-stem forms) to come to know; recognize; (in perfect-stem forms) to know.

Optimē (adv.): very well; best—the superlative form of bene (adv.): well. Inquit is the third person singular form of inquam (irreg. and defective): to say (inquit = he/she/it says or said). Scīpiō, Scīpiōnis (3m): Roman cognomen, esp. of Scipio Africanus and others in his family.

Dē (prep.): from, down from; about, concerning (takes the ablative). Cēterīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of cēterus/cētera/cēterum (1/2): (all) the others, the rest. Certē (adv.): certainly; at any rate, at least, this at any rate is certain. Sciēbat is the third person singular imperfect form of sciō, scīre, scīvī/sciī, scītum (4): to know.

(How to talk to yourself about pain.) Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here nom.): nothing. Est: it is. Aut (conj.): or. Certē (adv.): certainly; at any rate, at least, this at any rate is certain. Exiguus/exigua/ exiguum (1/2): paltry, scant, little. Est: it is.

Bis (adv.): twice. Dat is the third person singular form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1): to give, grant. Quī /quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Cito (adv.): quickly; soon. Dat is the third person singular form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1): to give, grant.

Tam (adv.): so, so much, to such an extent. Cito (adv.): quickly; soon. Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Indulgentia, indulgentiae (1f): indulgence, kindness. Tuae is the feminine genitive singular form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours. Paenituit is the third person singular perfect form of paeniteō, paenitēre, paenituī, paenitūrus (2): (personally, rare) to regret, repent; (impersonally, the more common usage) it causes regret, there is regret, one regrets (the person feeling regret goes in the accusative; the cause of regret often goes in the genitive).

(The kind of suspicious thinking about others that we should avoid.) Ille /illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she, it. Inchoātum is the m/n accusative singular form of inchoātus/inchoāta/inchoātum (1/2), the perfect passive participle (begun) of inchoō, inchoāre, inchoāvī, inchoātum (1—also incohō): to lay the foundation; begin. Sermōnem is the accusative singular form of sermō, sermōnis (3m): conversation, speech. Cito (adv.): quickly; soon. Abrūpit is the third person singular perfect form of abrumpō, abrumpere, abrūpī, abruptum (3): to break or cut off, sever; cut short.

Nēmō, nēminis (3m): no one. Nimis (adv.): too (much), excessively. Cito (adv.): quickly; soon. Moritur is the third person singular form of morior, morī, mortuus sum (3, –ior, deponent): to die.

Ignis, ignis (3m): fire. Quō (rel. adv.): by the degree by which, in proportion as, the (followed by a comparative)—originally the m/n ablative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Clārior /clārior/clārius (3): brighter—the comparative form of clārus/clāra/clārum (1/2): clear, bright. Fulsit is the third person singular perfect form of fulgeō, fulgēre, fulsī, — (2): to flash, glitter, shine. Citius (adv.): more quickly—the comparative form of cito (adv.): quickly; soon. Extinguitur is the third person singular passive form of extinguō, extinguere, extīnxī, extīnctum (3—also extinguō): to extinguish, put out; kill, destroy.

(The mind can visit with friends even when they aren’t present.) Quemcumque is the masculine accusative singular form of quīcumque/quaecumque/quodcumque (rel. pron.): whoever, whatever, whosoever, whatsoever. Vult is the third person singular form of volō, velle, voluī, — (irreg.): to want, wish. Cōtīdiē (adv.): every day. Videt is the third person singular form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see.

Cōtīdiē (adv.): every day. Cum (prep.): with (takes the ablative). Vītā is the ablative singular form of vīta, vītae (1f): life. Paria is the neuter accusative plural form of pār, paris (3, adj.): equal; like. Faciāmus is the first person plural subjunctive form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make (a hortatory subjunctive) (paria facere is an idiom: to settle an account or accounts).

Audiet is the third person singular future form of audiō, audīre, audīvī/audiī, audītum (4): to hear; listen (to). Multa is the neuter accusative plural form of multus/multa/multum (1/2): much, many. Cōtīdiē (adv.): every day. Probārī is the passive infinitive form of probō, probāre, probāvī, probātum (1): to try, test; approve; praise; prove, demonstrate. Corrigī is the passive infinitive form of corrigō, corrigere, corrēxī, corrēctum (3): to straighten; put right, correct, amend.

Cūr (interrog. adv.): why? Igitur (conj.): therefore, so, then. Taceō, tacēre, tacuī, tacitum (2): to be silent.

Cūr (interrog. adv.): why? Ante (prep.): before (takes the accusative). Tubam is the accusative singular form of tuba, tubae (1f): trumpet. Tremor, tremōris (3m): trembling. Occupat is the third person singular form of occupō, occupāre, occupāvī, occupātum (1): to occupy; seize, take possession of; demand the attention of, preoccupy; anticipate. Artūs is the accusative plural form of artus, artūs (4m): joint; arm or leg, limb.

Nē (adv.): not (nē quidem = not even). Sciunt is the third person plural form of sciō, scīre, scīvī/sciī, scītum (4): to know. Quidem (particle): indeed, certainly. Cūr (interrog. adv.): why? Īrāscantur is the third person plural subjunctive form of of īrāscor, īrāscī, īrātus sum (3, deponent): to be or become angry (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect question).

Quis/quis/ quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Est: is there. Cūr (rel. adv.): on account of which, (a reason) why. Is /ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Nōn: not. Beātus /beāta/beātum (1/2): happy; prosperous. Sit is the third person singular subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

Quō (interrog. adv.): where? —as a direction; i.e., where to? Deinde (adv.): next, then, afterward, after that; thereafter, from then on. Ruis is the second person singular form of ruō, ruere, ruī, ruitūrus (3): to fall, collapse; rush.

(He’s narrating Cato’s use of his sword to commit suicide.) Impressit is the third person singular perfect form of imprimō, imprimere, impressī, impressum (3): to press; thrust, drive, dig, etc. into; imprint, make by pressing (the thing that something is thurst into etc. often goes in the dative). Deinde (adv.): next, then, afterward, after that; thereafter, from then on. Mortiferum is the m/n accusative singular form of mortifer/mortifera/mortiferum (1/2): deadly. Corporī is the dative singular form of corpus, corporis (3n): body. Vulnus is the accusative singular form of vulnus, vulneris (3n): wound.

Īnfantiam is the accusative singular form of īnfantia, īnfantiae (1f): infancy; inability to speak. Āmīsimus is the first person plural perfect form of āmittō, āmittere, āmīsī, āmissum (3): to lose; let go. Deinde (adv.): next, then, afterward, after that; thereafter, from then on. Pueritiam is the accusative singular form of pueritia, pueritiae (1f): childhood, boyhood. Adulēscentiam is the accusative singular form of adulēscentia, adulēscentiae (1f): youth.

(Once you make a start toward virtue, you’ll like it.) Deinde (adv.): next, then, afterward, after that; thereafter, from then on. Nōn: not. Est: is. Acerbus/ acerba /acerbum (1/2): bitter; cruel, harsh. Medicīna, medicīnae (1f): medicine.

Fallimur is the first person plural passive form of fallō, fallere, fefellī, falsum (3): to deceive; (in the passive) be mistaken. Et (conj.): and. Quondam (adv.): at one time, once, formerly, in the past; someday, in the future; sometimes, once in a while. Nōn: not. Dignum is the m/n (here m) accusative singular form of dignus/digna/dignum (1/2): worthy. Trādimus is the first person plural form of trādō, trādere, trādidī, trāditum (3): to hand over; surrender; deliver; hand down; relate.

Dēnique (adv.): finally, at last, in the end; besides; in short; even if it comes to that, at worst; in fact, indeed. Fīnem is the accusative singular form of fīnis, fīnis (3m): end; limit; purpose. Faciam is the first person singular future form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make.

(He’s talking about a wrongdoer and saying: that’s no reason for us to match him.) Dēnique (adv.): finally, at last, in the end; besides; in short; even if it comes to that, at worst; in fact, indeed. Dēbeat is the third person singular subjunctive form of dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitum (2): to owe; ought. Poenās is the accusative plural form of poena, poenae (1f): punishment, penalty.

Tum (adv.): then. Dēnique (adv.): finally, at last, in the end; besides; in short; even if it comes to that, at worst; in fact, indeed. Ēdentur is the third person plural future passive form of ēdō, ēdere, ēdidī, ēditum (3): to bring forth, produce; publish.

Satis (adv.): enough. Diū (adv.): long, for a long time. Vīxit is the third person singular perfect form of vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctum (3): to live.

Diū (adv.): long, for a long time. Mēcum: with me (mē = me; cum = with). Disputō, disputāre, disputāvī, disputātum (1): to argue, debate, dispute.

Diūtius (adv.): longer, for a longer time—the comparative form of diū (adv.): long, for a long time. Īrāscimur is the first person plural form of īrāscor, īrāscī, īrātus sum (3, deponent): to be or become angry. Omnēs is the m/f nominative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Quam (rel. adv.): than. Laedimur is the first person plural passive form of laedō, laedere, laesī, laesum (3): to hurt, harm.

Diūtissimē (adv.): very long/longest, for a very long time/for the longest time—the superlative form of diū (adv.): long, for a long time. Vīxit is the third person singular perfect form of vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctum (3): to live.

Eō (adv.): there (with motion), thither, to that place; to it, to that; to that object; to such a point/degree/pass/situation. Vēnit is the third person singular perfect form of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come. Ad (prep.): to, toward; according to (takes the accusative). Mē is the accusative form of ego: I. Pontiānus, Pontiānī (2m).

(Wisdom and philosophy—both feminine nouns.) Hic/ haec /hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Eō (adv.): there (with motion), thither, to that place; to it, to that; to that object; to such a point/degree/pass/situation. Tendit is the third person singular form of tendō, tendere, tetendī, tentum/tēnsum (3): to stretch, strain; aim; direct one’s course. Quō (rel. adv.): where (with motion), whither. Ille/ illa /illud (pron.): that; he, she, it. Pervēnit is the third person singular perfect form of perveniō, pervenīre, pervēnī, perventum (4): to come (all the way to a place), arrive.

Eō (adv.): there (with motion), thither, to that place; to it, to that; to that object; to such a point/degree/pass/situation. Frīgidus/frīgida/ frīgidum (1/2): cold, cool. Cōnfluit is the third person singular form of cōnfluō, cōnfluere, cōnflūxī, — (3): to flow or run together. Unde (rel. adv.): from where. Vīs, vīs (3f, irreg.): energy, force, power; violence. Calidī is the m/n (here n) genitive singular form of calidus/calida/calidum (1/2): hot, warm. Discessit is the third person singular perfect form of discēdō, discēdere, discessī, discessum (3): to depart, move away.

(From a recipe for starch.) Eō (adv.): there (with motion), thither, to that place; to it, to that; to that object; to such a point/degree/pass/situation. Addat is the third person singular subjunctive form of addō, addere, addidī, additum (3): to add (subjunctive because it’s a command). Aquam is the accusative singular form of aqua, aquae (1f): water. Bis (adv.): twice. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on, (before a unit of time, such as diē) a(n); (with acc.) into. Diē is the ablative singular form of diēs, diēī (5m/f): day.

Eō (adv.): there (with motion), thither, to that place; to it, to that; to that object; to such a point/degree/pass/situation. Prōrsus (adv.): forward; thoroughly, altogether, absolutely, definitely. Spectō, spectāre, spectāvī, spectātum (1): to watch, look (at), observe; pay regard to, consider; aim at.

Quaedam is the neuter accusative plural form of quīdam/quaedam/quiddam (pron.): someone, something; (in pl.) some people, some things. Interpretātiō, interpretātiōnis (3f): explanation, interpretation. Eō (adv.): there (with motion), thither, to that place; to it, to that; to that object; to such a point/degree/pass/situation. Perdūcit is the third person singular form of perdūcō, perdūcere, perdūxī, perductum (3): to bring, lead, take (all the way to a place, condition, etc.); prolong (all the way to a certain time). Ut (conj. , with subjunctive): that, so that. Videantur is the third person plural passive subjunctive form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see; (in the passive) seem. Iniūriae is the nominative plural form of iniūria, iniūriae (1f): injury, wrong, injustice; damage, loss.

Eō (adv.): there (with motion), thither, to that place; to it, to that; to that object; to such a point/degree/pass/situation. Redigēs is the second person singular future form of redigō, redigere, redēgī, redāctum (3): to drive back; reduce, bring down (to a certain amount, number, size, etc.); bring back, bring or reduce (to a condition). Mē is the accusative form of ego: I (me). Ut (conj. , with subjunctive): that, so that. Quid is the neuter accusative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Ēgerim is the first person singular perfect subjunctive form of agō, agere, ēgī, āctum (3): to drive, set in motion; do, perform, achieve, transact, manage, conduct, deal with; act, behave (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect question). Egomet (pron.): I myself (ego + the intensifying enclitic – met). Nesciam is the first person singular subjunctive form of nesciō, nescīre, nescīvī/nesciī, nescītum (4): to not know.

