Conjunctions

At (conj.): but, however, yet; (then) at least. Perīculōsus/perīculōsa/perīculōsum (1/2): dangerous. Est: it is.

At (conj.): but, however, yet; (then) at least. Quō is the m/n ablative singular form of quī/quae/quod (interrog. adj.): which. . . ? what. . . ? Modō (or modo—the o is often shortened in this phrase) is the ablative singular form of modus, modī (2m): measure; limit; way, manner. Quō modō, quō modo or quōmodo in one word = in what manner? how? Ēdīxit is the third person singular perfect form of ēdīcō, ēdīcere, ēdīxī, ēdictum (3): to declare, announce, proclaim; decree.

At (conj.): but, however, yet; (then) at least. Ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one (that person, that man, etc.); he, she, it. Lateō, latēre, latuī (3): to hide, lurk; be obscure or unknown. Sciēbat is the third person singular imperfect form of sciō, scīre, scīvī/sciī, scītum (4): to know; know how (to). Nōn: not. Vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctum (3): to live.

(When the owner of a farm arrives at his property.) Fundum is the accusative singular form of fundus, fundi (2m): bottom, base; basis, foundation; country estate, farm. Eōdem is the m/n ablative singular form of īdem/eadem/idem (adj.): the same. Diē is the ablative singular form of diēs, diēī (5m/f): day. Sī (conj.): if. Potest is the third person singular form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can. Circumeat is the third person singular subjunctive form of circumeō, circumīre, circumiī, circumitum (irreg. —also circueō): to go round, make the circuit of, make the rounds of; surround; enumerate; survey, review, examine (subjunctive because it’s jussive). Nōn: not. At (conj.): but, however, yet; (then) at least. Postrīdiē (adv.): on the next day, the day after.

Fīxit is the third person singular perfect form of fīgō, fīgere, fīxī, fīxum (3): to fasten, fix, pin, post; establish (laws were engraved on tablets and posted—pinned—in public, then removed when repealed). Lēgēs is the accusative plural form of lēx, lēgis (3f): law, rule, principle. Pretiō is the ablative singular form of pretium, pretiī (2n): price (the ablative of price). Atque/ac (conj.): and, and also, and then; (in expressions of similarity or dissimilarity) as, to, from, than. Refīxit is the third person singular perfect form of refīgō, refīgere, refīxī, refīxum (3): to unfix, tear down, detach, unpin, unpost.

Sūrsum (adv.): up, upward. Atque/ac (conj.): and, and also, and then; (in expressions of similarity or dissimilarity) as, to, from, than. Deorsum (adv.): down, downward.

(Beautiful things survive repetition, and are worth saying more than once.) Bis (adv.): twice. Atque/ac (conj.): and, and also, and then; (in expressions of similarity or dissimilarity) as, to, from, than. Ter (adv.): thrice, three times. Quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Pulcher/pulchra/pulchrum (1/2): beautiful, fair. Est: is.

Ratiō, ratiōnis (3f): calculation; reasoning; reason; method; the way a thing works. Ergō (particle): therefore, then. Arbitra, arbitrae (1f): (female) judge. Est: is. Bonōrum is the genitive plural form of bonum, bonī (2n): a good thing, a good. Atque/ac (conj.): and, and also, and then; (in expressions of similarity or dissimilarity) as, to, from, than. Malōrum is the genitive plural form of malum, malī (2n): a bad thing, an evil.

Pūmex, pūmicis (3m/f—more often m): a pumice stone. Nōn: not. Aequē (adv.): equally, as, just as, as much. Est: is. Āridus/ārida/āridum (1/2): dry. Atque/ac (conj.): and, and also, and then; (in expressions of similarity or dissimilarity) as, to, from, than. Hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Senex, senis (3m): old man.

Laetāmur is the first person plural form of laetor, laetārī, laetātus sum (1, deponent): to rejoice, be joyful, be glad. Amīcōrum is the genitive plural form of amīcus, amīcī (2m): friend. Laetitiā is the ablative singular form of laetitia, laetitiae (1f): gladness, joy. Aequē (adv.): equally, as, just as, as much. Atque/ac (conj.): and, and also, and then; (in expressions of similarity or dissimilarity) as, to, from, than. Nostrā is the feminine ablative singular form of noster/nostra/nostrum (1/2): our, ours, our own.

Hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one (this man, this person, etc.); he, she, it. Loquēbātur is the third person singular imperfect form of loquor, loquī, locūtus sum (3, deponent): to speak. Aliter (adv.): otherwise, differently. Atque/ac (conj.): and, and also, and then; (in expressions of similarity or dissimilarity) as, to, from, than. Omnēs is the m/f nominative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every; (m. pl. used substantively) all (people), everyone. Sentiēbat is the third person singular imperfect form of sentiō, sentīre, sēnsī, sēnsum (4): to feel; perceive; think; mean. Idem is the neuter accusative singular form of īdem/eadem/idem (pron.): the same. Quod is the neuter accusative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Cēterī is the masculine nominative plural form of cēterus/cētera/cēterum (1/2): (all) (the) other(s), the rest.

Simul (adv.): at the same time, simultaneously; together. Atque/ac (conj.): and, and also, and then; (in expressions of similarity or dissimilarity) as, to, from, than. Ego: I. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Siciliam is the accusative form of Sicilia, Siciliae (1f): Sicily. Veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come. Mūtātus est is the third person masculine singular perfect passive form of mūtō, mūtāre, mūtāvī, mūtātum (1): to change, transform.

Simul (adv.): at the same time, simultaneously; together. Atque/ac (conj.): and, and also, and then; (in expressions of similarity or dissimilarity) as, to, from, than. Cōnstituerō is the first person singular future perfect form of cōnstituō, cōnstituere, cōnstituī, cōnstitūtum (3): to set up; establish, create; decide. Ad (prep.): to, toward (takes the accusative). Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Scrībam is the first person singular future form of scrībō, scrībere, scrīpsī, scrīptum (3): to write.

(He’s saying that if anger is a good thing, we should want more of it, but. . .) Atquī (conj.): and yet, but, still. Augērī is the passive infinitive form of augeō, augēre, auxī, auctum (2): to increase. Illam is the feminine accusative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she it. Inūtilis/inūtilis/inūtile (3): useless, unprofitable. Est: it is.

(Beforehand: You wouldn’t want to stab an enemy so hard that your hand got stuck in the wound, would you?) Atquī (conj.): and yet, but, still. Tālis/tālis/tāle (3): such, of such a kind. Īra, īrae (1f): anger. Tēlum, tēlī (2n): missile; weapon. Est: is.

(Do your deliberating before you start, not in the act.) Atquī (conj.): and yet, but, still. Nōn: not. Est: it is. Apud (prep.): at, near; with, among; in front of, in the presence of; at the house of (takes accusative). Āram is the accusative singular form of āra, ārae (1f): altar. Cōnsultandus/cōnsultanda/cōnsultandum (1/2) is the gerundive (to be deliberated) of cōnsultō, cōnsultāre, cōnsultāvī, cōnsultātum (1): to deliberate, discuss; consult. (Nōn) est cōnsultandum is the impersonal passive periphrastic: one (or you, etc.) should (not) deliberate.

Nunc (adv.): now. Aut (conj.): or. Nunquam (adv.): never (also written as numquam).

(When the Athenians lost a battle with the Sicilians, the surviving prisoners were taken as slaves to Sicily and forced to teach schoolchildren. The expression basically meant “I don’t know exactly what’s become of him, but it’s bad.”) Aut (conj.): or (aut. . . aut = either. . . or). Mortuus/mortua/mortuum (1/2): dead—originally the perfect active participle (having died) of morior, morī, mortuus sum (3, –ior, deponent): to die. Est: he is. Aut (conj.): or. Docet is the third person singular form of doceō, docēre, docuī, doctum (2): to teach. Litterās is the accusative plural form of littera, litterae (1f): letter (of the alphabet); (in pl.) handwriting; literature; letter (written message).

(What a philosopher does with money.) Dōnābit is the third person singular future form of dōnō, dōnare, dōnāvī, dōnātum (1): to reward, endow, present (someone with something); give (gifts), bestow. Aut (conj.): or (aut. . . aut = either. . . or). Bonīs is the m/f/n (here m) dative singular form of bonus/bona/bonum (1/2): good (used substantively: the good, good men). Aut (conj.): or. Eīs is the m/f/n dative plural form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Quōs is the masculine accusative plural form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Poterit is the third person singular future form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can. Bonōs is the masculine accusative plural form of bonus/bona/bonum (1/2): good.

Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. Enim (particle): for. Īnfirmor is the first person singular passive form of īnfirmō, īnfirmāre, īnfirmāvī, īnfirmātum (1): to weaken. Tunc (adv.): then. Potēns, potentis (3, adj.): mighty, powerful, strong. Sum: I am.

Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. Parvulus/parvula/parvulum (1/2): (very) small, (very) little, tiny; slight—a diminutive form of parvus/parva/parvum (1/2): small, little. Est: it is. Bonus/bona/bonum (1/2): good. Vidētur is the third person singular passive form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see; (in the passive) seem. Spīna, spīnae (1f): thorn, prickle; thorn bush.

Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. Mē: me, myself—the accusative form of ego: I. Moveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtum (2): to move, stir; disturb. Lassus/lassa/lassum (1/2): tired, weary. Sum: I am. (In general statements of the type when X happens, Y happens, Latin typically puts the verb of X in the perfect tense when X is completed before Y.)

Nārrābō is the first person singular future form of of nārrō, nārrāre, nārrāvī, nārrātum (1): to narrate, report, tell. Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. Aliquid is the neuter accusative singular form of aliquis/aliqua/aliquid (pron.): someone, something; anyone, anything. Habēbō is the first person singular future form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have. Novī is the m/n (here n) genitive singular form of novus/nova/novum (1/2): new; young; fresh—used here as a partitive genitive.

Vincī is the passive infinitive form of vincō, vincere, vīcī, victum (3): to conquer, overcome, overmatch; win, be victorious. Herculēs, Herculis (3m): Hercules. Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. Potuit is the third person singular perfect form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can. Hinc (adv.): from here, from this place or point; from this cause, on this account. Coepit is the third person singular perfect form of coepī, coepisse, coeptum (3, –iō, defective): began (no present tense in regular use). Morior, morī, mortuus sum (3, –ior, deponent): to die.

Tum (adv.): then, at that time, at the (very) time. Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. Dīcēbās is the second person singular imperfect form of dicō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say, speak; mean. Vidēbam is the first person singular imperfect form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see.

(By their greed.) Tunc (adv.): then, at that time, at the (very) time. Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. Agō, agere, ēgī, āctum (3): to drive, cause to move; do, perform, engage in, deal with; act; chase, pursue, hunt. Aliōs is the masculine accusative plural form of alius/alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): other, another; different. Vīsī sunt is the third person masculine plural perfect passive form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see; (in the passive) seem. Agēbantur is the third person plural imperfect passive form of agō, agere, ēgī, āctum (3): to drive, cause to move; do, perform, engage in, deal with; act; chase, pursue, hunt.

Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. Comminus (adv.): at or to close quarters; in hand-to-hand fighting; close at hand. Vēnerant is the third person plural pluperfect form of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come. Gladiīs is the ablative plural form of gladius, gladiī (2m): sword. Ab/ā (prep.): (away) from; by (takes the ablative). Vēlitibus is the ablative plural form of vēles, vēlitis (3m): light-armed foot soldier. Trucīdābantur is the third person plural imperfect passive form of trucīdō, trucīdāre, trucīdāvī, trucīdātum (1): to slaughter, butcher, massacre. (In statements about repeated actions in the past such as when(ever) X happened, Y happened, Latin typically puts the verb of X in the pluperfect tense when X was completed before Y.)

Nōndum (adv.): not yet. Hannibal, Hannibalis (3m): Hannibal. Ex/ē (prep.): out of, from (takes the ablative). Castrīs is the ablative plural form of castrum, castrī (2n): fortified place; (in the plural only, with singular translation) camp. Exierat is the third person singular pluperfect form of exeō, exīre, exīvī/exiī, exitum (irreg.): to exit, go out. Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. Pugnantium is the m/f/n (here m) genitive plural form of pugnāns, pugnantis (3), the present active participle (fighting) of pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātum (1): to fight. Clāmōrem is the accusative singular form of clāmor, clāmōris (3m): shout, cry, shouting, clamor. Audīvit is the third person singular perfect form of audiō, audīre, audīvī/audiī, audītum (4): to hear; listen to.

Quid is the neuter accusative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? —neuter accusative singular used adverbially: in what respect or degree? how? why? Opus, operis (3n): work, labor, toil; (in the phrase opus est) need (often with abl. of thing needed). Est: is there. Quid opus est + ablative = literally in what respect is there need for. . . ? less literally what need is there for. . . ? Īrā is the ablative singular form of īra, īrae (1f): anger. Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. Idem is the neuter accusative singular form of īdem/eadem/idem (pron.): the same. Prōficiat is the third person singular subjunctive form of prōficiō, prōficere, prōfēcī, prōfectum (3, –iō): to advance, progress; achieve or accomplish something; be useful, profit, benefit (subjunctive because it’s in a causal cum clause). Ratiō, ratiōnis (3f): calculation; reasoning; reason; method.

Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. Sciam is the first person singular subjunctive form of sciō, scīre, scīvī/sciī, scītum (4): to know (subjunctive because it’s in a causal cum clause). Omnia is the neuter accusative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every; (n. pl. used substantively) all things, everything. Esse: to be. Fīnīta is the neuter accusative plural form of fīnītus/fīnīta/fīnītum (1/2): finite—originally the perfect passive participle (limited) of fīniō, fīnīre, fīnīvī/fīniī, fīnītum (4): to delimit; limit; define; finish, end. Ego: I. Ultimum is the m/n accusative singular form of ultimus/ultima/ultimum (1/2): last, final; furthest; extreme. Suspīrium is the accusative singular form of suspīrium, suspīriī (2n): sigh; (deep or labored) breath. Timeam is the first person singular subjunctive form of timeō, timēre, timuī, — (2): to fear, be afraid (subjunctive because it’s in a deliberative question).

Incertus/incerta/incertum (1/2): unsure, uncertain, doubtful. Animus, animī (2m): mind, soul. Sciō, scīre, scīvī/sciī, scītum (4): to know. Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. Cupiat is the third person singular subjunctive form of cupiō, cupere, cupīvī/cupiī, cupītum (3, –iō): to desire, wish (subjunctive because it’s in a concessive cum clause). Timet is the third person singular form of timeō, timēre, timuī, — (2): to fear, be afraid.

(Hope and fear.) Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. Videantur is the third person plural passive subjunctive form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see; (in the passive) seem (subjunctive because it’s in a concessive cum clause). Dissideō, dissidēre, dissēdī, — (2): to sit apart, be apart; disagree; differ. Coniūncta is the neuter nominative plural form of coniūnctus/coniūncta/coniūnctum (1/2), the perfect passive participle (connected, united) of coniungō, coniungere, coniūnxī, coniūnctum (3): to connect, join, unite. Sunt: they are.

(Of Spartan hounds.) Veniet is the third person singular future form of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come. Tempus, temporis (3n): time. Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. Lātrātū is the ablative singular form of lātrātus, lātrātūs (4m): a barking. Cava is the neuter nominative plural form of cavus/cava/cavum (1/2): hollow. Saxa is the nominative plural form of saxum, saxī (2n): rock. Sonent is the third person plural subjunctive form of sonō, sonāre, sonuī, sonitum (1): to sound, make a noise (subjunctive because it’s in a relative clause of characteristic).

Quāsdam is the feminine accusative plural form of quīdam/quaedam/quoddam (adj.): some, a certain, a(n). Gentēs is the accusative plural form of gēns, gentis (3f): nation; race; tribe; clan, (extended) family. Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. Ignōta is the neuter accusative plural form of ignōtus/ignōta/ignōtum (1/2): unknown (neuter plural adjectives can be used substantively to mean not only (adjective) things but also (adjective) places). Peterent is the third person plural imperfect subjunctive form of petō, petere, petīvī/petiī, petītum (3): to direct one’s course to, make for; seek; ask for; attack (subjunctive because it’s in a historical cum clause). Mare, maris (3n): sea. Hausit is the third person singular perfect form of hauriō, haurīre, hausī, haustum (4): to draw (a liquid); drain, drink; swallow; consume.

Haec is the neuter accusative plural form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it. Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. Dīxisset is the third person singular pluperfect subjunctive form of dicō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say (subjunctive because it’s in a historical cum clause). Prōcēdit is the third person singular form of prōcēdō, prōcēdere, prōcessī, prōcessum (3): to advance, proceed, go forth, go out (a historical present). Extrā (prep.): outside of (takes the accusative). Mūnītiōnēs is the accusative plural form of mūnītiō, mūnītiōnis (3f): a fortifying; defense, fortification.

(If the friendship was sought for self-interested reasons, such as hope of getting free from your chains.) Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. Prīmum (adv.): first. Crepuerit is the third person singular future perfect form of crepō, crepāre, crepuī, crepitum (1): to rattle, crack. Catēna, catēnae (1f): chain. Discēdet is the third person singular future form of discēdō, discēdere, discessī, discessum (3): to part company; go away, leave, depart.

Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. Maximē (adv.): most; very much; especially. Cum maximē = just as, at the very moment that, in the middle or at the height of the specified action. Haec is the neuter accusative plural form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it (these things). Agerent is the third person plural imperfect subjunctive form of agō, agere, ēgī, āctum (3): to drive, cause to move; do, conduct, deal with, be engaged in; act (subjunctive because it’s in a historical cum clause). Trepidī is the masculine nominative plural form of trepidus/trepida/trepidum (1/2): restless, anxious, agitated. Nūntiī is the nominative plural form of nūntius, nūntiī (2m): messenger; message; report. Ab/ā (prep.): (away) from; by (takes the ablative). Tusculō is the ablative singular form of Tusculum, Tusculī (2n): a Roman city. Veniunt is the third person plural form of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come (a historical present).

Quam (interrog. adv.): how (much)? to what degree? Multīs is the m/f/n (here m) dative plural form of multus/multa/multum (1/2): much, many. Cum maximē: right now/then, at this/that very moment. Fūnus, fūneris (3n): funeral; death. Locātur is the third person singular passive form of locō, locāre, locāvī, locātum (1): to place; hire out, lease; arrange, contract for (having a thing done).

Videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see. Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Mī is the masculine vocative singular form of meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine. Lūcīlī is the masculine vocative singular form of the family name Lūcīlius/Lūcīlia/Lūcīlium (1/2). Cum maximē: right now/then, at this/that very moment. Audiō, audīre, audīvī/audiī, audītum (4): to hear; listen (to).