Eō (adv.): there (with motion), thither, to that place; to it, to that; to that object; to such a point/degree/pass/situation. Dēliciārum is the genitive plural form of dēlicia, dēliciae, (1f, usually plural): delight, pleasure; luxuries, luxuriousness, voluptuousness, self-indulgence. Pervēnimus is the first person plural perfect form of perveniō, pervenīre, pervēnī, perventum (4): to come (all the way to a place), arrive. Ut (conj. , with subjunctive): that, so that. Nisi (conj.): if not, unless; except. Gemmās is the accusative plural form of gemma, gemmae (1f): bud; jewel, gem, precious stone. Calcō, calcāre, calcāvī, calcātum (1): to trample, tread on. Nōlīmus is the first person plural subjunctive form of nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, — (irreg.): to not want, refuse, be unwilling.

Mediō is the m/n ablative singular form of medius/media/medium (1/2): middle (this adjective often occurs where English would use middle as a noun with of). Ferē (adv.): roughly, about, approximately; nearly, almost, virtually; usually. Clīvō is the ablative singular form of clīvus, clīvī (2m): slope. Restitēre is the third person plural perfect form of resistō, resistere, restitī, — (3): to halt, stop; make a stand; withstand, resist (an alternative form to restitērunt).

Erat is the third person singular imperfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Autem (particle): but, however, on the other hand; and, moreover (sometimes introduces a parenthetical comment without need for a translation). Quīndecim (indeclinable): fifteen. Tum (adv.): then. Fermē (adv. —also ferē): roughly, about, approximately; nearly, almost, virtually; usually. Annōrum is the genitive plural form of annus, annī (2m): year.

Ferē (adv.): roughly, about, approximately; nearly, almost, virtually; usually. Omnēs is the m/f nominative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every; (m. pl. used substantively) all people, everyone. Cōnsentiunt is the third person plural form of cōnsentiō, cōnsentīre, cōnsēnsī, cōnsēnsum (4): to agree.

Iam (adv.): already; now; soon. Fermē (adv. —also ferē): roughly, about, approximately; nearly, almost, virtually; usually. Moriēns, morientis (3) is the present active participle (dying) of morior, morī, mortuus sum (3, –ior, deponent): to die. Mē is the accusative form of ego: I (me). Vocat is the third person singular form of vocō, vocāre, vocāvī, vocātum (1): to call; summon (it’s in the historical present).

Lūcēbat is the third person singular imperfect form of lūceō, lūcēre, lūxī, — (2): to shine; be light, be day. Iam (adv.): already; now; soon. Ferē (adv.): roughly, about, approximately; nearly, almost, virtually; usually.

(The good they do to us outweighs the good we do to them.) Ab/ ā (prep.): (away) from; by (takes the ablative). Parentibus is the ablative plural form of parēns, parentis (3m/f): parent. Ferē (adv.): roughly, about, approximately; nearly, almost, virtually; usually. Vincimur is the first person plural passive form of vincō, vincere, vīcī, victum (3): to conquer; outdo, surpass; win, be victorious.

Ferē (adv.): roughly, about, approximately; nearly, almost, virtually; usually. Vīnolentiam is the accusative singular form of vīnolentia, vīnolentiae (1f): intoxication from wine; the excessive drinking of wine; drunkenness. Crūdēlitās, crūdēlitātis (3f): cruelty. Sequitur is the third person singular form of sequor, sequī, secūtus sum (3, deponent): to follow.

Īdem /eadem/idem (pron.): the same. Fortasse (adv.): perhaps. Ēveniet is the third person singular future form of ēveniō, ēvenīre, ēvēnī, ēventum (4): to happen, occur. Tibi: to you—the dative form of tū: you.

Sed (conj.): but. Tū: you. Fortasse (adv.): perhaps. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Sententiā is the ablative singular form of sententia, sententiae (1f): opinion, thought, feeling; sentence, epigram. Permanēs is the second person singular form of permaneō, permanēre, permānsī, permānsum (2): to remain, hold out, persist, abide.

Nōn: not. Dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say. Fortasse (adv.) perhaps. Etiam (particle): still; even; also. Quod is the neuter accusative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Sentiō, sentīre, sēnsī, sēnsum (4): to feel; perceive; think, judge, suppose; mean.

Fit is the third person singular form of fīō, fierī, —, — (irreg.): to be done; be made; happen; become. Forte (adv.): by chance, accidentally, as luck would have it; perhaps. Obviam (adv.): in the way, towards, against, so as to meet. Mihi is the dative form of ego: I. Phormiō, Phormiōnis (3m).

Etiam (adv.): still; even; also, too, as well; again; yes. Forte (adv.): by chance, accidentally, as luck would have it; perhaps. Prōlāpsōs is the masculine accusative plural form of prōlāpsus/prōlāpsa/prōlāpsum (1/2), the perfect active participle (having fallen) of prōlābor, prōlābī, prōlāpsus sum (3, deponent): to glide forward, slip along; fall. Iugulārī is the passive infinitive form of iugulō, iugulāre, iugulāvī, iugulātum (1): to kill (by violent means, especially by cutting the throat), slay, slaughter. Iubēbat is the third person singular imperfect form of iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussum (2): to order, command, bid.

Nisi (conj.): if not, unless; except. Forte (adv.): by chance, accidentally, as luck would have it; perhaps. Contemnitis is the second person plural form of contemnō, contemnere, contempsī, contemptum (3): to despise, scorn, hold in contempt, value little, disregard. Lūcium is the accusative singular form of Lūcius, Lūciī (2m): praenomen (first name).

Nisi (conj.): if not, unless; except. Forte (adv.): by chance, accidentally, as luck would have it; perhaps. Volumus is the first person plural form of volō, velle, voluī, — (irreg.): to want, wish. Epicūrēōrum is the m/n (here m) genitive plural form of Epicūrēus/Epicūrēa/Epicūrēum (1/2): Epicurean. Opīniōnem is the accusative singular form of opīniō, opīniōnis (3f): opinion, belief. Sequor, sequī, secūtus sum (3, deponent): to follow.

Aliquandō (adv): sometimes; sometime, someday; once, in the past; finally. Enim (conj.): for. Et (adv.): even; also. Vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctum (3): to live. Fortiter (adv.): bravely; strongly, vigorously, violently. Faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make; act. Est: is.

Ārsērunt is the third person plural perfect form of ārdeō, ārdēre, ārsī, ārsum (2): to burn, be on fire. Agitātī is the masculine nominative plural form of agitātus/agitāta/agitātum (1/2), the perfect passive participle (stirred) of agitō, agitāre, agitāvī, agitātum (1): to put in motion (esp. repeatedly or vigorously), move, stir, shake, agitate; excite, rouse, drive. Fortius (adv.): more strongly—the comparative form of fortiter (adv.): bravely; strongly, vigorously, violently. Ignēs is the nominative plural form of ignis, ignis (3m): fire.

Sequere is the singular imperative form of sequor, sequī, secūtus sum (3, deponent): to follow. Hāc (adv.): (by) this way; on this side; (sometimes more loosely) here. Mē is the accusative form of ego: I (me).

Hāc (adv.): (by) this way; on this side; (sometimes more loosely) here. Ad (prep.): to, toward; according to (takes the accusative). Summum is the m/n accusative singular form of summus/summa/summum (1/2): highest. Bonum is the accusative singular form of bonum, bonī (2n): a good thing, a good. Ītur is the third person singular passive form of eō, īre, iī/īvī, itum (irreg.): to go (it’s in the impersonal passive).

(Pointing to two bad alternatives.) Hāc (adv.): (by) this way; on this side; (sometimes more loosely) here. Lupī is the nominative plural form of lupus, lupī (2m): wolf. Canēs is the nominative plural form of canis, canis (3m/f): dog.

Hāc (adv.): (by) this way; on this side; (sometimes more loosely) here. Aggredere is the singular imperative form of aggredior, aggredī, aggressus sum (3, –ior): to go to or approach a person or thing; go to or against, attack; undertake. Quā (rel. adv.): by which way, the way that (originally the feminine ablative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what). Nēmō, nēminis (3m): no one. Potest is the third person singular form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can. Quicquam is the neuter accusative form of quisquam/quicquam (pron.): anyone, anything. Timeō, timēre, timuī, — (2): to fear.

Tempus is the accusative singular form of tempus, temporis (3n): time. Haud (adv.): not, not at all, by no means. Longum is the m/n accusative singular form of longus/longa/longum (1/2): long; far off. Petō, petere, petīvī/petiī, petītum (3): to direct one’s course to, make for; seek; ask; attack.

Haud (adv.): not, not at all, by no means. Inultum is the m/n accusative singular form of inultus/inulta/inultum (1/2): unavenged; unpunished. Interfēcēre is the third person plural perfect form of interficiō, interficere, interfēcī, interfectum (3, –iō): to kill (an alternative form of interfēcērunt).

Haud (adv.): not, not at all, by no means. Tantō is the m/n ablative singular form of tantus/tanta/tantum (1/2): so great, such great, so much. Cessābit is the third person singular future form of cessō, cessāre, cessāvī, cessātum (1): to delay, hold back; cease; be idle, do nothing. Cardine is the ablative singular form of cardō, cardinis (3m): hinge; turning point. Rērum is the genitive plural form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair; event.

(In other words, things we’re accustomed to don’t seem heavy to us.) Mārs, Mārtis (3m): Mars, god of war. Haud (adv.): not, not at all, by no means. Concutit is the third person singular form of concutiō, concutere, concussī, concussum (3, –iō): to shake, agitate. Sua: his (own)—the neuter accusative plural form of suus/sua/suum (1/2). Ipsīus is the m/f/n genitive singular form of ipse/ipsa/ipsum (adj.): himself/herself/itself/oneself/myself/etc. (sua ipsīus is emphatic: his own (arms) of himself; his very own). Arma is the accusative form of arma, armōrum (2n, plural only): arms, weapons, armor.

Vulpēs, vulpis (3f): fox. Haud (adv.): not, not at all, by no means. Corrumpitur is the third person singular passive form of corrumpō, corrumpere, corrūpī, corruptum (3): to ruin, spoil, destroy; corrupt, buy off. Mūneribus is the ablative plural form of mūnus, mūneris (3n): gift; office; duty.

(. . . than what you’ve been saying.) Haud (adv.): not, not at all, by no means. Sciō, scīre, scīvī/sciī, scītum (4): to know. An (interrog. particle): whether; or (in a question); it can also start a direct question. Aliter (adv.): otherwise, differently. Sentiās is the second person singular subjunctive form of sentiō, sentīre, sēnsī, sēnsum (4): to feel; perceive, notice; think, judge (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect question).

Nēmō, nēminis (3m/f): no one. Hīc (adv.): here. Habitat is the third person singular form of habitō, habitāre, habitāvī, habitātum (1): to inhabit, dwell, live (in a place).

Et (conj.): and. Dīcent is the third person plural future form of dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say. Vōbīs is the dative form of vōs: you (pl.). Ecce (interj.): behold, look. Hīc (adv.): here. Illīc (adv.): there.

Hīc (adv.): here. Ego: I. Multa is the neuter accusative plural form of multus/multa/multum (1/2): much, many. Simul (adv.): at the same time, simultaneously; together. Cōgitō, cōgitāre, cōgitāvī, cōgitātum (1): to think (about), reflect (on), consider; plan, intend.

Hīc (adv.): here. Prūdentia, prūdentiae (1f): prudence; foresight; wisdom. Prōsit is the third person singular subjunctive form of prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuī, prōfutūrus (irreg.): to be useful, help, benefit, profit (subjunctive because it’s jussive).

Apage: move away, away with—, begone (an imperative verb borrowed from Greek and not found in any other form in Latin; it can take an accusative object, like tē here). Hinc (adv.): from here, from this place, hence; from this source; from this fact; next; on this side. Tē is the accusative form of tū: you (used reflexively: yourself).

Tempus, temporis (3n): time. Est: it is. Subdūcō, subdūcere, subdūxī, subductum (3): to draw away; lead away; withdraw stealthily. Hinc (adv.): from here, from this place, hence; from this source; from this fact; next; on this side. Mē is the accusative form of ego: I (me, myself).

Numquam (adv.): never. Auferēs is the second person singular future form of auferō, auferre, abstulī, ablātum (3, irreg.): to carry off, take away; steal; remove, do away with. Hinc (adv.): from here, from this place, hence; from this source; from this fact; next; on this side. Aurum is the accusative singular form of aurum, aurī (2n): gold.

Surgite is the plural imperative form of surgō, surgere, surrēxī, surrēctum (3): to rise, get up. Eāmus is the first person plural subjunctive form of eō, īre, īvī/iī, itum (irreg.): to go, advance, proceed (subjunctive because it’s hortatory). Hinc (adv.): from here, from this place, hence; from this source; from this fact; next; on this side.