Ego: I. Meum is the m/n accusative singular form of meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine. Cōnsilium is the accusative singular form of cōnsilium, cōnsiliī (2n): debate, deliberation; council, meeting; plan, intention; advice, counsel. Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although (cum. . . tum = both. . . and (more importantly); not only. . . but). Iūdicibus is the dative plural form of iūdex, iūdicis (3m/f): judge, juror. Tum (adv.): then (cum. . . tum = both. . . and (more importantly); not only. . . but). Populō is the dative singular form of populus, populī (2m): people; nation. Rōmānō is the m/n dative singular form of Rōmānus/Rōmāna/Rōmānum (1/2): Roman. Probō, probāre, probāvī, probātum (1): to try, test; approve; prove, demonstrate; make acceptable, cause to be approved, justify.

Multum is the accusative form of multum, multī (2n): a large amount, much (a common substantive use of multus/multa/multum (1/2): much, many). Tempus, temporis (3n): time. Ultiō, ultiōnis (3f): vengeance, revenge. Absūmit is the third person singular form of absūmō, absūmere, absūmpsī, absūmptum (3): to consume; destroy, kill. Multīs is the m/f/n dative plural form of multus/multa/multum (1/2): much, many. Sē: itself—the accusative form of the reflexive pronoun. Iniūriīs is the dative plural form of iniūria, iniūriae (1f): injury, wrong, injustice; damage, loss. Obicit is the third person singular form of obiciō, obicere, obiēcī, obiectum (3, –iō): to throw (to), throw in the way; expose; throw against, reproach, bring up as a charge. Dum (conj.): while, as; until; as long as, provided that. Ūnā is the feminine ablative singular form of ūnus/ūna/ūnum (1/2, irreg.): one. Dolet is the third person singular form of doleō, dolēre, doluī, dolitum (2): to suffer, smart, feel pain; grieve (for) (with accusative or ablative).

(How pleasure works.) Dum (conj.): while, as; until; as long as, provided that. Incipit is the third person singular form of incipiō, incipere, incēpī, inceptum (3, –iō): to begin. Spectat is the third person singular form of spectō, spectāre, spectāvī, spectātum (1): to watch, look (at), observe; pay regard to, consider. Ad (prep.): to, toward (takes the accusative). Fīnem is the accusative singular form of fīnis, fīnis (3m): boundary, bound, limit; end; purpose.

Prōfuit is the third person singular perfect form of prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuī, prōfutūrus (irreg.): to be helpful, do good, avail. Aliquis/aliqua/aliquid (pron.): someone, something. Mihi: to me—the dative form of ego: I. Dum (conj.): while, as; until; as long as, provided that (the meaning while/as often takes a verb in the present tense even when referring to the past). Nescit is the third person singular form of nesciō, nescīre, nescīvī/nesciī, nescītum (4): to not know. Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here acc.): nothing. Illī is the m/f/n dative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it. Dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitum (2): to owe; ought.

Impetū is the ablative singular form of impetus, impetūs (4m): a rushing onward motion; impulse; attack, charge, assault. Factō is the m/n ablative singular form of factus/facta/factum (1/2), the perfect passive participle (having been done) of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Impetum facere = to charge, make an assault. Impetū factō is an ablative absolute. Dum (conj.): while, as; until; as long as, provided that (the meaning while/as often takes a verb in the present tense even when referring to the past). Sē: themselves—the accusative form of the reflexive pronoun. Putant is the third person plural form of putō, putāre, putāvī, putātum (1): to think, believe, suppose, imagine. Vincō, vincere, vīcī, victum (3): to conquer; surpass; win, be victorious. Vīcēre is the third person plural perfect form of the same verb.

Dum (conj.): while, as; until; as long as, provided that. Fāta is the nominative plural form of fātum, fātī (2n): fate. Sinunt is the third person plural form of sinō, sinere, sīvī, situm (3): to allow. Vīvite is the plural imperative form of vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctum (3): to live. Laetī is the masculine nominative plural form of laetus/laeta/laetum (1/2): joyful, glad, happy.

Dum (conj.): while, as; until; as long as, provided that. Potuit is the third person singular perfect form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can. Solitā is the feminine ablative singular form of solitus/solita/solitum (1/2): accustomed, usual—originally the perfect passive participle of soleō, solēre, solitus sum (2 semi-deponent): to be used to/accustomed to (doing something), be in the habit of (doing something), be apt to (do something), do (something) habitually. Gemitum is the accusative singular form of gemitus, gemitūs (4m): a groan(ing) or moan(ing). Virtūte is the ablative singular form of virtūs, virtūtis (3f): virtue, moral excellence or any positive quality; courage, valor. Repressit is the third person singular perfect form of reprimō, reprimere, repressī, repressum (3): to hold in check, restrain, hold back repress.

Herculēs, Herculis (3m): Hercules. Ego: I. Sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Dum (conj.): while, as; until; as long as, provided that. Ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it. Mēcum: with me (mē = me; cum = with). Fuit is the third person singular perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

Mānserō is the first person singular future perfect form of maneō, manēre, mānsī, mānsum (2): to remain, stay; wait. Tuō is the m/n ablative singular form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours. Arbitrātū is the ablative singular form of arbitrātus, arbitrātūs (4m): judgment, choice, decision, wish, discretion (arbitrātū + genitive or possessive adjective = at one’s discretion, as one wishes). Vel (adv.): even. Adeō (adv.): to the point (where/when/that); to such an extent, so; besides, likewise, moreover; actually. Ūsque (adv.): all the way (to); right up (to); until. Dum (conj.): while, as; until; as long as, provided that. Perīs is the second person singular form of pereō, perīre, periī, peritum (irreg.): to disappear; be destroyed, perish, die.

Nōn: not. Expectō, expectāre, expectāvī, expectātum (1): to wait (for), await; expect. Dum (conj.): while, as; until; as long as, provided that (some senses take the subjunctive; the meaning until does when there is a nuance of purpose or expectancy, or when the clause refers to something that didn’t actually happen). Iste/ista/istud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it. Permitteret is the third person singular imperfect subjunctive form of permittō, permittere, permīsī, permissum (4): to permit, allow; let go.

Venit is the third person singular form of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come (it’s in the historical present). Neque/nec (conj. and adv.): and not, nor; neither, not either, not even. Dum (conj.): while, as; until; as long as, provided that (some senses take the subjunctive; the meaning until does when there is a nuance of purpose or expectancy, or when the clause refers to something that didn’t actually happen). Dēsaeviat is the third person singular subjunctive form of dēsaeviō, dēsaevīre, dēsaeviī, dēsaevītum (4): to work off one’s rage; cease to rage. Īra, īrae (1f): anger. Expectat is the third person singular form of expectō, expectāre, expectāvī, expectātum (1—also exspectō): to wait (for), await; expect (it’s in the historical present).

Omnia is the neuter nominative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every; (n. pl. used substantively) all things, everything. Licet, licēre, licuit/licitum est (2): it is allowed, it is permitted (impersonal; appears mostly in the third person singular; it can go with a subjunctive clause). Forīs (adv.): outdoors, outside. Resonent is the third person plural subjunctive form of resonō, resonāre, resonāvī, —(1): to sound again, echo, resound; ring with a noise. Dum (conj.): while, as; until; as long as, provided that (some senses, including the one we have here, take the subjunctive). Intus (adv.): within, inside. Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here nom.): nothing. Tumultus, tumultūs (4m): commotion, disturbance. Sit is the third person singular subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

(After being told he had made himself a marked man in the eyes of future emperors.) Estō is the singular future imperative form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be (the singular future imperative can have either a second-person or a third-person meaning; here it’s third person: let it be (so), so be it, be it so! ). Inquam (irreg. and defective): to say (inquam = I say or said). Dum (conj.): while, as; until; as long as, provided that (some senses, including the one we have here, take the subjunctive—the verb here is inferred from the previous sentence; it would have been subjunctive if expressed). Malīs is the m/f/n (here m) dative plural form of malus/mala/malum (1/2): bad; evil.

(Speaking of one who’s learned not to fear death.) Quid is the neuter accusative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Ad (prep.): to, toward (takes accusative). Illum is the masculine accusative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she it. Carcer, carceris (3m): prison. Et (conj.): and. Custōdia, custōdiae (1f): guard, custody, confinement. Et (conj.): and. Claustra is the nominative plural form of claustrum, claustrī (2n, often plural): bar, bolt; barrier; prison. A verb like attinent or pertinent (meaning pertain or matter) is probably implied. But the omitted verb could also possibly be sunt (in which case quid would be nominative).

(He’s comparing a life wasted in anxiety about pointless business and a life wasted in idleness.) Uterque/utraque/utrumque (1/2, irreg.): each of two, either; can often be translated as both although it’s singular. Rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair. Dētestābilis/dētestābilis/dētestābile (3): detestable. Est: is. Et (conj.): and (et. . . et = both. . . and). Contractiō, contractiōnis (3f): contraction; cramp. Et (conj.): and. Torpor, torpōris (3m): numbness; sluggishness, inactivity.

Et (adv.): also, too; even. Tū: you. Brūte is the vocative singular form of Brūtus, Brūtī (2m): Brutus.

Est: there is. Aliquis/aliqua/aliquid (pron. ; in the masculine sometimes an adj. , as here): someone, something; anyone, anything; (as an adjective) some, a certain, a(n). Et (adv.): also, too; even. Dolendī is the genitive gerund (of suffering, of grieving) of doleō, dolēre, doluī, dolitum (2): to feel pain, suffer; grieve. Decor, decōris (3m): elegance, grace, beauty; seemliness, propriety; ornament.

(An ironic imaginary announcement at the intermission of gladiatorial games.) Interim (adv.): in the meantime; for the time being. Iugulentur is the third person plural passive subjunctive form of iugulō, iugulāre, iugulāvī, iugulātum (1): to kill (by violent means, especially by cutting the throat), slaughter (subjunctive because it’s jussive). Hominēs is the nominative plural form of homō, hominis (3m): human being, man. Nē (conj. , with subjunctive verb): lest, that not, in order that not. Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here nom.): nothing. Agātur is the third person singular passive subjunctive form of agō, agere, ēgī, āctum (3): to drive, cause to move; do, conduct, deal with, engage in; act.

Nē (conj. , with subjunctive verb): lest, that not, in order that not. Sōlitūdinem is the accusative singular form of sōlitūdō, sōlitūdinis (3f): the fact of being alone, solitude; loneliness; a deserted place, desert. Sentiās is the second person singular subjunctive form of sentiō, sentīre, sēnsī, sēnsum (4): to feel; perceive; think. Hinc (adv.): hence, from here; from this place, point or cause; next. Tēcum: with you (tē = you; cum = with). Miscēbō is the first person singular future form of misceō, miscēre, miscuī, mixtum/mistum (2): to mix, blend, mingle. Sermōnēs is the accusative plural form of sermō, sermōnis (3m): speech; talk; conversation.

Supervacuus/supervacua/supervacuum (1/2): superfluous, needless, unnecessary. Est: it is. Hōc is the m/n ablative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Locō is the ablative singular form of locus, locī (2m): place; passage (in a book or speech). Admoneō, admonēre, admonuī, admonitum (2): to remind; warn; advise. Nē (conj. , with subjunctive verb): lest, that not, in order that not. Facile (adv.): easily. Crēdat is the third person singular subjunctive form of crēdō, crēdere, crēdidī, crēditum (4): to entrust; lend (money); believe; trust.

Vereor, verērī, veritus sum (2, deponent): to revere, have respect for; fear. Nē (conj. with subjunctive verb): lest, that not, in order that not; (introducing a fear clause) lest, that. Hominēs is the nominative plural form of homō, hominis (3m): human being, man. Dē (prep.): from, down from; about, concerning (takes the ablative). Mē is the ablative form of ego: I. Sequius (adv.): contrary to what is expected; amiss, badly, unfavorably; differently, otherwise. Loquantur is the third person plural subjunctive form of loquor, loquī, locūtus sum (3, deponent): to speak, talk.

(Talking about foolishness.) Quicquid is the neuter accusative singular form of quisquis/quicquid (rel. pron. ; the neuter form is also spelled quidquid): whoever, whatever. Nē (conj. with subjunctive verb): lest, that not, in order that not; (introducing a fear clause) lest, that. Patiātur is the third person singular subjunctive form of patior, patī, passus sum (3, –ior, deponent): to suffer, undergo; endure; allow. Timet is the third person singular form of timeō, timēre, timuī, — (2): to fear, be afraid. Iam (adv.): already; now; soon. Metū is the ablative singular form of metus, metūs (4m): fear. Patitur is the third person singular form of patior, patī, passus sum (3, –ior, deponent): to suffer, undergo; endure; allow.

Cūrō, cūrāre, cūrāvī, cūrātum (1): to care (for or about); take care (of/that). Nē (conj. , with subjunctive verb): lest, that not, in order that not. Quis/qua/quid (indef. pron.): someone, something; anyone, anything. (Quis/quid more often is interrogative—who? what? —but it can also have the meaning shown here, especially when it appears after sī, nē, nisi, num, cum, and in some other types of clauses.) Metueret is the third person singular imperfect subjunctive form of metuō, metuere, metuī, metūtum (3): to fear, be afraid, dread.

(He’s giving examples of the mind’s ability to order itself if it so desires.) Quīdam is the masculine nominative plural form of quīdam/quaedam/quiddam (pron.): someone, something, a certain person, a certain thing (in pl. some, some people, some things). Nē (conj. with subjunctive verb): lest, that not, in order that not. Umquam (adv.): ever. Rīdērent is the third person singular imperfect subjunctive form of rīdeō, rīdēre, rīsī, rīsum (2): to laugh (at); smile. Cōnsecūtī sunt is the third person masculine plural perfect form of cōnsequor, cōnsequī, cōnsecūtus sum (3, deponent): to follow; catch up with; attain, achieve.

Nē (conj. , with subjunctive verb): lest, that not, in order that not. Incidāmus is the first person plural subjunctive form of incidō, incidere, incidī, incāsum (3): to fall (upon or into); happen, befall. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Īram is the accusative singular form of īra, īrae (1f): anger. Et (conj.): and. Nē (conj. , with subjunctive verb): lest, that not, in order that not. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Īrā is the ablative singular form of īra, īrae (1f): anger. Peccēmus is the first person plural subjunctive form of peccō, peccāre, peccāvī, peccātum (1): to sin, do wrong, commit a fault.

Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Nē (adv.): not (typically in a command, wish, or purpose, with the subjunctive). Frīgora is the nominative plural form of frīgus, frīgoris (3n): cold; cold spell, frost. Laedant is the third person plural subjunctive form of laedō, laedere, laesī, laesum (3): to hurt, harm.

Nē (adv.): not (typically in a command, wish, or purpose, with the subjunctive). Sim is the first person singular subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Salvus/salva/salvum (1/2): safe; well, in good health. Sī (conj.): if. Aliter (adv.): otherwise, differently. Scrībō, scrībere, scrīpsī, scrīptum (3): to write. Atque/ac (conj.): and, and also, and then; (in expressions of similarity or dissimilarity) as, to, from, than. Sentiō, sentīre, sēnsī, sēnsum (4): to feel; perceive; think.

Nē (adv.): not (typically in a command, wish, or purpose, with the subjunctive; second-person negative direct commands using this word classically have their verb in the perfect subjunctive). Summīserīs is the second person singular perfect subjunctive form of summittō, summittere, summīsī, summissum (3): to place under; send off; lower; subordinate, submit, make subject to. Tē is the accusative form of tū: you (used reflexively: yourself).

Quod is the neuter accusative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Pudet is the third person singular form of pudeō, pudēre, puduī, puditum (2): (personally, rare) to feel ashamed; (impersonally, the more common usage) it causes shame, there is shame, one feels shame. Dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitum (2): to owe; ought. Nē (adv.): not (typically in a command, wish, or purpose, with the subjunctive; second-person negative direct commands using this word classically have their verb in the perfect subjunctive). Accēperīs is the second person singular perfect subjunctive form of accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptum (3): to receive, accept, take.

Nē (adv.): not (typically in a command, wish, or purpose, with the subjunctive; second-person negative direct commands using this word classically have their verb in the perfect subjunctive). Aequāverītis is the second person plural subjunctive form of aequō, aequāre, aequāvī, aequātum (1): to make level or equal; compare. Hannibalī is the dative singular form of Hannibal, Hannibalis (3m): Hannibal. Philippum is the accusative singular form of Philippus, Philippī (2m): Philip.

Nē (adv.): not (typically in a command, wish, or purpose, with the subjunctive). Dīcās is the second person singular subjunctive form of dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say. Quōmodo (rel. adv.): (in the same way) as, (just) as. Fēcit is the third person singular perfect form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Mihi is the dative form of ego: I (to me). Sīc (adv.): thus, so, in such manner. Faciam is the first person singular future form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Eī is the m/f/n dative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that.

Nē (adv.): not (typically in a command, wish, or purpose, with the subjunctive or, more rarely, the imperative). Crēde is the singular imperative form of crēdō, crēdere, crēdidī, crēditum (3): to entrust; lend (money); believe; trust (the person believed or trusted goes in the dative). Dītī is the dative singular form of Dīs, Dītis (3m): Dis, the Roman god of the underworld.

Impetrant is the third person plural form of impetrō, impetrāre, impetrāvī, impetrātum (1): to gain one’s end, achieve, obtain, procure (by request or influence) (it’s in the historical present). Ut (conj.): that, so that. Nē (adv.): not (typically in a command, wish, or purpose, with the subjunctive). Iūrent is the third person plural subjunctive form of iūrō, iūrāre, iūrāvī, iūrātum (1): to swear, vow, take an oath.

(“Those” refers to cups: scyphus, scyphī (2m).) Quid is the neuter accusative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Vīs is the second person singular form of volō, velle, voluī, — (irreg.): to want, wish, will; be willing. Nōbīs is the dative form of nōs: we (to us). Dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give. Ut (conj.): that, so that. Istī is the masculine nominative plural form of iste/ista/istud (pron.): that (of yours); he, she, it. Abs is an alternative form (mostly used before the pronoun tē) of ab/ā (prep.): (away) from; by (takes the ablative). Tē is the ablative form of tū: you. Nē (adv.): not (typically in a command, wish, or purpose, with the subjunctive). Auferantur is the third person plural passive subjunctive form of auferō, auferre, abstulī, ablātum (3, irreg.): to carry off, take away; steal; remove, do away with.

Nē (adv.): not. Id is the neuter accusative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that (accusative because it’s the object of an implicit verb). Quidem (particle): at any rate; indeed, certainly; even; either (the last two meanings are found almost exclusively in the expression nē. . . quidem = not even; neither, not either).

(He’s saying that all we know about death is rumor, and we wouldn’t let nasty rumors affect our view of a good man, so. . .) Nē (adv.): not. Mortī is the dative singular form of mors, mortis (3f): death. Quidem (particle): at any rate; indeed, certainly; even; either (the last two meanings are found almost exclusively in the expression nē. . . quidem = not even; neither, not either). Hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it. Apud (prep.): at, near; with, among; in front of, in the presence of; at the house of; in the eyes of, in the estimation of (takes accusative). Nōs is the accusative form of nōs: we (us). Noceat is the third person singular subjunctive form of noceō, nocēre, nocuī, nocitum (2): to injure, hurt, harm (takes a dative object) (subjunctive because it’s jussive).