Hinc (adv.): from here, from this place, hence; from this source; from this fact; next; on this side. Spēs, speī (5f): hope; expectation. Rōbur, rōboris (3n): oak tree; strength.

Hinc (adv.): from here, from this place, hence; from this source; from this fact; next; on this side. Ille/ illa /illud (adj.): that. Cognitiō, cognitiōnis (3f): trial or inquiry; knowledge. Virtūs, virtūtis (3f): virtue; courage. Exsistit is the third person singular form of exsistō, exsistere, exstitī, exstitum (3): to emerge, appear.

(He’s describing a series of places he stayed at.) Hinc (adv.): from here, from this place, hence; from this source; from this fact; next; on this side. Nōs is the accusative form of nōs: we (us). Coccēī is the m/n (here m) genitive singular form of the family name Coccēius/Coccēia/Coccēium. Recipit is the third person singular form of recipiō, recipere, recēpī, receptum (3, –iō): to get back, recover; receive, take in; accept, admit, allow. Plēnissimus/ plēnissima /plēnissimum (1/2): very full—the superlative form of plēnus/plēna/plēnum (1/2): full. Vīlla, vīllae (1f): country house, villa.

Hinc (adv.): from here, from this place, hence; from this source; from this fact; next; on this side. Volucrum is the genitive plural form of volucris, volucris (3f): a flying animal, winged creature, bird (a substantive use of volucer/volucris/volucre (3): flying). Nātūrae is the nominative plural form of nātūra, nātūrae (1f): nature. Dīcentur is the third person plural future passive form of dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say, speak (of).

(He’s quoting a warning given to Xerxes about what awaits him if he invades Greece.) Hinc (adv.): from here, from this place, hence; from this source; from this fact; next; on this side. Atque /ac (conj.): and, and also, and then. Illinc (adv.): from there, from that place, thence; from that source; from that time; on that side. Coorientur is the third person plural future form of coorior, coorīrī, coortus sum (3, –ior/4, deponent): to come forth, arise, appear, rise; rise in opposition, break forth, attack. Et (conj.): and. Tuīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours. Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Vīribus is the ablative plural form of vīs, vīs (3f): strength, force, power (the plural often corresponds to the English singular strength). Prement is the third person plural future form of premō, premere, pressī, pressum (3): to press; crush; pursue; suppress, check, subdue.

Accēde is the singular imperative form of accēdō, accēdere, accessī, accessum (3): to come to, approach; be added, join; agree. Hūc (adv.): here (as a destination), hither, to this place; to this; to this point or degree; to this object or purpose. Tū is the vocative form of tū: you.

Hūc (adv.): here (as a destination), hither, to this place; to this; to this point or degree; to this object or purpose. Ego: I. Quemadmodum (interrog. adv.): how? Veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come.

Tam (adv.): so, so much, to such an extent. Parvus /parva/parvum (1/2): small; unimportant. Cinis, cineris (3m/f—more often m): ash. Herculeus /herculea/herculeum (1/2): Herculean, associated with Hercules. Hūc (adv.): here (as a destination), hither, to this place; to this; to this point or degree; to this object or purpose. Ille /illa/illud (adj.): that. Dēcrēvit is the third person singular perfect form of dēcrēscō, dēcrēscere, dēcrēvī, dēcrētum (3): to grow smaller, shrink, decrease. Gigās, gigantis (3m): giant.

Hūc (adv.): here (as a destination), hither, to this place; to this; to this point or degree; to this object or purpose. Pertinet is the third person singular form of pertineō, pertinēre, pertinuī, — (2): to reach; matter, pertain, apply, affect; belong. Clipeus, clipeī (2m): round shield. Aiāx, Aiācis (3m): Ajax.

Iam (adv.): already; now; soon. Satis (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only; here nom.): enough. Est: it is.

Iam (adv.): already; now; soon. Nox, noctis (3f): night. Est: is it?

Iam (adv.): already; now; soon. # already% Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Omnī is the m/f/n ablative singular form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Cōnfirmāvit is the third person singular perfect form of cōnfirmō, cōnfirmāre, cōnfirmāvī, cōnfirmātum (1): to strengthen; encourage; confirm. Modō is the ablative singular form of modus, modī (2m): measure; limit; way, manner.

Etsī (conj.): even if; though; yet. Iam (adv.): already; now; soon. Negat is the third person singular form of negō, negāre, negāvī, negātum (1): to deny; refuse.

Sed (conj.): but. Iam (adv.): already; now; soon. Dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitum (2): to owe; ought. Epistulam is the accusative singular form of epistula, epistulae (1f): letter. Inclūdō, inclūdere, inclūsī, inclūsum (3): to enclose; close; finish, end; restrict.

Iam (adv.): already; now; soon. Neque/ nec: (as conj.) and not, nor; (as adv.) neither, not either, not even. Nūptiās is the accusative form of nūptiae, nūptiārum (1f, plural only): nuptial rites, nuptials, wedding; marriage. Volō, velle, voluī, — (irreg.): to want, wish; be willing.

Ubicumque (rel. adv.): wherever. Homō, hominis (3m): man, human. Est: (there) is. Ibi (adv.): there, in that place. Beneficium, beneficī (2n; the genitive can also be spelled beneficiī): benefit, kindness, favor. Locus, locī (2m): place; opportunity, occasion. Est: is.

Ubi (rel. adv.): where. Īdem/ eadem /idem (adj.): the same. Ratiō, ratiōnis (3f): reason; method; calculation. Ibi (adv.): there. Lēx, lēgis (3f): law, rule.

Ideō (adv.): for this/that/the reason, therefore, that is why. Nōn: not. Accūsō, accūsāre, accūsāvī, accūsātum (1): to blame, accuse.

(He’s replying to the claim that “This side—pars, partis (3f)—seems to be in a majority.”) Ideō (adv.): for this/that/the reason, therefore, that is why. Enim (particle): for, indeed. Peior/ peior /peius (3): worse—the comparative form of malus/mala/malum (1/2): bad; evil. Est: it is.

Ideō (adv.): for this/that/the reason, therefore, that is why. Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here nom.): nothing. Nōbīs is the dative form of nōs: we (to/for us; sometimes less literally by us). Inprōvīsus/inprōvīsa/ inprōvīsum (1/2—also imprōvīsus): unforeseen, unexpected. Esse: to be. Dēbet is the third person singular form of dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitum (2): to owe; ought.

Mortem is the accusative singular form of mors, mortis (3f): death. Saepe (adv.): often. Ideō (adv.): for this/that/the reason, therefore, that is why. Optant is the third person plural form of optō, optāre, optāvī, optātum (1): to choose; wish for, pray for. Quia (conj.): because; that. Timent is the third person plural form of timeō, timēre, timuī, — (2): to fear, be afraid.

An (interrog. particle): whether; or (in a question); it can also start a direct question. Ideō (adv.): for this/that/the reason, therefore, that is why. Tantum (adv.): so much; only. Vēnerās is the second person singular pluperfect form of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come. Ut (conj.): that, so that. Exīrēs is the second person singular imperfect subjunctive form of exeō, exīre, exīvī/exiī, exitum (irreg.): to exit, go out (subjunctive because it’s in a purpose clause).

Ideō (adv.): for this/that/the reason, therefore, that is why. Aliquid is the neuter accusative singular form of aliquis/aliqua/aliquid (pron.): someone, something; anyone, anything. Pateris is the second person singular form of patior, patī, passus sum (3, –ior, deponent): to suffer, undergo; endure; allow. Nē (conj.): that not, lest. Quandō (indef. adv.): ever, at any time; sometime, someday (it replaces aliquandō in some types of clauses, especially after sī, nisi, num and nē). Patiendus/patienda/ patiendum (1/2) is the gerundive (to be suffered) of the same verb. Sit: it be—the third person singular subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be (subjunctive because it’s in a purpose clause).

Illīc (adv.): there. Ego: I. Habitō, habitāre, habitāvī, habitātum (1): to dwell, inhabit, live (in a place).

(In the mind of the sage.) Semper (adv.): always. Illīc (adv.): there. Serēnus/serēna/ serēnum (1/2): clear, tranquil, serene. Est: it is.

(Returning kindnesses vs. returning injuries.) Illīc (adv.): there. Vincī is the passive infinitive form of vincō, vincere, vīcī, victum (3): to conquer, defeat; surpass, outdo; win, be victorious. Turpis/turpis/ turpe (3): ugly, shameful, disgraceful, foul. Est: it is. Hīc (adv.): here. Vincō, vincere, vīcī, victum (3): to conquer, defeat; surpass, outdo; win, be victorious.

(He’s comparing how we go up and down a hill to how we might approach work and pleasure.) Hīc (adv.): here. Inpellāmus is the third person plural subjunctive form of inpellō, inpellere, inpulī, inpulsum (3—also impellō): to push, drive forward. Corpora is the accusative plural form of corpus, corporis (3n): (our) bodies. Illīc (adv.): there. Refrēnēmus is the first person plural subjunctive form of refrēnō, refrēnāre, refrēnāvī, refrēnātum (1): to check, curb, restrain. (The verbs are hortatory subjunctives.)

(Quoting the poet Naevius.) Illō (adv.): there (with motion), thither, to that place. Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Dūcam is the first person singular future form of dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductum (3): to lead, guide, bring, take (to a place); draw; think, consider. Ubi (rel. adv.): where. Nōn: not. Dēspuās is the second person singular subjunctive form of dēspuō, dēspuere, —, — (3): to spit (out); reject, abhor (subjunctive because it’s in a relative clause of purpose or characteristic).

Hinc (adv.): from here. Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Illō (adv.): there (with motion), thither, to that place. Furor, furōris (3m): madness; rage, fury. Rapiet is the third person singular future form of rapiō, rapere, rapuī, raptum (3, –iō): to snatch, carry off, carry away, sweep along. Illinc (adv.): from there; from that side; from that source. Aliō (adv.): to another place.

Quoniam (conj.): now that; seeing that, since, inasmuch as; because. Ēvāsistī is the second person singular perfect form of ēvādō, ēvādere, ēvāsī, ēvāsum (3): to escape. Mortem is the accusative singular form of mors, mortis (3f): death. Nunc (adv.): now; as it is. Illō (adv.): there (with motion), thither, to that place. Redī is the singular imperative form of redeō, redīre, rediī, reditum (irreg.): to go back, return.

Prō (prep.): in front of, before; in exchange for, instead of; for, on behalf of (takes the ablative). Illō is the m/n ablative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she it. Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Dūcam is the first person singular subjunctive form of dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductum (3): to lead, guide, bring, take (to a place); draw; think, consider (potential subjunctive; it’s part of a future-less-vivid conditional: if X were to happen, I would. . .).

Feror is the first person singular passive form of ferō, ferre, tulī, lātum (3, irreg.): to carry, bear; endure; drive. Hūc (adv.): here (as a destination), hither, to this place. Illūc (adv.): there (with motion), thither, to that place; to that point.

(Suggested wording for orators to use when changing topics.) Trānseō, trānsīre, trānsīvī/trānsiī, trānsitum (irreg.): to pass (over/by); go across. Nunc (adv.): now; as it is. Illūc (adv.): there (with motion), thither, to that place; to that point.

Sed (conj.): but. Redeāmus is the first person plural subjunctive form of redeō, redīre, rediī, reditum (irreg.): to go back, return (a hortatory subjunctive). Illūc (adv.): there (with motion), thither, to that place; to that point. Unde (rel. adv.): from where. Dēvertimus is the first person plural perfect form of dēvertō, dēvertere, dēvertī, dēversum (3): to turn away, turn aside.

Concessēre is the third person plural perfect form of concēdō, concēdere, concessī, concessum (3): to depart, withdraw; go over; give in, submit; concede. (alternative form of concessērunt) Illūc (adv.): there (with motion), thither, to that place; to that point. Omnēs is the m/f nominative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every.

Sine is the singular imperative form of sinō, sinere, sīvī, situm (3): to allow (it can be completed by a subjunctive verb). Veniant is the third person plural subjunctive form of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come. Illūc (adv.): there (with motion), thither, to that place; to that point. Amīcī is the nominative plural form of amīcus, amīcī (2m): friend. Propinquī is the masculine nominative plural form of propinquus/propinqua/propinquum (1/2): near, close (used substantively to mean relative).

Nunc (adv.): now; as it is. Redeō, redīre, rediī, reditum (irreg.): to go back, return. Inde (adv.): from there, from that place, thence; from it, from that source or material; from that time, from then on; then, next; therefore, that is why.

Vir, virī (2m): man; husband. Meus /mea/meum (1/2): my, mine. Hinc (adv.): from here, from this place, hence. #from here# Ierās is the second person singular pluperfect form of eō, īre, iī/īvī, itum (irreg.): to go. Cūr (interrog. adv.): why? Nōn: not. Meus /mea/meum (1/2): my, mine. Inde (adv.): from there, from that place, thence; from it, from that source or material; from that time, from then on; then, next; therefore, that is why. Redīstī is the second person singular perfect form of redeō, redīre, rediī, reditum (irreg.): to go back, return.