Nōn: not. Splendeat is the third person singular subjunctive form of splendeō, splendēre, splenduī, — (2): to shine, gleam. Toga, togae (1f): toga; garment. Nē (adv.): not. Sordeat is the third person singular subjunctive form of sordeō, sordēre, —, — (2): to be filthy; seem unworthy. Quidem (particle): at any rate; indeed, certainly; even; either (the last two meanings are found almost exclusively in the expression nē. . . quidem = not even; neither, not either). (The verbs are subjunctive because they’re jussive.)

Nē (adv.): not. Iupiter, Iovis (3m—also Iuppiter): Jove, Jupiter. Quidem (particle): at any rate; indeed, certainly; even; either (the last two meanings are found almost exclusively in the expression nē. . . quidem = not even; neither, not either). Omnibus is the m/f/n (here m) dative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every; (m. pl. used substantively) all (people), everyone. Placet is the third person singular form of placeō, placēre, placuī, placitum (2): to please, be pleasing to (takes the dative).

Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here nom.): nothing. Nē (adv.): not. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into; for. Tōtum is the m/n accusative singular form of tōtus/tōta/tōtum (1/2, irreg.): whole, entire. Quidem (particle): at any rate; indeed, certainly; even; either (the last two meanings are found almost exclusively in the expression nē. . . quidem = not even; neither, not either). Diem is the accusative singular form of diēs, diēī (5 m/f): day. Certī is the m/n (here n) genitive singular form of certus/certa/certum (1/2): fixed, settled, predetermined, definite; sure, certain (a partitive genitive). Est: there is.

Nē (affirmative particle): (emphasizes a statement) really, indeed, assuredly. Ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it. Continēbit is the third person singular future form of contineō, continēre, continuī, contentum (2): to hold; keep; contain; restrain. Posthāc (adv.): after this, in the future. Sī (conj.): if. Sapiet is the third person singular future form of sapiō, sapere, sapīvī, — (3, –iō): to taste of; have good sense; be wise. Manūs is the accusative plural form of manus, manūs (4f): hand.

Ōdit is the third person singular form of ōdī, ōdisse, ōsum (irreg. ; perfect forms with present meaning): to hate. Vērus/vēra/vērum (1/2): true; truthful, telling the truth. Amor, amōris (3m): love. Neque/nec (conj. and adv.): and not, but not, nor; not; neither, not either, not even. Patitur is the third person singular form of patior, patī, passus sum (3, –ior, deponent): to suffer, undergo; endure; allow. Morās is the accusative plural form of mora, morae (1f): delay; hindrance; duration of time.

Nōn: not. Permulceō, permulcēre, permulsī, permulsum (2): to rub gently, stroke; charm; soothe. Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Neque/nec (conj. and adv.): and not, but not, nor; not; neither, not either, not even. Extenuō, extenuāre, extenuāvī, extenuātum (1): to reduce, diminish, weaken; make out (something) to be lesser than it is, minimize, belittle. Calamitātem is the accusative singular form of calamitās, calamitātis (3f): misfortune, calamity. Tuam is the feminine accusative singular form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours.

Neque/nec (conj. and adv.): and not, but not, nor; not; neither, not either, not even. Is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Fīnis, fīnis (3m): bound, boundary, border, limit; end. Perīculum, perīculī (2n): trial, experiment; danger, risk, peril. Fuit is the third person singular perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

(So conversation about it need not be dry.) Neque/nec (conj. and adv.): and not, but not, nor; not; neither, not either, not even. Enim (particle): for, indeed. Philosophia, philosophiae (1f): philosophy. Ingeniō is the dative singular form of ingenium, ingeniī (2n): nature, character, temper; talent, cleverness, ingenuity, genius. Renūntiat is the third person singular form of renūntiō, renūntiāre, renūntiāvī, renūntiātum (1): to report, announce; renounce (can take a dative object).

Quem is the masculine accusative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Neque/nec (conj. and adv.): and not, but not, nor; not; neither, not either, not even. Noverca, novercae (1f): stepmother. Potuit is the third person singular perfect form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can. Hunc is the masculine accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Perimēs is the second person singular future form of perimō, perimere, perēmī, perēmptum (3): to destroy; kill. Virum is the accusative singular form of vir, virī (2m): man.

(On sensual pleasure—voluptās, voluptātis (3f).) Tū: you. Illam is the feminine accusative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it. Summum is the m/n accusative singular form of summus/summa/summum (1/2): highest. Bonum is the accusative singular form of bonum, bonī (2n): a good thing, a good. Putās is the second person singular form of putō, putāre, putāvī, putātum (1): to think, suppose, imagine. Ego: I. Neque/nec (conj. and adv.): and not, but not, nor; not; neither, not either, not even. Bonum is the accusative singular form of bonum, bonī (2n): a good thing, a good.

(Them refers to arma—weapons—from the previous sentence.) Tū: you. Neque/nec (conj. and adv.): and not, but not, nor; not; neither, not either, not even (neque. . . nec = neither. . . nor). Summittēs is the second person singular future form of summittō, summittere, summīsī, summissum (3): to place under; send off; lower; subordinate, submit, make subject to. Neque/nec (conj. and adv.): and not, but not, nor; not; neither, not either, not even. Vītam is the accusative singular form of vīta, vītae (1f): life. Rogābis is the second person singular future form of rogō, rogāre, rogāvī, rogātum (1): to ask (for), beg (for), request; pray.

(The effect on a philosopher of studying words rather than living by them.) Neque/nec (conj. and adv.): and not, but not, nor; not; neither, not either, not even (neque. . . neque = neither. . . nor). Fortior/fortior/fortius (3): braver; stronger—the comparative form of fortis/fortis/forte (3): brave; strong. Fit is the third person singular form of fīō, fierī, —, — (irreg.): be done; be made; happen; become. Neque/nec (conj. and adv.): and not, but not, nor; not; neither, not either, not even. Temperantior/temperantior/temperantius (3): more restrained—the comparative form of temperāns, temperantis (3, adj.): temperate, (self-)restrained (which is originally the present active participle of temperō, temperāre, temperāvī, temperātum (1): to restrain, temper, moderate, regulate; behave with moderation, be temperate, be moderate). Neque/nec (conj. and adv.): and not, but not, nor; not; neither, not either, not even. Ēlātior/ēlātior/ēlātius (3): loftier, more elevated—the comparative form of ēlātus/ēlāta/ēlātum (1/2): lofty, elevated (which is originally the perfect passive participle of efferō, efferre, extulī, ēlātum (3, irreg.): to bring out; lift, raise).

(About a consul who exhorts his men not to give way in a battle, and fails to persuade them.) Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here acc.): nothing. Neque/nec (conj. and adv.): and not, but not, nor; not; neither, not either, not even (neque. . . neque = neither. . . nor). Imperium, imperiī (2n): power, authority, rule; command, order; empire. Neque/nec (conj. and adv.): and not, but not, nor; not; neither, not either, not even. Maiestās, maiestātis (3f): greatness, majesty, sovereignty. Valēbat is the third person singular imperfect form of valeō, valēre, valuī, valitum (2): to be healthy, be well, be strong; be able to (do), be capable of, have (a specified amount of) power or influence; be of effect; be worth.

Huius is the m/f/n genitive singular form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it. Tamen (adv.): nevertheless, yet, still, however. Nēmō, nēminis (3m): no one. Neque/nec (conj. and adv.): and not, but not, nor; neither, not either, not even (neque. . . neque = neither. . . nor). Verbōrum is the genitive plural form of verbum, verbī (2n): word. Neque/nec (conj. and adv.): and not, but not, nor; not; neither, not either, not even. Sententiārum is the genitive plural form of sententia, sententiae (1f): opinion, thought, sentiment; sentence; pithy saying, epigram; meaning. Gravitātem is the accusative singular form of gravitās, gravitātis (3f): weight; severity; seriousness; dignity. Imitātur is the third person singular form of imitor, imitārī, imitātus sum (1, deponent): to imitate; copy; simulate.

(Speaking of the nature—nātūra, nātūrae (1f)—of the soul.) Neque/nec (conj. and adv.): and not, but not, nor; not; neither, not either, not even; (when paired with a later et) both not. Nāta (est) is the third person feminine singular perfect form of nāscor, nāscī, nātus sum (3, deponent): to be born. Certē (adv.): certainly, surely, of course; at any rate. Est: see nāta. Et (conj.): and. Aeternus/aeterna/aeternum (1/2): eternal; permanent. Est: is.

Patēbat is the third person singular imperfect form of pateō, patēre, patuī, — (2): to be open, accessible, available or exposed. Via, viae (1f): road, path, way. Et (adv. , in correlation with a second et or with neque/nec): both. Certus/certa/certum (1/2): settled, fixed; certain; specified, particular; safe; dependable. Neque/nec (conj. and adv.): and not, but not, nor; not; neither, not either, not even. Longus/longa/longum (1/2): long; far off.

Rīdēbat is the third person singular imperfect form of rīdeō, rīdēre, rīsī, rīsum (2): to laugh (at). Cūrās is the accusative plural form of cūra, cūrae (1f): care; worry. Neque/nec (conj. and adv.): and not, but not, nor; not; neither, not either, not even. Nōn: not. Et (adv.): also, too, as well; even. Gaudia is the accusative plural form of gaudium, gaudiī (2n): joy. Volgus, volgī (2n/m, singular only—also vulgus): the (common) people, the masses.

Vincit is the third person singular form of vincō, vincere, vīcī, victum (3): to conquer; surpass; win, be victorious. Nōs is the accusative form of nōs: we. Fortūna, fortūnae (1f): fortune, chance, luck. Nisi (conj.): unless, if not; except. Tōtus/tōta/tōtum (1/2, irreg.): whole, entire, all. Vincitur is the third person singular passive form of vincō, vincere, vīcī, victum (3): to conquer; surpass; win, be victorious.

Numquam (adv.): never. Eris: you will be—the second person singular future form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Grātus/grāta/grātum (1/2): grateful. Nisi (conj.): unless, if not; except. Statim (adv.): at once, immediately. Es: you are.

Nisi (conj.): unless, if not; except. Paria is the nominative plural form of pār, paris (3): pair (a substantive use of pār, paris (3, adj.): even, even-numbered; equal). Nōn: not. Pugnant is the third person plural form of pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātum (1): to fight.

Nisi (conj.): unless, if not; except. Praesentia is the neuter nominative plural form of praesens, praesentis (3, adj.): present. Prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuī, prōfutūrus (irreg.): to be helpful. Nōn: not. Possunt is the third person plural form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can.

Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here acc.): nothing. Damnō, damnāre, damnāvī, damnātum (1): to condemn, convict. Nisi (conj.): unless, if not; except. Mē is the accusative form of ego: I (me, myself).

Quasi (conj.): as if, as, like. Tū: you. Nesciās is the second person singular subjunctive form of nesciō, nescīre, nescīvī/nesciī, nescītum (4): to not know (when quasi means as if and a finite verb follows, that verb goes in the subjunctive).

Ērubuit is the third person singular perfect form of ērubēscō, ērubēscere, ērubuī, — (3): to redden; blush with shame, feel ashamed. Quasi (conj.): as if, as, like. Peccāsset is the third person singular pluperfect subjunctive form of peccō, peccāre, peccāvī, peccātum (1): to sin, do wrong, commit a fault (when quasi means as if and a finite verb follows, that verb goes in the subjunctive). Quod (conj.): that; the fact that; in that; because. Placuerat is the third person singular pluperfect form of placeō, placēre, placuī, placitum (2): to be pleasing, seem good, please, satisfy.

Quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Umquam (adv.): ever. Rēs is the accusative plural form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair; possession, property. Suās: his (own)—the feminine accusative plural form of suus/sua/suum (1/2). Quasi (conj.): as if, as, like. Peritūrus/peritūra/peritūrum (1/2): going to die—the future active participle of pereō, perīre, periī, peritum (irreg.): to become lost, vanish; be destroyed, perish, die. Aspexit is the third person singular perfect form of aspiciō, aspicere, aspexī, aspectum (3, –iō): to look at.

Quisquis/quidquid (rel. pron. ; the neuter form is also spelled quicquid): whoever, whatever. Fīō, fierī, —, — (irreg.): to be done; be made; happen; become. Potest is the third person singular form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can. Quasi (conj.): as if, as, like. Futūrum is the m/n accusative singular form of futūrus/futūra/futūrum (1/2), the future active participle (going to be) of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Cōgitēmus is the first person plural subjunctive form of cōgitō, cōgitāre, cōgitāvī, cōgitātum (1): to think (of), reflect (on), consider; plan, intend (subjunctive because it’s hortatory).

(People give away their time too freely.) Quasi (conj.): as if, as, like. Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here nom.): nothing. Petitur is the third person singular passive form of petō, petere, petīvī/petiī, petītum (3): to direct one’s course to, make for; ask for; seek; pursue; attack. Datur is the third person singular passive form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give.

Fuit: there was—the third person singular perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Ōlim (adv.): once (upon a time), in the past; one day, in the future; for a long time already. Quasi (conj.): as if, as, like. Ego: I. Sum: am. Senex, senis (3m): old man.

Ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it. Quasi (adv.): as good as, practically; more or less; so to speak, as it were. Cōnstitit is the third person singular perfect form of cōnstō, cōnstāre, cōnstitī, cōnstātūrus (1): to stand together; endure, remain, last, continue; be consistent; (with abl.) consist of; (with abl.) be based or depend on; (with abl.) cost; (impersonal) be well known, be agreed, be established as a fact.

Quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Monet is the third person singular form of moneō, monēre, monuī, monitum (2): to warn; advise; remind. Quasi (adv.): as good as, practically; more or less; so to speak, as it were. Adiuvat is the third person singular form of adiuvō, adiuvāre, adiūvī, adiūtum (1): to help, assist.

(Asthma.) Ūnī is the m/f/n dative singular form of ūnus/ūna/ūnum (1/2, irreg.): one; alone; only, sole, single. Tamen (adv.): nevertheless, yet, still, however. Morbō is the dative singular form of morbus, morbī (2m): disease, ailment. Quasi (adv.): as good as, practically; more or less; so to speak, as it were. Adsignātus sum is the first person masculine singular perfect passive form of adsignō, adsignāre, adsignāvī, adsignātum (1—also assignō): to assign, attribute, allot, confer (upon).

Praesēns, praesentis (3, adj.): present—originally the present active participle of praesum, praeesse, praefuī, praefutūrus (irreg.): to be in charge of; be present (that last sense is rare outside the present participle). Absēnsque: absēns, absentis (3, adj.): absent—originally the present active participle of absum, abesse, āfuī, āfutūrus (irreg.): to be absent, be away—the enclitic conjunction –que adds and. Īdem/eadem/idem (pron. or adj.): the same. Erit is the third person singular future form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

Ūnus/ūna/ūnum (1/2, irreg.): one; alone; only, sole, single. Enim (particle): for, indeed. Est: is. Ratiō, ratiōnis (3f): calculation; reasoning; reason; method; the way a thing works. Rēctus/rēcta/rēctum (1/2): straight; right—originally the perfect passive participle of regō, regere, rēxī, rēctum (3): to direct, steer, guide; rule, govern; put right, correct. Simplexque: simplex, simplicis (3, adj.): having a single layer, element, form, etc. ; onefold, single, uncompounded; simple; pure; open, frank, candid; the enclitic conjunction –que adds and.

(Speaking of death: mors, mortis (3f).) Ab/ā (prep.): (away) from; by (takes the ablative). Quō is the m/n (here m) ablative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Enim (particle): for, indeed. Nōn: not. Prope (adv.): near, nearby. Est: is it. Parātus/parāta/parātum (1/2): ready, prepared—originally the perfect passive participle (having been prepared) of parō, parāre, parāvī, parātum (1): to supply, provide; acquire; prepare. Omnibus is the m/f/n ablative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Locīs is the ablative plural form of locus, locī (2m—but often n in the plural): place. Omnibusque: omnibus is the m/f/n ablative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every; the enclitic conjunction –que adds and. Mōmentīs is the ablative plural form of mōmentum, mōmentī (2n): movement; point; moment; importance.

Sinus, sinūs (4m): curve; fold; bosom; bay, gulf. Ultrā (adv.): beyond, farther, further. Est: there is. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into, onto (or on with motion). Eōque: eō is the m/n ablative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that; the enclitic conjunction –que adds and. Cartēia, Cartēiae (1f): a town in Spain near Gibraltar.

Illum is the masculine accusative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she it. Absēns, absentis (3, adj.): absent—the present active participle of absum, abesse, āfuī, āfutūrus (irreg.): to be absent, be away. Absentem is the m/f accusative singular form of absēns, absentis (3, adj.): absent. Auditque: audit is the third person singular form of audiō, audīre, audīvī/audiī, audītum (4): to hear; in this context, the enclitic –que adds both (in a both. . . and construction). Videtque: videt is the third person singular form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see; the enclitic –que adds and.

Quārē (interrog. adv.): why? Quia (conj.): because; the fact that; that. Iūstus/iūsta/iūstum (1/2): just; lawful; merited; exact. Est: it is.

Quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Amīcus, amīcī (2m): (male) friend. Esse: to be. Coepit is the third person singular perfect form of coepī, coepisse, coeptum (3, –iō, defective): began (no present tense in regular use; I begin is incipiō). Quia (conj.): because; the fact that; that. Expedit is the third person singular form of expediō, expedīre, expedīvī/expediī, expedītum (4): to extricate, disentangle; be expedient, convenient, advantageous. Et (adv.): also, too; even. Dēsinet is the third person singular future form of dēsinō, dēsinere, dēsiī/dēsīvī, dēsitum (3): to end, cease.

Rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair; fact; event; circumstance; property. Mīrābilis/mīrābilis/mīrābile (3): strange, marvelous, remarkable, extraordinary. Proptereā (adv.): therefore, on that account, for this/that/the reason. Quia (conj.): because; the fact that; that. Nōn: not. Saepe (adv.): often. Fit is the third person singular form of fīō, fierī, —, — (irreg.): to be done; be made; happen; become.

Multa is the neuter nominative plural form of multus/multa/multum (1/2): much, many. Valdē (adv.): vigorously, powerfully; strongly; very (much), extremely. Pretiōsa is the neuter nominative plural form of pretiōsus/pretiōsa/pretiōsum (1/2): costly, expensive; precious, valuable. Ideō (adv.): therefore, on that account, for this/that/the reason. Videntur is the third person plural passive form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see; (in passive) seem, be thought. Quia (conj.): because; the fact that; that. Sunt: they are. Templīs is the dative plural form of templum, templī (2n): consecrated piece of ground; temple, sanctuary; zone. Dicāta is the neuter nominative plural form of dicātus/dicāta/dicātum (1/2), the perfect passive participle of dicō, dicāre, dicāvī, dicātum (1): to dedicate, devote, consecrate.