Sacruficant is the third person plural form of sacruficō, sacruficāre, sacruficāvī, sacruficātum (1—also sacrificō): to sacrifice, make or offer a ritual sacrifice. Dant is the third person plural form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give. Inde (adv.): from there, from that place, thence; from it, from that source or material; from that time, from then on; then, next; therefore, that is why. Partem is the accusative singular form of pars, partis (3f): part; function. Mihi is the dative form of ego: I (to me). Maiōrem is the m/f accusative singular form of maior/maior/maius (3): greater, larger—the comparative form of magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): great, large. Quam (rel. adv.): than. Sibi: to themselves—the dative form of the reflexive pronoun.

Caedēs, caedis (3f): slaughter, killing, murder; the act of cutting off. Inde (adv.): from there, from that place; thence; from it, from that source or material; from that time, from then on; then, next; therefore, that is why. Magis (adv.): more; rather. Quam (rel. adv.): than. Pugna, pugnae (1f): fight, battle, combat. Fuit is the third person singular perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

Inde (adv.): from there, from that place; thence; from it, from that source or material; from that time, from then on; then, next; therefore, that is why. Ab/ ā (prep.): (away) from; by (takes the ablative). Prīncipiō is the ablative singular form of prīncipium, prīncipiī (2n): beginning, origin. Iam (adv.): already; now; soon. Inpudēns, inpudentis (3—also impudēns): shameless, impudent. Epistula, epistulae (1f): letter. Est: is.

Inde (adv.): from there, from that place; thence; from it, from that source or material; from that time, from then on; then, next; therefore, that is why. Ambulāvit is the third person singular perfect form of ambulō, ambulāre, ambulāvī, ambulātum (1): to walk. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Lītore is the ablative singular form of lītus, lītoris (3n): seashore, beach.

Inde (adv.): from there, from that place, thence; from it, from that source or material; from that time, from then on; then, next; therefore, that is why. Vīnō is the ablative singular form of vīnum, vīnī (2n): wine. Carēns, carentis (3) is the present active participle (lacking) of careō, carēre, caruī, caritum (2): to lack, be without, be free from. Stomachus, stomachī (2m): gullet; stomach; taste (liking or distaste); vexation, ill temper.

(Because we see someone doing better than us, and forget about those who aren’t doing as well.) Inde (adv.): from there, from that place, thence; from it, from that source or material; from that time, from then on; then, next; therefore, that is why. Diīs is the dative plural form of deus, deī (2m, irreg.): god. Quoque (adv.): also, too, as well. Īrāscimur is the first person plural form of īrāscor, īrāscī, īrātus sum (3, deponent): to be or become angry (takes a dative object).

(As when you can’t sleep because your mind is noisy.) Interdum (adv.): sometimes, at times, now and then. Quiēs, quiētis (3f): rest; quiet, peace. Inquiētus/ inquiēta /inquiētum (1/2): restless, uneasy. Est: is.

Interdum (adv.): sometimes, at times, now and then. Enim (particle): for. Scīmus is the first person plural form of sciō, scīre, scīvī/sciī, scītum (4): to know. Neque/ nec: (conj.) and not, nor; (adv.) neither, not either, not even. Adtendimus is the first person plural form of adtendō, adtendere, adtendī, adtentum (3—also attendō): to direct toward; pay attention to, attend to.

(You’ll suffer soon enough when disasters happen, if they do. In the meantime you’re better off thinking optimistically.) Interim (adv.): meanwhile, in the meantime; for the time being, for a while. Tibi is the dative form of tū: you (used reflexively: yourself). Meliōra is the neuter accusative plural form of melior/melior/melius (3): better—the comparative form of bonus/bona/bonum (1/2): good. Prōmitte is the singular imperative form of prōmittō, prōmittere, prōmīsī, prōmissum (3): to send forth; promise; give hope or promise of, cause to expect; predict; prolong.

(How to think about things in the future that scare you.) Fortasse (adv.): perhaps. Erit is the third person singular future form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Nōn: not. Interim (adv.): meanwhile, in the meantime; for the time being, for a while. Est: it is.

(Of someone who belongs to no group.) Neque /nec: (conj.) and not, nor; (adv.) neither, not either, not even (neque. . . neque: neither. . . nor). Intus (adv.): within, inside. Neque /nec: (conj.) and not, nor. Forīs (adv.): outdoors, outside.

(Not from foreign powers.) Intus (adv.): within, inside. Īnsidiae, īnsidiārum (1f, plural only): ambush, plot(s), snare, treacherous attack. Sunt: (they) are. Inclūsus/inclūsa/ inclūsum (1/2) is the perfect passive participle (confined) of inclūdō, inclūdere, inclūsī, inclūsum (3): to confine, enclose, imprison; include. Perīculum, perīculī (2n): danger, risk; attempt, experiment. Est: is. Intus (adv.): within, inside. Hostis, hostis (3m/f): enemy.

(But let our exterior conform to society.) Intus (adv.): within, inside. Omnia is the neuter nominative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Dissimilia is the neuter nominative plural form of dissimilis/dissimilis/dissimile (3): unlike, dissimilar, different. Sint is the third person plural subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be (subjunctive because it’s jussive).

Prope (adv.): near. Est: is. Ab/ ā (prep.): (away) from; by (takes the ablative) (prope ab X = a short distance from X, close to X, near X). Tē is the ablative form of tū: you. Deus, deī (2m, irreg.): god, deity. Tēcum: with you (tē = you; cum = with). # with you% Est: he is. Intus (adv.): within, inside. Est: he is.

(Pointing to an erasure in a document.) Quis/quis/ quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Fuit is the third person singular perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Istīc (adv.): there (where you are), in the place where you are, in that place or circumstance relating to you; (occasionally without second-person reference) here. Anteā (adv.): before, earlier. Scrīptus/scrīpta/ scrīptum (1/2) is the perfect passive participle (written) of scrībō, scrībere, scrīpsī, scrīptum (3): to write.

(Namely yourself; so maybe you should go spend time with others.) Istīc (adv.): there (where you are), in the place where you are, in that place or circumstance relating to you; (occasionally without second-person reference) here. Malō is the m/n dative singular form of malus/mala/malum (1/2): bad; evil. Virō is the dative singular form of vir, virī (2m): man. Propius: nearer, closer; rather near, rather close; too near, too close—the comparative form of prope (adv.): near. Es: you are.

Istīc (adv.): there (where you are), in the place where you are, in that place or circumstance relating to you; (occasionally without second-person reference) here. Nunc (adv.): now; as it is. Metuende is the masculine vocative singular form of metuendus/metuenda/metuendum (1/2), the gerundive (to be feared) of metuō, metuere, metuī, metūtum (3): to fear, be afraid of, dread. Iacē is the singular imperative form of iaceō, iacēre, iacuī, iacitum (2): to lie (in a certain place or state), be in a recumbent position; lie overthrown, be laid low.

Mihi is the dative form of ego: I (to/for me). Istīc (adv.): there (where you are), in the place where you are, in that place or circumstance relating to you; (occasionally without second-person reference) here. Neque/ nec: (conj.) and not, nor; (adv.) neither, not either, not even (nec. . . nec = neither. . . nor). Seritur is the third person singular passive form of serō, serere, sēvī, satum (3): to sow, plant. Neque/ nec: (conj.) and not, nor. Metitur is the third person singular passive form of metō, metere, messuī, messum (3): to reap, harvest. (The verbs are impersonal passives.)

Concēde is the singular imperative form of concēdō, concēdere, concessī, concessum (3): to depart, withdraw, go away; give place to, give in, submit, yield; concede. Istūc (adv.): there (with motion and second-person reference), to the place where you are, to the place or point that relates to you, to the place or point you mention, etc. Paullulum (adv.): a little, a bit, to a small extent, slightly, by a short distance.

Ēcastor (interj.): by Castor (used by women in asseverations). Vērō (particle): truly, in truth, indeed; but, however, on the other hand. Eō, īre, iī/īvī, itum (irreg.): to go. Istūc (adv.): there (with motion and second-person reference), to the place where you are, to the place or point that relates to you, to the place or point you mention, etc. Quantum (rel. adv.): as much as. Potest is the third person singular form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can; have (a specified amount of) power or influence; (impersonally) it can be done, it is possible.

(Fending off an interruption.) Manē is the singular imperative form of maneō, manēre, mānsī, mānsum (2): to remain, stay; wait. Sciō, scīre, scīvī/sciī, scītum (4): to know. Istūc (adv.): there (with motion and second-person reference), to the place where you are, to the place or point that relates to you, to the place or point you mention, etc. Ībam is the first person singular imperfect form of eō, īre, iī/īvī, itum (irreg.): to go.

Putō, putāre, putāvī, putātum (1): to think, regard, suppose. Esse: to be. Commodius is the neuter accusative singular form of commodior/commodior/commodius (3): more convenient—the comparative form of commodus/commoda/commodum (1/2): convenient; agreeable. Mē is the accusative form of ego: I (me). Istūc (adv.): there (with motion and second-person reference), to the place where you are, to the place or point that relates to you, to the place or point you mention, etc. Veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come.

Iam (adv.): already; now; soon. Ego: I. Istūc (adv.): there (with motion and second-person reference), to the place where you are, to the place or point that relates to you, to the place or point you mention, etc. Revortar is the first person singular future form of revortor, revortī, revorsus sum (3, deponent—also revertor): to return. Mīles is the vocative singular form of mīles, mīlitis (3m): soldier.

(Reading lightly in too many books instead of reading a small number closely.) Nōn: not. Eō, īre, iī/īvī, itum (irreg.): to go. Istic/istaec/ istuc (pron.): that (of yours), that which you mention, that person or thing you speak of. Sed (conj.): but. Errō, errāre, errāvī, erratum (1): to err, be wrong, make a mistake; wander; go astray. Est: is.

Nōn: not. Est: it is. Ita (adv.): so, thus, in this way, in that way, in such a way; yes.

Mihi is the dative form of ego: I (to me). Ita (adv.): so, thus, in this way, in that way, in such a way; yes. Vidētur is the third person singular passive form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see; (in the passive) seem, appear.

Ita (adv.): so, thus, in this way, in that way, in such a way; yes. Prōrsus (adv.): straight ahead; thoroughly, totally, altogether, quite. Exīstimō, exīstimāre, exīstimāvī, exīstimātum (1): to think, judge.

Ita (adv.): so, thus, in this way, in that way, in such a way; yes. Iactantur is the third person plural passive form of iactō, iactāre, iactāvī, iactātum (1): to throw, toss; boast (about), show off. Flūctibus is the ablative plural form of flūctus, flūctūs (4m): flood; wave. Ut (conj.): that, so that. Numquam (adv.): never. Adluantur is the third person plural passive subjunctive form of adluō, adluere, adluī, — (3—also alluō): to lap, wash, bathe.

Dē (prep.): from, down from; about, concerning (takes the ablative). Suīs: his (own)—the m/f/n ablative plural form of suus/sua/suum (1/2). Bonīs is the ablative plural form of bonum, bonī (2n): a good thing, a good; benefit; (in pl.) possessions. Ita (adv.): so, thus, in this way, in that way, in such a way; yes. Dat is the third person singular form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give, grant. Ut (conj.): that, so that. Ab /ā (prep.): (away) from; by (takes the ablative). Iūre is the ablative singular form of iūs, iūris (3n): right, law. Nōn: not. Abeat is the third person singular subjunctive form of abeō, abīre, abiī, abitum (irreg.): to go away, depart; disappear, vanish; be transformed (into).

Placet is the third person singular form of placeō, placēre, placuī, placitum (2): to please, be pleasing (to), be approved of; be decided or agreed upon. Ita (adv.): so, thus, in this way, in that way, in such a way; yes. Gerī is the passive infinitive form of gerō, gerere, gessī, gestum (3): to bear, carry; wear; carry on, conduct, do, perform; rule, manage, govern. Magistrātūs is the accusative plural form of magistrātus, magistrātūs (4m): magistrate; magistracy, office of a magistrate. Ut (rel. adv.): in the same way (as). Geruntur is the third person plural passive form of gerō, gerere, gessī, gestum (3): to bear, carry; wear; carry on, conduct, do, perform; rule, manage, govern.

Ut (rel. adv.): as. Corporum is the genitive plural form of corpus, corporis (3n): body. Ita (adv.): so, thus, in this way, in that way, in such a way; yes. #so# Animōrum is the genitive plural form of animus, animī (2m): mind, soul. Molliter (adv.): softly, gently; agreeably; patiently. Vitia is the nominative plural form of vitium, vitiī (2n): vice, fault, defect. Tractanda is the neuter nominative plural form of tractandus/tractanda/tractandum (1/2), the gerundive (to be handled) of tractō, tractāre, tractāvī, tractātum (1): to handle; manage; treat; discuss. Sunt: (they) are.

Ita (adv.): so, thus, in this way, in that way, in such a way; yes. Vīvam is the first person singular subjunctive form of vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctum (3): to live (subjunctive because it’s a command or wish). Ut (rel. adv.): as. Maximōs is the masculine accusative plural form of maximus/maxima/maximum (1/2): very great/greatest, very large/largest—the superlative form of magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): great, large. Sūmptūs is the accusative plural form of sūmptus, sūmptūs (4m): expense, cost, charge. Faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make.

Et (conj.): and. Prō (prep.): in front of, before; in exchange for, instead of; for, on behalf of (takes the ablative). Tē is the ablative form of tū: you. Hūc (adv.): here (as a destination), hither, to this place. Dēductust is a contraction of dēductus est, the third person masculine singular perfect passive form of dēdūcō, dēdūcere, dēdūxī, dēductum (3): to lead or bring away; bring to a place. Ita (adv.): so, thus, in this way, in that way, in such a way; yes.

Itaque (adv.): (and) so, therefore, accordingly. Silētur is the third person singular passive form of sileō, silēre, siluī, — (2): to be silent (it’s in the impersonal passive).

(After recounting Cato’s resolution to commit suicide if Caesar won the civil war.) Perīt (contraction of periit) is the third person singular perfect form of pereō, perīre, periī, peritum (irreg.): to vanish; be destroyed, perish, die. Itaque (adv.): (and) so, therefore, accordingly. Ex /ē (prep.): out of, from; by reason of, on account of (takes ablative). Dēcrētō is the ablative singular form of dēcrētum, dēcrētī (2n): decision, decree. Suō: his (own)—the m/n ablative singular form of suus/sua/suum (1/2).

Lītem is the accusative singular form of līs, lītis (3f): strife, dispute; lawsuit. Parit is the third person singular form of pariō, parere, peperī, partum (3, –iō): to give birth to; beget. Līs, lītis (3f): strife, dispute; lawsuit. Noxa, noxae (1f): hurt, harm, injury; offense, crime. Item (adv.): just so, in like manner, likewise; also, as well. Noxam is the accusative singular form of noxa, noxae (1f): hurt, harm, injury; offense, crime. Parit is the third person singular form of pariō, parere, peperī, partum (3, –iō): to give birth to; beget.

Item (adv.): just so, in like manner, likewise; also, as well. Dē (prep.): from, down from; about, concerning (takes the ablative). Cēterīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of cēterus/cētera/cēterum (1/2): (all) the rest (of); in plural: (all the) other(s). Nāvibus is the ablative plural form of nāvis, nāvis (3f): ship. Dīcit is the third person singular form of dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say, tell.

(Why someone doesn’t summon soothsayers at the sight of mice, but did when he saw a snake in his house.) Quia (conj.): because; that. Sunt: are. Haec is the neuter nominative plural form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Cōtīdiāna is the neuter nominative plural form of cōtīdiānus/cōtīdiāna/cōtīdiānum (1/2—also cottīdiānus): everyday, daily; seen, used, encountered, occurring etc. every day. Anguēs is the nominative plural form of anguis, anguis (3m/f): snake, serpent. Nōn: not. Item (adv.): just so, in like manner, likewise; also, as well.

Iterum (adv.): again, a second time, once more (iterum atque iterum: again and again, repeatedly). Atque /ac (conj.): and, and also, and then. Iterum (adv.): again, a second time, once more. Fragor, fragōris (3m): a breaking; crash, roar, din. Increpat is the third person singular form of increpō, increpāre, increpuī/increpāvī, increpitum (1): to make a sharp loud noise, rattle, roar, clash, crash, etc. ; chide, upbraid, reproach. Ingēns, ingentis (3, adj.): huge, enormous.

Iterum (adv.): again, a second time, once more. Atque/ ac (conj.): and, and also, and then. Tertiō (adv.): for the third time; thirdly. Nōminō, nōmināre, nōmināvī, nōminātum (1): to name, mention.

Vulpēs, vulpis (3f): fox. Nōn: not. Iterum (adv.): again, a second time, once more. Capitur is the third person singular passive form of capiō, capere, cēpī, captum (3, –iō): to take, seize, capture, catch. Laqueō is the ablative singular form of laqueus, laqueī (2m): noose; snare, trap.

(Everywhere.) Longē (adv.): far, far away, far off, at a distance; by far; long, for a long time. Lātēque (adv.): broadly, wide(ly) (the enclitic conjunction – que adds and).

Absum, abesse, āfuī, āfutūrus (irreg.): to be absent, be away. Longē (adv.): far, far away, far off, at a distance; by far; long, for a long time. Nōlēbam is the first person singular imperfect form of nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, — (irreg.): to not want, refuse, be unwilling.

Longē (adv.): far, far away, far off, at a distance; by far; long, for a long time. Servet is the third person singular subjunctive form of servō, servāre, servāvī, servātum (1): to save; protect; keep (a jussive subjunctive). Vestīgia is the accusative plural form of vestīgium, vestīgiī (2n): step; footprint, track. Coniūnx, coniugis (3m/f): spouse; husband or wife.

Longē (adv.): far, far away, far off, at a distance; by far; long, for a long time. Abest is the third person singular form of absum, abesse, āfuī, āfutūrus (irreg.): to be away, be absent, be distant. Ab/ ā (prep.): (away) from; by (takes the ablative). Mē is the ablative form of ego: I (me). Rēgnum, rēgnī (2n): kingdom; kingship; despotism, tyranny (Republican Romans tended to view kingship as a bad thing, necessarily equal to tyranny). Suspīciō, suspīciōnis (3f): suspicion, distrust.

Longē (adv.): far, far away, far off, at a distance; by far; long, for a long time. Illī is the m/f/n dative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she, it. Dea, deae (1f): goddess. Māter, mātris (3f): mother. Erit is the third person singular future form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

Mihi is the dative form of ego: I (to me). Vērō (particle): truly, in truth, indeed; but, however, on the other hand. Longē (adv.): far, far away, far off, at a distance; by far; long, for a long time. Vidētur is the third person singular passive form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see; (in the passive) seem. Secus (adv.): otherwise, differently.

Ego: I. Quī /quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Sum: am. Longē (adv.): far, far away, far off, at a distance; by far; long, for a long time. Fortior /fortior/fortius (3): braver; stronger—the comparative form of fortis/fortis/forte (3): brave; strong. Pereō, perīre, periī, peritum (irreg.): to disappear; be destroyed, perish, die. Famē is the ablative singular form of famēs, famis (3f—but with an ablative singular form from the fifth declension; hence the long e): hunger.

Hic /haec/hoc (adj.): this. Diēs, diēī (5m/f): day. Nostrīs is the m/f/n dative plural form of noster/nostra/nostrum (1/2): our, ours (the masculine plural is used substantively to mean our men). Longē (adv.): far, far away, far off, at a distance; by far; long, for a long time. Gravissimus /gravissima/gravissimum (1/2): very heavy/heaviest; very/most serious; very/most grievous or severe—the superlative form of gravis/gravis/grave (3); heavy; serious; grievous, severe. Fuit is the third person singular perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

Neque /nec: (conj.) and not, nor; (adv.) neither, not either, not even. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Terrīs is the ablative plural form of terra, terrae (1f): land; region; earth (the plural can refer to all the lands and hence to the earth as a whole). Morābor is the first person singular future form of moror, morārī, morātus sum (1, deponent): to delay, retard; stay, linger. Longius (adv.): farther away, rather far away, too far away; longer, rather long, too long—the comparative form of longē (adv.): far, far away, far off, at a distance; by far; long, for a long time.

Magis ( adv.): more; rather. Vāna is the neuter nominative plural form of vānus/vāna/vānum (1/2): empty; insubstantial, illusory. Perturbant is the third person plural form of perturbō, perturbāre, perturbāvī, perturbātum (1): to throw into confusion; perturb, disturb, trouble.

Dē (prep.): from, down from; about, concerning (takes ablative). Graeciā is the ablative singular form of Graecia, Graeciae (1f): Greece. Cōtīdiē (adv.): every day, daily. Magis ( adv.): more; rather. Et (conj.): and. Cōgitō, cōgitāre, cōgitāvī, cōgitātum (1): to think.

Alterī is the m/f/n (here m) dative singular form of alter/altera/alterum (1/2, irreg.): the other. Magis (adv.): more; rather. Grātulātur is the third person singular form of grātulor, grātulārī, grātulātus sum (1, deponent): to congratulate (the congratulated party goes in the dative). Alterum is the m/n (here m) accusative singular form of alter/altera/alterum (1/2, irreg.): the other. Suspicit is the third person singular form of suspiciō, suspicere, suspexī, suspectum (3, –iō): to look up at; look up to, admire, respect; suspect.

Male (adv.): badly. Valeō, valēre, valuī, valitum (2): to be strong, be well, be healthy, be in health; be able; be of effect; be worth. Pars, partis (3f): part, share. Fātum, fātī (2n): fate. Est: it is.

(Quoting Epicurus.) Male (adv.): badly. Vīvunt is the third person plural form of vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctum (3): to live. Quī is the masculine nominative plural form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Semper (adv.): always. Vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctum (3): to live. Incipiunt is the third person plural form of incipiō, incipere, incēpī, inceptum (3, –iō): to begin.

(He’s talking about the school—secta, sectae (1f)—of Epicurus.) Male (adv.): badly. Audit is the third person singular form of audiō, audīre, audīvī/audiī, audītum (4): to hear; listen (to) (male audīt is an idiom: to have a bad reputation—from the idea of hearing people talk ill about you). Īnfāmis/ īnfāmis /īnfāme (3): disreputable, infamous. Est: it is.

(He’s speaking of the true sayings—vōx, vōcis (3f)—of Epicurus, or of true sayings in general.) Pūblicae is the feminine nominative plural form of pūblicus/pūblica/pūblicum (1/2): public, belonging to the public or to the state. Sunt: they are. Et (conj.): and. Maximē (adv.): most; very much; chiefly; especially; certainly, by all means. Nostrae is the feminine nominative plural form of noster/nostra/nostrum (1/2): our, ours.

(It appears now one way, now another.) Sīc (adv.): thus, so, in such manner, in this way. Maximē (adv.): most; very much; chiefly; especially; certainly, by all means. Coarguitur is the third person singular passive form of coarguō, coarguere, coarguī, coargūtum (3): to refute; prove, demonstrate (something bad). Animus, animī (2m): mind; soul; will, intention. Inprūdēns, inprūdentis (3, adj.): ignorant; imprudent, foolish.

(But then he can’t remember it.) Dīc is the singular imperative form of dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say, tell, speak; call; mean, refer to. Nōmen is the accusative singular form of nōmen, nōminis (3n): name. Maxumē (adv. —also maximē): most; very much; chiefly; especially; certainly, by all means.

Nēmō, nēminis (3m/f): no one. Est: is. Minus (adv.): less; not enough, not very; not.

Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only): nothing. Vērō (particle): truly, indeed, in fact; on the other hand, but, however; and, moreover. Minus (adv.): less; not enough, not very; not.

(He’s talking about virtue—virtūs, virtūtis (3f)—under oppressive conditions.) Nōn: not. Est: it is. Minor/ minor /minus (3): smaller, lesser; less important—the comparative form of parvus/parva/parvum (1/2): small, little; unimportant. Sed (conj.): but. Minus (adv.): less; not enough, not very; not. Fulget is the third person singular form of fulgeō, fulgēre, fulsī, — (2): to flash, shine.

Ille /illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she, it. Quem is the masculine accusative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Tū: you. Minus (adv.): less; not enough, not very; not. Beātum is the m/n accusative singular form of beātus/beāta/beātum (1/2): happy; prosperous. Vocās is the second person singular form of vocō, vocāre, vocāvī, vocātum (1): to call; summon. Nōn: not. Est: is. beātus /beāta/beātum (1/2): happy; prosperous.

Neque/ nec: (as conj.) and not, nor; (as adv.) neither, not either, not even. Minus (adv.): less; not enough, not very; not. Līber /lībera/līberum (1/2): free. Sum: I am. Quam (rel. adv.): than; as. Vōs: you (pl.).

Minus (adv.): less; not enough, not very; not. Est: it is. Mīrandus/mīranda/ mīrandum (1/2) is the gerundive (to be wondered at) of mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum (1, deponent): to be surprised, be astonished, wonder, marvel (at); admire.

Sī (conj.): if. Poterō is the first person singular future form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can. Revocābō is the first person singular future form of revocō, revocāre, revocāvī, revocātum (1): to call back, recall; restrain. Minus (adv.): less; not enough, not very; not. Nōn: not. Adiuvābō is the first person singular future form of adiuvō, adiuvāre, adiūvī, adiūtum (1): to help, assist; favor, sustain. Scelus is the accusative singular form of scelus, sceleris (3n): crime, wickedness.