Quia (conj.): because; the fact that; that. Nātūra, nātūrae (1f): nature. Mūtārī is the passive infinitive form of mūtō, mūtāre, mūtāvī, mūtātum (1): to change. Nōn: not. Potest is the third person singular form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can. Idcircō (adv.): therefore, on that account, for this/that/the reason. Vērae is the feminine nominative plural form of vērus/vēra/vērum (1/2): true; real. Amīcitiae is the nominative plural form of amīcitia, amīcitiae (1f): friendship. Sempiternae is the feminine nominative plural form of sempiternus/sempiterna/sempiternum (1/2): lasting forever, perpetual, permanent. Sunt: (they) are.

Eō is the m/n (here n) ablative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that—special use of the neuter ablative singular: by this/that fact or degree, the (this usage can be classified as an adverb). Notābilior/notābilior/notābilius (3): more notable—the comparative form of notābilis/notābilis/notābile (3): noteworthy, remarkable, notable. Caedēs, caedis (3f): killing, slaughter, murder. Fuit is the third person singular perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Quia (conj.): because; the fact that; that. Fīlius, fīliī (2m): son. Patrem is the accusative singular form of pater, patris (3m): father. Interfēcit is the third person singular perfect form of interficiō, interficere, interfēcī, interfectum (3, –iō): to kill.

Sciō, scīre, scīvī/sciī, scītum (4): to know. Quia (conj.): because; the fact that; that. Crēdis is the second person singular form of credo, crēdere, crēdidī, crēditum (3): to entrust; lend (money); trust; believe.

Hoc is the neuter accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it. Amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum (1): to love. Quod (conj.): that; the fact that; as to the fact that, as for the fact that, regarding the fact that, in respect to the fact that; in that; because. Possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can. Quā is the feminine ablative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Libet, libēre, libuit/libitum est (2): (impersonal) there is a desire (to do something), it pleases (one to do something). Quā libet could also be read as quālibet, the feminine ablative singular form of the adjective quīlibet/quaelibet/quodlibet: any (one pleases)—composed from the two words just mentioned. Eō, īre, iī/īvī, itum (irreg.): to go, advance, proceed. Viā is the ablative singular form of via, viae (1f): road, path, way.

Adeō (adv.): to this point, so much, so. Istic/istaec/istuc (pron.): that (of yours); he, she, it. Turpior/turpior/turpius (3): uglier, more foul; more shameful, more disgraceful—the comparative form of turpis/turpis/turpe (3): ugly, foul; shameful, disgraceful. Est: is. Quod (conj.): that; the fact that; as to the fact that, as for the fact that, regarding the fact that, in respect to the fact that; in that; because. Nescīstī is the second person singular perfect form of nesciō, nescīre, nescīvī/nesciī, nescītum (4): to not know. Quam (rel. adv.): than. Occīdistī is the second person singular perfect form of occīdō, occīdere, occīdī, occīsum (3): to kill.

Quod (conj.): that; the fact that; as to the fact that, as for the fact that, regarding the fact that, in respect to the fact that; in that; because. Epistulam is the accusative singular form of epistula, epistulae (1f): letter. Cōnscissam is the feminine accusative singular form of cōnscissus/cōnscissa/cōnscissum (1/2), the perfect passive participle (torn up) of cōnscindō, cōnscindere, cōnscidī, cōnscissum (3): to tear up, rend to pieces (esse is implied: cōnscissam esse is the feminine singular perfect passive infinitive form). Dolēs is the second person singular form of doleō, dolēre, doluī, dolitum (2): to suffer, feel pain; grieve, be sorry. Nōlī: do not—the singular imperative form of nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, — (irreg.): to be unwilling, refuse, not want (completed by an infinitive). Labōrō, labōrāre, labōrāvī, labōrātum (1): to work (hard), labor, toil; strive; be in trouble; suffer; be distressed; worry.

Quod (conj.): that; the fact that; as to the fact that, as for the fact that, regarding the fact that, in respect to the fact that; in that; because. Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Mihi: to me—the dative form of ego: I. Dē (prep.): from, down from; about, concerning (takes the ablative). Semprōniō is the m/n (here m) ablative singular form of the family name Semprōnius/Semprōnia/Semprōnium (1/2). Pūrgās is the second person singular form of pūrgō, pūrgāre, pūrgāvī, pūrgātum (1): to cleanse, purify; exonerate, exculpate, excuse, justify (with reflexive object) apologize. Accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptum (3): to receive, accept, take. Excūsātiōnem is the accusative singular form of excūsātiō, excūsātiōnis (3f): excuse.

Quārē (interrog. adv.): why? Nōn: not. Indicāstī is the second person singular perfect form of indicō, indicāre, indicāvī, indicātum (1): to point out; reveal, betray. Quod (conj.): that; the fact that; as to the fact that, as for the fact that, regarding the fact that, in respect to the fact that; in that; because (sometimes, especially in late Latin, quod introduces an indirect statement; the verb of the indirect statement is then often, though not always, subjunctive—here is it subjunctive: esset). Uxor, uxōris (3f): wife. Tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours. Esset is the third person singular imperfect subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

Quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Putātis is the second person plural form of putō, putāre, putāvī, putātum (1): to suppose, think, believe, regard as. Illum is the masculine accusative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it. Fleō, flēre, flēvī, flētum (2): to weep. Quod (conj.): that; the fact that; as to the fact that, as for the fact that, regarding the fact that, in respect to the fact that; in that; because. Eget is the third person singular form of egeō, egēre, eguī, egitūrus (2): to need; lack; be without; be in need.

(A man ransoms a small number of captives in exchange for a personal benefit; this is one ransomed captive’s reply.) Dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitum (2): to owe; ought. Nōn: not. Quod (conj.): that; the fact that; as to the fact that, as for the fact that, regarding the fact that, in respect to the fact that; in that; because. Redimis is the second person singular form of redimō, redimere, redēmī, redēmptum (3): to buy back; ransom. Mē is the accusative form of ego: I. Sed (conj.): but. Ēligis is the second person singular form of ēligō, ēligere, ēlēgī, ēlēctum (3): to choose.

Quereris is the second person singular form of queror, querī, questus sum (3, deponent): to complain. Quod (conj.): that; the fact that; as to the fact that, as for the fact that, regarding the fact that, in respect to the fact that; in that; because. Nōn: not. Cinna is the vocative singular form of Cinna, Cinnae (1m): Roman cognomen (nickname). Bibāmus is the first person plural subjunctive form of bibō, bibere, bibī, bibitum (3): to drink (subjunctive because it’s indirect speech). Idem is the neuter accusative singular form of īdem/eadem/idem (pron.): the same.

(What Verres says about a witness against him.) Inimīcus/inimīca/inimīcum (1/2): unfriendly. Est: he is. Proptereā (adv.): therefore, on that account, for this/that/the reason. Quod (conj.): that; the fact that; as to the fact that, as for the fact that, regarding the fact that, in respect to the fact that; in that; because. Arātor, arātōris (3m): ploughman, farmer. Est: he is.

(The “it” subject is kindliness.) Bonum is the accusative singular form of bonum, bonī (2n): a good thing, a good; benefit. Autem (particle): on the other hand, but, however; and, moreover. Suum: its (own)—the m/n accusative singular form of suus/sua/suum (1/2). Ideō (adv.): therefore, on that account, for this/that/the reason. Maximē (adv.): most; very much; especially, principally, chiefly, most of all. Quod (conj.): that; the fact that; as to the fact that, as for the fact that, regarding the fact that, in respect to the fact that; in that; because. Alicui is the m/f/n (here m) dative singular form of aliquis/aliqua/aliquid (pron.): someone, something. Bonō is the dative singular form of bonum, bonī (2n): a good thing, a good; benefit. Futūrus/futūra/futūrum (1/2) is the future active participle of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Est: it is. Amat is the third person singular form of amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum (1): to love.

Ideō (adv.): therefore, on that account, for this/that/the reason. Sum: I am. Tardior/tardior/tardius (3): slower; rather slow. Quod (conj.): that; the fact that; as to the fact that, as for the fact that, regarding the fact that, in respect to the fact that; in that; because. Nōn: not. Inveniō, invenīre, invēnī, inventum (4): to find. Fidēlem is the m/f accusative singular form of fidēlis/fidēlis/fidēle (3): faithful, loyal; trustworthy. Tabellārium is the accusative singular form of tabellārius, tabellāriī (2m): courier, messenger (a person carrying the tablets—tabella, tabellae (1f)—on which letters used to be written).

(The fact that we’ll join them in death soon enough is all the more reason to bear their loss with equanimity.) Eō is the m/n (here n) ablative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that—special use of the neuter ablative singular: by this/that fact or degree, the (this usage can be classified as an adverb). Itaque (adv.): (and) so, therefore. Aequiōre is the m/f/n ablative singular form of aequior/aequior/aequius (3): calmer—the comparative form of of aequus/aequa/aequum (1/2): level, flat, even; equal; equitable, just, fair, right; tranquil, calm, untroubled. Animō is the ablative singular form of animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit. Quod (conj.): that; the fact that; as to the fact that, as for the fact that, regarding the fact that, in respect to the fact that; in that; because. Quōs is the masculine accusative plural form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Āmīsimus is the first person plural perfect form of āmittō, āmittere, āmīsī, āmissum (3): to lose; let go of. Sequimur is the first person plural form of sequor, sequī, secūtus sum (3, deponent): to follow.