Quis/quis/ quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Sī (conj.): if. Minus is the accusative form of minus, minōris (2n): a lesser amount, less. Dedisset is the third person singular pluperfect subjunctive form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give; assign, attribute. Arātor, arātōris (3m): ploughman, farmer. Quam (rel. adv.): than; as. Poposcisset is the third person singular pluperfect subjunctive form of poscō, poscere, poposcī, — (3): to ask for (usually implying insistence or authority), demand, call for. Aprōnius /Aprōnia/Aprōnium (1/2): Roman family name. (The verbs are pluperfect subjunctive because they describe past contrary-to-fact situations.)

Minus, minōris (3n): a lesser amount, less. Inquit is the third person singular form of inquam (irreg. and defective): to say (inquit = he/she says or said). Totidem (numerical adj. , indeclinable): just as many. Scrīnia is the accusative plural form of scrīnium, scrīniī (2n): case or chest for books or papers. Ēmissēs is the second person singular pluperfect subjunctive form of emō, emere, ēmī, ēmptum (3): to buy (pluperfect subjunctive because it describes a past contrary-to-fact situation).

Procellae is the nominative plural form of procella, procellae (1f): violent wind, squall, storm. Quantō (rel. adv.): by so much, the. . . (with comparative). Plūs is the accusative form of plūs, plūris (2n): a larger amount, more (like minus, it takes a partitive genitive). Habent is the third person plural form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have. Vīrium is the genitive plural form of vīs, vīs (3f, irreg.): energy, force, power, strength; violence (plural forms often translate to the English singular strength). Tantō (adv.): by so much, the. . . (with comparative). Quantō. . . tantō = by how much. . . by so much; the (+ comparative: more, less, etc.). . . the (+ comparative: more, less, etc.). Minus is the accusative form of minus, minōris (2n): a lesser amount, less. Tempus, temporis (3n): time.

Dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say. Equidem (particle): for my part; indeed, certainly, truly. # indeed% Modo (adv.): only, just; just now, a moment ago, recently.

(To plead in court—he’s talking about how memory makes everything in the past seem like just now.) Modo (adv.): only, just; just now, a moment ago, recently. Dēsinō, dēsinere, dēsiī /dēsīvī, dēsitum (3): to end, cease, stop. Volō, velle, voluī, — (irreg.): to want, wish. Agō, agere, ēgī, āctum (3): to drive, put in motion; do; act; plead (in court). Dēsinō, dēsinere, dēsiī /dēsīvī, dēsitum (3): to end, cease, stop. Possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can.

Animus, animī (2m): mind, soul; will, intention. Noster /nostra/nostrum (1/2): our, ours. Modo (adv.): only, just; just now, a moment ago, recently (modo. . . modo = at one time. . . at another). Rēx, rēgis (3m): king. Est: is. Modo (adv.): only, just; just now, a moment ago, recently (modo. . . modo = at one time. . . at another). Tyrannus, tyrannī (2m): tyrant.

Sed (conj.): but. Modo (adv.): only, just; just now, a moment ago, recently (modo. . . modo = at one time. . . at another). Inquis is the second person singular form of inquam (irreg. and defective): to say. Hunc is the masculine accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Librum is the accusative singular form of liber, librī (2m): book. Ēvolvō, ēvolvere, ēvolvī, ēvolūtum (3): to roll out; unroll (e. g. , a scroll in order to read it). Volō, velle, voluī, — (irreg.): to want. (adv.): only, just; just now, a moment ago, recently (modo. . . modo = at one time. . . at another). Illum is the masculine accusative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that.

Sed (conj.): but. Feram is the first person singular future form of ferō, ferre, tulī, lātum (3, irreg.): to carry, take, bring, bear; endure; bring forth, produce. Ut (rel. adv.): as. Poterō is the first person singular future form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can. % Sit is the third person singular subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Modo (adv.): only, just; just now, a moment ago, recently (modo + subjunctive = (only) provided that. Annuus/annua/ annuum (1/2): yearly, annual; a year long, lasting a year.

Modo (adv.): only, just; just now, a moment ago, recently (modo + subjunctive = (only) provided that). Liceat is the third person singular subjunctive form of licet, licēre, licuit/licitum est (2, impersonal): it is allowed, it is permitted. Vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctum (3): to live. Est: there is. Spēs, speī (5f): hope; expectation.

Tertia, Tertiae (1f). Aderit is the third person singular future form of adsum, adesse, adfuī, adfutūrus (irreg.): to be present. Modo (adv.): only, just; just now, a moment ago, recently. Nē (adv.): not (modo nē + subjunctive = if only not; provided that not). Pūblilius /Pūblilia/Pūblilium (1/2): Roman family name. Rogātus sit is the third person masculine singular perfect passive subjunctive form of rogō, rogāre, rogāvī, rogātum (1): to ask, request; ask (someone to come to dinner or the like); i.e., invite.

(After saying that it takes little wealth to simply support your life.) Et (conj.): and. Cui is the m/f/n (here m) dative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? (to/for whom?) Dēsum, dēesse /dēsse, dēfuī, dēfutūrus (irreg.): to be lacking, be missing. Hic/haec/ hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Potest is the third person singular form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can. Ūllam is the feminine accusative singular form of ūllus/ūlla/ūllum (1/2, irreg.): any. Modo (adv.): only, just; just now, a moment ago, recently. Virtūtem is the accusative singular form of virtūs, virtūtis (3f): virtue, merit; courage. Habentī is the m/f/n (here m) dative singular form of habēns, habentis (3), the present active participle (having) of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have.

Dum (conj.): while, as; until; as long as, provided that (sometimes takes the subjunctive; always so in the last sense). Modo (adv.): only, just; just now, a moment ago, recently. Mōrātus/ mōrāta /mōrātum (1/2): mannered, of (good, bad, etc. , specified by an adverb) morals. Rēctē (adv.): rightly. Veniat is the third person singular subjunctive form of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come. Dōtātus/ dōtāta /dōtātum (1/2) is the perfect passive participle (dowered) of dōtō, dōtāre, dōtāvī, dōtātum (1): to provide with a dowry, dower, endow. Est: she is. Satis (adv.): enough.

Nōn: not. Est: it is. Turpis/turpis/ turpe (3): ugly, shameful, disgraceful, foul. Cōnsequor, cōnsequī, cōnsecūtus sum (3, deponent): to follow; catch up with; attain. Dummodo (conj.): provided that, as long as (with subjunctive). Sequāris is the second person singular subjunctive form of sequor, sequī, secūtus sum (3, deponent): to follow; pursue; strive after.

(He’s talking about hunger, and comparing the stomach—venter, ventris (3m)—to a creditor demanding his due.) Parvō is the m/n ablative singular form of parvus/parva/parvum (1/2): small, little; unimportant (neuter used substantively as an ablative of price). Dīmittitur is the third person singular passive form of dīmittō, dīmittere, dīmīsī, dīmissum (3): to let go; release; send away. Sī (conj.): if. Modo (adv.): only, just; just now, a moment ago, recently. Dās is the second person singular form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give; assign, attribute. Illī is the m/f/n dative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she, it. Quod is the neuter accusative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Dēbēs is the second person singular form of dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitum (2): to owe; ought, must, should; be bound. Nōn: not. Potes is the second person singular form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can.

(He’s talking about virtue.) Nēminem is the accusative form of nēmō, nēminis (3m): no one. Dēdignātur is the third person singular form of dēdignor, dēdignārī, dēdignātus sum (1, deponent): to reject as unworthy, disdain, scorn, spurn. Quī /quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Modo (adv.): only, just; just now, a moment ago, recently. Dignum is the m/n accusative singular form of dignus/digna/dignum (1/2): worthy (the thing one is worthy of often goes in the ablative). Sē: himself—the accusative form of the reflexive pronoun. Illā is the feminine ablative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she, it. Iūdicat is the third person singular form of iūdicō, iūdicāre, iūdicāvī, iūdicātum (1): to judge.

Quī /quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Modo (adv.): only, just; just now, a moment ago, recently. Patrōnus, patrōnī (2m): protector, defender, patron; advocate, defender in court. Nunc (adv.): now; as it is. Cupit is the third person singular form of cupiō, cupere, cupīvī/cupiī, cupītum (3, –iō): to desire, wish for, want. Esse: to be. Cliēns, clientis (3m/f): client.

Mox (adv.): soon; in the (near) future; afterward, (shortly) after the time in question; next or later in a series. Sciēmus is the first person plural future form of sciō, scīre, scīvī/sciī, scītum (4): to know. Melius (adv.): better—the comparative form of bene (adv.): well. Vāte is the ablative singular form of vātēs, vātis (3m/f): prophet, seer; poet.

(After a short summer and fall.) Mox (adv.): soon; in the (near) future; afterward, (shortly) after the time in question; next or later in a series. Brūma, brūmae (1f): winter solstice; winter. Recurrit is the third person singular form of recurrō, recurrere, recurrī, recursum (3): to run or hurry back; return; revert; have recourse (to). Iners, inertis (3, adj.): unskilled; lazy; inert, lifeless; inactive; insipid; feeble.

Ergō (particle): therefore, then. Cōnsulō, cōnsulere, cōnsuluī, cōnsultum (3): to consult, ask one’s opinion; give thought to. Et (conj.): and. Mox (adv.): soon; in the (near) future; afterward, (shortly) after the time in question; next or later in a series. Respondeō, respondēre, respondī, respōnsum (2): to respond, reply, answer. Licēbit is the third person singular future form of licet, licēre, licuit/licitum est (2): it is allowed; one is permitted, one can, one may (impersonal; appears mostly in the third person singular).

Multum (adv.): much, very much, a lot, greatly. Tacēbat is the third person singular imperfect form of taceō, tacēre, tacuī, tacitum (2): to be silent.

Ab/ ā (prep.): from (takes ablative). Quibus is the m/f/n (here m) ablative plural form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Multum (adv.): much, very much, a lot, greatly. Dissentiō, dissentīre, dissēnsī, dissēnsum (4): to dissent, disagree.

(Talking about someone who lived a long time but without wisdom; it’s like a sailor who got stuck in a storm.) Nōn: not. Ille /illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she, it. Multum (adv.): much, very much, a lot, greatly. Nāvigāvit is the third person singular perfect form of nāvigō, nāvigāre, nāvigāvī, nāvigātum (1): to sail. Sed (conj.): but. Multum (adv.): much, very much, a lot, greatly. Iactātus est is the third person masculine singular perfect passive form of iactō, iactāre, iactāvī, iactātum (1): to throw, toss, toss about; boast about, show off.

Multum is the accusative form of multum, multī (2n): a large amount, much, a lot. Ab/ ā (prep.): (away) from; by (takes the ablative). Tē is the ablative form of tū: you. Hominēs is the nominative plural form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human. Exigunt is the third person plural form of exigō, exigere, exēgī, exāctum (3): to drive out; demand, require, exact; inquire into, examine. Expectant is the third person plural form of expectō, expectāre, expectāvī, expectātum (1—also exspectō): to wait (for), await; expect; look forward to.

Multum is the accusative form of multum, multī (2n): a large amount, much, a lot. Tempus, temporis (3n): time. Ultiō, ultiōnis (3f): revenge, vengeance. Absūmit is the third person singular form of absūmō, absūmere, absūmpsī, absūmptum (3): to consume; destroy, kill.

(Biting the good.) Citius: more quickly—the comparative form of cito (adv.): quickly. Multō (adv.): much, by much. Frangētis is the second person plural future form of frangō, frangere, frēgī, frāctum (3): to break. Dentēs is the accusative plural form of dēns, dentis (3m): tooth. Quam (rel. adv.): as; than. Inprimētis is the second person plural future form of inprimō, inprimere, inpressī, inpressum (3—also imprimō): to press into, thrust in, drive in; imprint, mark.

Nihilōminus (adv.): nevertheless. Habent is the third person plural form of habeō habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have. Praecepta is the nominative plural form of praeceptum, praeceptī (2n): a piece of advice or teaching, precept; instruction, order. Partēs is the accusative plural form of pars, partis (3f): part, share; (often in pl.) role. Suās: their (own)—the feminine accusative plural form of suus/sua/suum (1/2).

(If you help someone else by lighting their torch, you also increase the light for yourself.) Nihilō minus (adv.): nevertheless, none the less (sometimes written as one words: nihilōminus). Ipsī is the m/f/n dative singular form of ipse/ipsa/ipsum (pron.): (he) himself, (she) herself, (it) itself; that very person or thing. Lūcet is the third person singular form of lūceō, lūcēre, lūxī, — (2): to shine. Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. Illī is the m/f/n dative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she, it. Accenderit is the third person singular perfect subjunctive form of accendō, accendere, accendī, accēnsum (3): to kindle, inflame (subjunctive because it’s in a concessive cum clause).

(He’s giving examples of useful maxims.) Nil (shortened form of nihil; n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only): nothing. Nimis (adv.): too (much), excessively; very (much), extremely, exceedingly.

(Of a person prone to pity, and another prone to cruelty.) Illīus: of that one, of that man, his—the m/f/n (here m) genitive singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she, it. Nimis (adv.): too (much), excessively; very (much), extremely, exceedingly. Mollis /mollis/molle (3): soft, mild, gentle. Animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit. Huius is the m/f/n (here m) genitive singular form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Dūrus /dūra/dūrum (1/2): hard, rough, harsh. Est: is.

(After saying the rest of the day hasn’t been promised to you; in fact that’s true even of the next hour.) Nimis (adv.): too (much), excessively; very (much), extremely, exceedingly. Magnam is the feminine accusative singular form of magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): great, large. Advocātiōnem is the accusative singular form of advocātiō, advocātiōnis (3f): legal assistance; delay, adjournment; respite. . Do, dāre, dedi, datum (1): to give, offer

Quī /quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Nimis (adv.): too (much), excessively; very (much), extremely, exceedingly. Cupit is the third person singular form of cupiō, cupere, cupīvī/cupiī, cupītum (3, –iō): to desire, wish for, want. Solvō, solvere, solvī, solūtum (3): to loosen, untie, free, release; set sail; pay; discharge, fulfill, perform. Invītus /invīta/invītum (1/2): unwilling. Dēbet is the third person singular form of debeo, debēre, debui, debitum (2): to owe.

(To beat these donkeys.) Nimis (adv.): too (much), excessively; very (much), extremely, exceedingly. Vellem is the first person singular imperfect subjunctive form of volō, velle, voluī, — (irreg.): to want, wish; be willing (it goes in the imperfect subjunctive to express a wish for a contrary-to-fact thing: I wish this were the case right now (or had been the case), but it’s not). Habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have. Perticam is the accusative singular form of pertica, perticae (1f): pole, long staff.

Fortūna, fortūnae (1f): fortune, luck; fate. Multīs is the m/f/n (here m) dative plural form of multus/multa/multum (1/2): much, many. Dat is the third person singular form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give. Nimis (n. , indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here acc.): an excessive thing or amount, too much. Satis (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here acc.): a sufficient thing or amount, enough. Nūllī is the m/f/n (here m) dative singular form of nūllus/nūlla/nūllum (1/2, irreg.): no, none, not any.

Haec is the neuter nominative plural form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Loca is the nominative plural form of locus, locī (2m, but often neuter in the plural): place; topic, point. Lūx, lūcis (3f): light. Habent is the third person plural form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have. Nimis (n. , indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here acc.): an excessive thing or amount, too much.

Fūnem is the accusative singular form of fūnis, fūnis (3m): rope, line, cord. Abrumpō, abrumpere, abrūpī, abruptum (3): to break or cut off, sever; cut short. Nimium (adv.): too (much), excessively; very (much), extremely, exceedingly. Tendendō is the ablative gerund ((by) stretching) of tendō, tendere, tetendī, tentum/tēnsum (3): to stretch, strain; aim.

Nimium (adv.): too (much), excessively; very (much), extremely, exceedingly. Fūnere is the ablative singular form of fūnus, fūneris (3n): funeral; death; ruin. Nostrō is the m/n ablative singular form of noster/nostra/nostrum (1/2): our, ours (here fūnere nostrō means loosely the death that affects us —hence our bereavement —rather than literally our death). Exultat is the third person singular form of exultō, exultāre, exultāvī, exultātum (1—also exsultō): to jump up; exult in, rejoice; revel.

Nimium (adv.): too (much), excessively; very (much), extremely, exceedingly. Diū (adv.): long, for a long time. Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Cohortor, cohortārī, cohortātus sum (1, deponent): to exhort, encourage.

Nimium (adv.): too (much), excessively; very (much), extremely, exceedingly. Es: you are. Vehemēns, vehementis (3): very eager, violent, furious, impetuous, ardent, vehement. Ferōxque, ferōcis (3, adj.): wild, fierce; defiant; arrogant (the enclitinc conjunction – que adds and). Nātūrā is the ablative singular form of nātūra, nātūrae (1f): nature; disposition.

Peperit is the third person singular perfect form of pariō, parere, peperī, partum (3): to give birth to; beget; get, acquire. Puerum is the accusative singular form of puer, puerī (2m): boy; child. Nimium (adv.): too (much), excessively; very (much), extremely, exceedingly. Lepidum is the m/n accusative singular form of lepidus/lepida/lepidum (1/2): pleasant, agreeable, charming, delightful.

Nimium is the accusative form of nimium, nimiī (2n): an excessive thing or amount, too much; a large amount, a great deal. Optās is the second person singular form of optō, optāre, optāvī, optātum (1): to choose; wish for; pray for.

Nōn: not. Potest is the third person singular form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can; (impersonally) it can be done, it is possible. Nimium is the accusative form of nimium, nimiī (2n): an excessive thing or amount, too much; a large amount, a great deal. Petis is the second person singular form of petō, petere, petīvī/petiī, petītum (3): to direct one’s course to, make for; ask (for); seek; attack.

Hōc is the m/n ablative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Locō is the ablative singular form of locus, locī (2m): place; topic, point. Nimium, nimiī (2n): an excessive thing or amount, too much; a large amount, a great deal. Opera, operae (1f): work, effort. Cōnsūmitur is the third person singular passive form of cōnsūmō, cōnsūmere, cōnsūmpsī, cōnsūmptum (3): to destroy; kill; consume; spend; exhaust; waste. Ab/ ā (prep.): (away) from; by (takes the ablative). Stōicīs is the m/f/n (here m) ablative plural form of stōicus/stōica/stōicum (1/2): Stoic.

Nimium, nimiī (2n): an excessive thing or amount, too much; a large amount, a great deal. Bonum, bonī (2n): a good thing or that which is good, a good or the good. Est: there is. Cui is the m/f/n (here m) dative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what (for whom). Nihil (n, indeclinable, singular only, nom. or acc. only—here nom.): nothing. Malum, malī (2n): evil, the bad, a bad thing or that which is bad.

Facit is the third person singular form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Quidem (particle): at any rate; indeed, it is true. Avidōs is the masculine accusative plural form of avidus/avida/avidum (1/2): greedy; eager. Nimius/ nimia /nimium (1/2): excessive, too much; very great. Fēlīcitās, fēlīcitātis (3f): happiness, success, prosperity.

Nōn (adv.): not. Est: it is. Satis (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here nom.): enough.

Molestus /molesta/molestum (1/2): troublesome, annoying. Nōn: not. Erit is the third person singular future form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

Ergō (particle): therefore, then. Mala is the nominative plural form of malum, malī (2n): a bad thing; evil; misfortune. Nōn: not. Sunt: they are.

Peior /peior/peius (3): worse—the comparative form of malus/mala/malum (1/2): bad. Magister, magistrī (2m): teacher, tutor, master. Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Istaec is the neuter accusative plural form of istic/istaec/istuc (pron.): that (of yours); he, she, it. Docuit is the third person singular perfect form of doceō, docēre, docuī, doctum (2): to teach. Nōn: not. Ego: I.

Nōn: not. Ego: I. Nunc (adv.): now; as it is. Nūgās is the accusative form of nūgae, nūgārum (1f, plural only): jokes, trifles, nonsense. Agō, agere, ēgī, āctum (3): to drive, put in motion; do; act; make.

(The question is posed to a female character and answered by her.) Iam (adv.): already; now; soon. Nunc (adv.): now; as it is. Īrātus/ īrāta /īrātum (1/2): angry—originally the perfect active participle (having become angry) of īrāscor, īrāscī, īrātus sum (3, deponent): to be or become angry. Nōn: not. Es: you are. Sum: I am.

Exhērēdāvitne is the third person singular perfect form of exhērēdō, exhērēdāre, exhērēdāvī, exhērēdātum (1): to disinherit (the enclitic interrogative particle – ne turns the word into part of a question). Nōn: not.

(A wayward friend.) Mārcellīnum is the accusative singular form of Mārcellīnus, Mārcellīnī (2m). Nostrum is the m/n accusative singular form of noster/nostra/nostrum (1/2): our, ours. Ego: I. Nōndum (adv.): not yet. Dēspērō, dēspērāre, dēspērāvī, dēspērātum (1): to despair (of); have no hope of.

Iam (adv.): already; at present. Dē (prep.): from, down from; of; about, concerning (takes ablative). Tē is the ablative form of tū: you. Spem is the accusative singular form of spēs, speī (5f): hope; expectation. Habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have, hold. Nōndum (adv.): not yet. Fīdūciam is the accusative singular form of fīdūcia, fīdūciae (1f): confidence, trust, reliance.

Vēritās, vēritātis (3f): truth. Numquam (adv.): never. Perit is the third person singular form of pereō, perīre, periī, peritum (irreg.): to be lost, vanish, disappear; be destroyed, perish, die.

(After asking: Why wait until there is nothing left for you to crave?) Numquam (adv.): never. Erit is the third person singular future form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Tempus, temporis (3n): time.

Numquam (adv.): never. Magna is the neuter nominative plural form of magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): great, large; important. Imperia is the nominative plural form of imperium, imperiī (2n): power, dominion; command, order; empire. Ōtiōsa is the neuter nominative plural form of ōtiōsus/ōtiōsa/ōtiōsum (1/2): idle, at leisure; quiet, tranquil, at peace.

Nunc (adv.): now, at this time, at the present moment; as it is now. Mortifera is the neuter nominative plural form of mortifer/mortifera/mortiferum (1/2): deadly, death-bearing (used substantively to mean deadly things). Mēcum: with me (mē = me; cum = with). Sunt: (they) are.

Veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come. Nunc (adv.): now, at this time, at the present moment; as it is now. Ad (prep.): to (takes accusative). Ultimam is the feminine accusative singular form of ultimus/ultima/ultimum (1/2): last, final; furthest. Partem is the accusative singular form of pars, partis (3f): part; function.

Nunc (adv.): now, at this time, at the present moment; as it is now (nunc. . . nunc = at one time. . . at another). Dē (prep.): from, down from; about, concerning (takes the ablative). Capite is the ablative singular form of caput, capitis (3n): head. Nunc (adv.): at another time. Ventre is the ablative singular form of venter, ventris (3m): belly, stomach; womb; bowels. Nunc (adv.): at another time. Pectore is the ablative singular form of pectus, pectoris (3n): chest; heart. Atque/ ac (conj.): and, and also, and then. Faucibus is the ablative form of faucēs, faucium (3f, plural only): upper part of the throat; narrow way. Querimur is the first person plural form of queror, querī, questus sum (3, deponent): to complain; lament.

Fuit: there was—the third person singular perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Ōlim (adv.): once (upon a time), formerly, in the past; a long time ago; now for a long time; in the future, one day; now and then, sometimes. Quīdam /quaedam/quoddam (adj.): a certain, some, a(n). Senex, senis (3, adj. and noun): old; old man. Mercātor, mercātōris (3m): merchant, trader.

Turbam is the accusative singular form of turba, turbae (1f): crowd. Ōlim (adv.): once (upon a time), formerly, in the past; a long time ago; now for a long time; in the future, one day; now and then, sometimes. Relīquerās is the second person singular pluperfect form of relinquō, relinquere, relīquī, relictum (3): to relinquish, abandon, leave behind.

Ōlim (adv.): once (upon a time), formerly, in the past; a long time ago; now for a long time; in the future, one day; now and then, sometimes. Miser could be the masculine vocative singular form of miser/misera/miserum (1/2): miserable, pitiful, wretched; or it could be nominative (you, (a) miserable (man). . . or you, (being) miserable. . .). Morior, morī, mortuus sum (3, –ior, deponent): to die. Quaeris is the second person singular form of quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī/quaesiī, quaesītum (3): to ask; seek, look for.

(He’s writing about thieves who are trying to avoid capture.) Stertō, stertere, stertuī, — (3): to snore. Tamquam (conj.): as if. Ōlim (adv.): once (upon a time), formerly, in the past; a long time ago; now for a long time; in the future, one day; now and then, sometimes. Dormientēs is the m/f nominative plural form of dormiēns, dormientis (3), the present active participle (sleeping) of dormiō, dormīre, dormīvī/dormiī, dormītum (4): to sleep Coepērunt is the third person plural perfect form of coepī, coepisse, coeptum (defective; usually occurs only in the perfect, pluperfect and future perfect tenses): to begin.

Nōn: not. Sī (conj.): if. Male (adv.): badly. Nunc (adv.): now; as it is. Et (adv.): also, too; even. Ōlim (adv.): once (upon a time), formerly, in the past; a long time ago; now for a long time; in the future, one day; now and then, sometimes. Sīc (adv.): thus, so, in such manner. Erit: it will be—the third person singular future form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

Nēmō, nēminis (3m): no one. Paene (adv.): almost, nearly. Sine (prep.): without (takes the ablative). Vitiō is the ablative singular form of vitium, vitiī (2n): vice, fault. Est: is.

Paene (adv.): almost, nearly. Excidit is the third person singular perfect form of excidō, excidere, excidī, — (3): to fall out, drop out, slip out; escape; be lost, disappear; escape the memory, be forgotten. Mihi is the dative form of ego: I (for me).

Dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say, speak. Hōrīs is the ablative plural form of hōra, hōrae (1f): hour. Paene (adv.): almost, nearly. Quīnque (indeclinable): five.

Quam (interrog. adv.): how (much)? to what degree? Paene (adv.): almost, nearly. Prōmittō, prōmittere, prōmīsī, prōmissum (3): to send forth; let (the hair or beard) grow long; promise, assure.

(An example of something not to worry about.) Ille /illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she, it. Mē: me—the accusative form of ego: I. Parum (adv.): (too/very) little, not enough; not very (much), not really, not quite. Hūmānē (adv.): kindly; politely. Salūtāvit is the third person singular perfect form of salūtō, salūtāre, salūtāvī, salūtātum (1): to greet, salute.

Parum (adv.): (too/very) little, not enough; not very (much), not really, not quite. Cōgitat is the third person singular form of cōgitō, cōgitāre, cōgitāvī, cōgitātum (1): to think (of/about), consider, reflect (upon); plan, intend. Quid is the neuter accusative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Scrībat is the third person singular subjunctive form of scrībō, scrībere, scrīpsī, scrīptum (3): to write (subjunctive because it's in an indirect question). Aut (conj.): or. Ad (prep.): to, toward (takes the accusative). Quem is the masculine accusative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what?

Parum (adv.): (too/very) little, not enough; not very (much), not really, not quite. Brūtus, Brūtī (2m): Brutus. Properō, properāre, properāvī, properātum (1): to hasten, hurry. Vidētur is the third person singular passive form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see; (in the passive) seem.

Neptem is the accusative singular form of neptis, neptis (3f): granddaughter. Parum (adv.): (too/very) little, not enough; not very (much), not really, not quite. Nōscō, nōscere, nōvī, nōtum (4): (in present-stem forms) to come to know; recognize; (in perfect-stem forms) know.

Laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātum (1): to praise. Parum (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here nom.): (too/very) little, not enough. Est: is.

Fortassis (adv. , variant of fortasse): perhaps. Tū: you. Aurum, aurī (2n): gold. Dēmpsistī is the second person singular perfect form of dēmō, dēmere, dēmpsī, dēmptum (3): to remove, take away. Parum (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here acc.): (too/very) little, not enough.

(Beforehand: A woman, under torture, told a tyrant that she knew nothing of a plot to kill him.) Posteā (adv.): after that, thereafter, afterwards, later; after this, hereafter, in the future. Marītus, marītī (2m): husband. Eius: is the m/f/n genitive singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Tyrannum is the accusative singular form of tyrannus, tyrannī (2m): tyrant. Occīdit is the third person singular perfect form (it can also be the present form) of occīdō, occīdere, occīdī, occīsum (3): to kill, fell, slaughter.

Posteā (adv.): after that, thereafter, afterwards, later; after this, hereafter, in the future. Nōlī: do not—the singular imperative form of nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, — (irreg.): to not want, be unwilling, refuse, wish not (completed with an infinitive). Rogō, rogāre, rogāvī, rogātum (1): to ask (for), request. Quod is the neuter accusative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Inpetrō, inpetrāre, inpetrāvī, inpetrātum (1—also impetrō): to obtain by asking. Nōlueris is the second person singular future perfect form of nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, — (irreg.): to not want, be unwilling, refuse, wish not.

(Scolding himself for speaking too offensively to someone.) Nōlī: do not (completed with an infinitive)—the singular imperative form of nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, — (irreg.): to not want, be unwilling, refuse. Posteā (adv.): after that, thereafter, afterwards, later; after this, hereafter, in the future. Congredior, congredī, congressus sum 3, –ior, deponent): to come together, meet; meet in strife, contend. Cum (prep.): with (takes the ablative). Imperītīs is the m/f/n (here m) ablative plural form of imperītus/imperīta/imperītum (1/2): unskilled, ignorant.

Dīc is the singular imperative form of dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say. Illud is the neuter accusative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she, it; the former (this is sometimes a natural, though less literal, translation). Potius (adv.): rather, instead, preferably.

(He’s talking about how to manage slaves.) Colant is the third person plural subjunctive form of colō, colere, coluī, cultum (3): to till, cultivate; honor, respect (a jussive subjunctive). Potius (adv.): rather, instead, preferably. Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Quam (rel. adv.): than. Timeant is the third person plural subjunctive form of timeō, timēre, timuī, — (2): to fear (subjunctive because it’s correlated with the subjunctive colant).

Quid is the neuter accusative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Ergō (particle): therefore, then. Potissimum (adv.): especially, above all; preferably, before all, in preference to all others or all else. Scrībam is the first person singular subjunctive form of scrībō, scrībere, scrīpsī, scrīptum (3): to write (subjunctive in a deliberative question).

Inter (prep.): between; among (takes the accusative). Potiōra is the neuter accusative plural form of potior/potior/potius (3): better, preferable; more powerful. Dīvitiae is the nominative form of dīvitiae, dīvitiārum (1f, plural only): wealth, riches. Sunt: are.

Dēsertīs is is the m/f/n ablative plural form of dēsertus/dēserta/dēsertum (1/2): deserted, uninhabited. Oppidīs is the ablative plural form of oppidum, oppidī (2n): town. Cōnsul, cōnsulis (3m): consul. Potītur is the third person singular form of potior, potīrī, potītus sum (4, deponent): to seize, grasp, obtain, take possession of (takes a genitive or ablative object). (Livy is using a verb in the present tense— potītur —to describe past action; this is an instance of the historical present.)

Praetereā (adv.): besides that, in addition, moreover, furthermore, besides. Quī /quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Alium is the masculine accusative singular form of alius/alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): other, another. Sequitur is the third person singular form of sequor, sequī, secūtus sum (3, deponent): to follow. Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here acc.): nothing. Invenit is the third person singular form of inveniō, invenīre, invēnī, inventum (4): to find; discover; invent.

Pecūniārum is the genitive plural form of pecūnia, pecūniae (1f): money. Cupiditās, cupiditātis (3f): desire, longing, craving, lust. Spartam is the accusative form of Sparta, Spartae (1f): Sparta. Capiet is the third person singular future form of capiō, capere, cēpī, captum (3, –iō): to seize, capture, take. Praetereā (adv.): besides that, in addition, moreover, furthermore, besides. Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here nom.): nothing.

(He’s talking about the value of knowing philosophical precepts.) Prīmum (adv.): first; for the first time. Memoriam is the accusative singular form of memoria, memoriae (1f): memory. Renovant is the third person plural form of renovō, renovāre, renovāvī, renovātum (1): to renew, refresh, restore.

(After recovering from an asthma attack.) Itaque (adv.): (and) so, therefore, accordingly. Lēctiōne is the ablative singular form of lēctiō, lēctiōnis (3f): a reading; reading out loud. Prīmum (adv.): first; for the first time. Temptō, temptāre, temptāvī, temptātum (1): to test; try. Animum is the accusative singular form of animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit; breath.

(As the mob.) Prīmum (adv.): first; for the first time. Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom or acc. only—here acc.): nothing. Idem is the neuter accusative singular form of īdem/eadem/idem (adj.): the same. Concupīscāmus is the first person plural subjunctive form of concupīscō, concupīscere, concupīvī/concupiī, concupītum (3): to desire, crave, covet (subjunctive because it’s hortatory).

(Things to say to help forgive others.) Nunc (adv.): now; as it is now. Prīmum (adv.): first; for the first time. Offendit is the third person singular form of offendō, offendere, offendī, offēnsum (3): to hit; find, come upon; offend, give offense (it could be present or perfect tense).

Inbēcillus /inbēcilla/inbēcillum (1/2—also imbēcillus): weak. Est: is. Prīmō (adv.): at first, originally; first, to begin with; for the first time. Omnis /omnis/omne (3): all; every. Adfectus, adfectūs (4m—also affectus): emotion, feeling.

(You can get started with philosophy now.) Nōn: not. Est: there is. Ergō (particle): then, therefore. Prius (adv.): first, earlier, previously, beforehand. Adquīrendus/adquīrenda/ adquīrendum (1/2) is the gerundive (to be acquired) of adquīrō, adquīrere, adquīsīvī/adquīsiī, adquīsītum (3—also acquīrō): to acquire, obtain.

Properā is the singular imperative form of properō, properāre, properāvī, properātum (1): to hasten, hurry. Ad (prep.): to (takes accusative). Mē is the accusative form of ego: I (me). Sed (conj.): but. Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. # you% Prius (adv.): first, earlier, previously, beforehand.

(Avoid danger.) Ab /ā (prep.): (away) from; by (takes the ablative). Equīnīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of equīnus/equīna/equīnum (1/2): belonging or relating to a horse or horses, equine. Pedibus is the ablative plural form of pēs, pedis (3m): foot. Procul (adv.): far away; from afar; in the distance; at or from a distance. Recēde is the singular imperative form of recēdō, recēdere, recessī, recessum (3): to recede, retreat, withdraw.

Vir, virī (2m): man; husband. Īnfortūnātī is the m/n genitive singular form of īnfortūnātus/īnfortūnāta/īnfortūnātum (1/2): unfortunate. Procul (adv.): far away; from afar; in the distance; at or from a distance. Amīcī is the nominative plural form of amīcus, amīcī (2m): friend. (The verb sunt is implied.)

Īte is the plural imperative form of eō, īre, iī/īvī, itum (irreg.): to go, advance, proceed. Procul (adv.): far away; from afar; in the distance; at or from a distance. Iuvenēs is the vocative plural form of iuvenis, iuvenis (3m/f): young person (sometimes female but more often male).

(The light that you fully see only when you’re dead.) Et (conj.): and. Tamen (adv.): nevertheless, yet, still. Admīrāris is the second person singular form of admīror, admīrārī, admīrātus sum (1, deponent): to be surprised, be astonished, wonder, marvel (at); admire. Illam is the feminine accusative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she, it. Iam (adv.): already; now; soon. Procul (adv.): far away; from afar; in the distance; at or from a distance.

Iamque (adv.): already; now; soon (the enclitic conjunction – que adds and). Haud (adv.): not; not at all, by no means. Procul (adv.): far away; from afar; in the distance; at or from a distance. #far away# Sēditiōne is the ablative singular form of sēditiō, sēditiōnis (3f): political dissension, insurrection, sedition, mutiny; strife. Rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair. Erat is the third person singular imperfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

Quis /quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Loquitur is the third person singular form of loquor, loquī, locūtus sum (3, deponent): to speak, talk. Prope (adv.): near, nearby, close by; nearly, almost.

(Talking about death, and saying it only seems to be closer at some times than at others.) Ubīque (adv.): everywhere. Tam (adv.): so, so much, as, as much, equally. Prope (adv.): near, nearby, close by; nearly, almost. Est: it is.

In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Cōnspectū is the ablative singular form of cōnspectus, cōnspectūs (4m): sight, view. Prope (adv.): near, nearby, close by; nearly, almost. Tōtīus is the m/f/n genitive singular form of tōtus/tōta/tōtum (1/2, irreg.): whole, entire, all. Urbs, urbis (3f): city. Domus, domūs (2/4f): house. Est: is. Meus/ mea /meum (1/2): my, mine.

Nōn: not. Sunt: they are. Minae, minārum (1f, plural only): threats. Iam (adv.): already; now; soon. Propius (adv.): nearer, closer—the comparative form of prope (adv.): near, nearby, close by; nearly, almost. Accessit is the third person singular perfect form of accēdō, accēdere, accessī, accessum (3): to come to, advance, approach, reach; be added, join; agree. Malum, malī (2n): evil; trouble, misfortune; misdeed; disease.

Antīquitās, antīquitātis (3f): oldness; ancient times, antiquity; men of former times, the ancients. Proximē (adv.): very near/nearest, very close/closest; last, very/most recently; next. Accēdit is the third person singular form of accēdō, accēdere, accessī, accessum (3): to come to, approach; be added, join; agree. Ad (prep.): to, toward (takes the accusative). Deōs is the accusative plural form of deus, deī (2m, irreg.): god, deity.

Proximē (adv.): very near/nearest, very close/closest; last, very/most recently; next. Scrībō, scrībere, scrīpsī, scrīptum (3): to write. Dē (prep.): from, down from; about, concerning (takes the ablative). Optimō is the m/n ablative singular form of optimus/optima/optimum (1/2): very good/best—the superlative form of bonus/bona/bonum (1/2): good. Genere is the ablative singular form of genus, generis (3n): kind, type; race, birth, descent. Dīcendī is the genitive gerund (of speaking) of dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say, speak.