Nōn: not. Est: there is. Quod (conj.): that; the fact that; as to the fact that, as for the fact that, regarding the fact that, in respect to the fact that; in that; because; (something) with regards to which, (something) on account of which, (a reason) why (one should do something = subjunctive). Mē is the accusative form of ego: I. Victum is the m/n accusative singular form of victus/victa/victum (1/2), the perfect passive participle (vanquished) of vincō, vincere, vīcī, victum (3): to conquer, defeat, vanquish; win, be victorious. Victōremque: victōrem is the accusative singular form of victor, victōris (3m): conqueror, vanquisher, victor; the enclitic conjunction –que adds and. Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Crēdās is the second person singular subjunctive form of crēdō, crēdere, crēdidī, crēditum (3): to entrust; trust; believe.

Quod (conj.): that; the fact that; as to the fact that, as for the fact that, regarding the fact that, in respect to the fact that; in that; because; (something) with regards to which, (something) on account of which, (a reason) why (one should do something = subjunctive). Hūc (adv.): here (with motion), hither, to this place. Properēs is the second person singular subjunctive form of properō, properāre, properāvī, properātum (1): to hasten, hurry. Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here nom.): nothing. Est: there is.

Quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Est: is it. Quod (conj.): that; the fact that; as to the fact that, as for the pact that, regarding the fact that, in respect to the fact that; in that; because. Tam (adv.): so, so much, to such an extent. Ab/ā (prep.): (away) from; by; on or at the side of, near, at, among, at the side of (takes the ablative). Nōbīs is the ablative form of nōs: we (us). Graviter (adv.): heavily; harshly. Crepuērunt is the third person plural perfect form of crepō, crepāre, crepuī, crepitum (1): to rattle, clatter, crack, make noise. Forēs is the nominative plural form of foris, foris (3f): door (the plural—denoting a double door—usually translates with the English singular).

Quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Est: is. Quod (conj.): that; the fact that; as to the fact that, as for the fact that, regarding the fact that, in respect to the fact that; in that; because. Laetus/laeta/laetum (1/2): joyful, happy. Es: you are.

Quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Quod (conj.): that; the fact that; as to the fact that, as for the fact that, regarding the fact that, in respect to the fact that; in that; because. Exercitum is the accusative singular form of exercitus, exercitūs (4m): army. Contrā (adv.): in front of one; on the opposite side; against one; on the contrary; on the other hand; in response. Dūxit is the third person singular perfect form of dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductum (3): to lead, guide, bring, take (to a place); draw; think, consider.

Quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Quod (conj.): that; the fact that; as to the fact that, as for the fact that, regarding the fact that, in respect to the fact that; in that; because. Et (adv.): also, too; even. Ipse/ipsa/ipsum (pron. or adj.): (he) himself, (she) herself, (it) itself, that very person or thing. Fugit is the third person singular form of fugiō, fugere, fūgī, fugitūrus (3, –iō): to flee, run away (a historical present verb; we know that the u is short because of the meter).

Quoniam (conj.): now that; seeing that, since, inasmuch as; because. Ego: I. Adsum, adesse, adfuī, adfutūrus (irreg.): to be present; be there for, support (with dative object). Faciet is the third person singular future form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Nēmō, nēminis (3m): no one. Iniūriam is the accusative singular form of iniūria, iniūriae (1f): injury, wrong, injustice.

Quoniam (conj.): now that; seeing that, since, inasmuch as; because. Coepī, coepisse, coeptum (defective; no present tense in regular use): to begin. Sordidīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of sordidus/sordida/sordidum (1/2): dirty, foul; low, lowly, vulgar, common. Exemplīs is the ablative plural form of exemplum, exemplī (2n): example; sample. Ūtor, ūtī, ūsus sum (3, deponent): to use (takes an ablative object). Persevērābō is the first person singular future form of persevērō, persevērāre, persevērāvī, persevērātum (1): to continue, keep on, persevere.

Quoniam (conj.): now that; seeing that, since, inasmuch as; because. Reposcis is the second person singular form of reposcō, reposcere, —, — (3): to demand back. Vītam is the accusative singular form of vīta, vītae (1f): life. Quam is the feminine accusative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Dedistī is the second person singular perfect form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give. Accipe is the singular imperative form of accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptum (3): to receive, accept, take.

Īrāscor, īrāscī, īrātus sum (3, deponent): to become angry; be angry. Quoniam’s: quoniam (conj.): now that; seeing that, since, inasmuch as; because; the suffix (’s) is a contraction of es—on which see see morātus. Lente is the masculine vocative singular form of lentus/lenta/lentum (1/2): slow, sluggish. Morātus (es) is the second person masculine singular perfect form of moror, morārī, morātus sum (1, deponent): to delay, retard; stay, linger; stay away. Heri (adv.): yesterday.

Sciō, scīre, scīvī/sciī, scītum (4): to know. Quoniam (conj.): now that; seeing that, since, inasmuch as; because; that. Salvābit is the third person singular future form of salvō, salvāre, salvāvī, salvātum (1): to save. Dominus, dominī (2m): master, lord, ruler. Chrīstum is the accusative singular form of chrīstus, chrīstī (2m): anointed one; Christ. Suum: his (own)—the m/n accusative singular form of suus/sua/suum (1/2).

Mūnus, mūneris (3n): gift; office; duty. Exiguus, exigua, exiguum (1/2): small, scanty. Sed (conj.): but. Opportūnus/opportūna/opportūnum (1/2): opportune, timely; convenient, advantageous.

(He’s saying we study literature the wrong way.) Nōn: not. Vītae is the dative singular form of vīta, vītae (1f): life. Sed (conj.): but. Scholae is the dative singular form of schola, scholae (1f): school. Discimus is the first person plural form of discō, discere, didicī, discitūrus (3): to learn.

Nōn: not. Facit is the third person singular form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Ēbrietās, ēbrietātis (3f): drunkenness. Vitia is the accusative plural form of vitium, vitiī (2n): vice, fault, flaw, defect. Sed (conj.): but. Prōtrahit is the third person singular form of prōtrahō, prōtrahere, prōtrāxī, prōtractum (3): to drag, pull or draw out; bring forth; bring into light, reveal; prolong; extend.

Vidēbis is the second person singular future form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see. Ergō (particle): therefore, so, then. Hominem is the accusative singular form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human being. Sī (conj.): if; in case, to see if. Volēs is the second person singular future form of volō, velle, voluī, — (irreg.): to want, wish.

Longus/longa/longum (1/2): long; far off. Est: is. Vīta, vītae (1f): life. Sī (conj.): if; in case, to see if. Plēnus/plēna/plēnum (1/2): full. Est: it is.

Sī (conj.): if; in case, to see if. Quis/qua/quid (indef. pron.): anyone, anything; someone, something (it replaces aliquis/aliqua/aliquid in some clauses, especially after sī, nisi, num and nē). Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Vetat is the third person singular form of vetō, vetāre, vetuī, vetitum (1): to forbid, veto. Vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctum (3): to live. Bene (adv.): well. Morior, morī, mortuus sum (3, –ior, deponent): to die. Nōn: not. Vetat is the third person singular form of vetō, vetāre, vetuī, vetitum (1): to forbid, veto.

Ista is the neuter accusative plural form of iste/ista/istud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it (those things). Sī (conj.): if; in case, to see if. Quis/qua/quid (indef. pron.): anyone, anything; someone, something (it replaces aliquis/aliqua/aliquid in some clauses, especially after sī, nisi, num and nē). Dēspicit is the third person singular form of dēspiciō, dēspicere, dēspexī, dēspectum (3, –iō): to look down (at); look down upon, despise, disdain. Quid is the neuter accusative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? —neuter accusative singular used adverbially: in what respect or degree? how? Illī is the m/f/n dative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one (that man, that person, etc.); he, she, it. Paupertās, paupertātis (3f): poverty. Nocet is the third person singular form of noceō, nocēre, nocuī, nocitum (2): to be harmful, do harm, injure, hurt, harm (takes dative).

Quid is the neuter accusative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Paterer is the first person singular imperfect subjunctive form of patior, patī, passus sum (3, –ior, deponent): to suffer, undergo; endure; allow (imperfect subjunctive because it’s present contrary to fact). Aliud is the neuter accusative singular form of alius/alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): another, other, else. Sī (conj.): if; in case, to see if. Fefellissem is the first person singular pluperfect subjunctive form of fallō, fallere, fefellī, falsum (3): to deceive; disappoint; fail to keep, break (a promise or the like) (pluperfect subjunctive because it’s past contrary to fact). Fidem is the accusative singular form of fidēs, fideī (5f): faith; trust, reliance; credence; loyalty; promise.

(To one who just consented to a death sentence.) Sī (conj.): if; in case, to see if. Recūsārēs is the second person singular imperfect subjunctive form of recūsō, recūsāre, recūsāvī, recūsātum (1): to object, reject, refuse, oppose. Darem is the first person singular imperfect subjunctive form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give; assign, attribute. (The verbs are imperfect subjunctive because they’re in a present contrary-to-fact conditional.)

Quod sī: but if, and if, if (literally with regards to which—i.e., with regards to what I’ve just said—if. . . ). Scīrem is the first person singular imperfect subjunctive form of sciō, scīre, scīvī/sciī, scītum (4): to know (imperfect subjunctive because it’s present contrary to fact). Quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Tibi: to you—the dative form of tū: you. Placēret is the third person singular imperfect subjunctive form of placeō, placēre, placuī, placitum (2): to please, be pleasing to (takes the dative) (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect question). Sine (prep.): without (takes the ablative). Sollicitūdine is the ablative singular form of sollicitūdō, sollicitūdinis (3f): anxiety, disquiet. Essem is the first person singular imperfect subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be (imperfect subjunctive because it’s present contrary to fact).

Quod sī: but if, and if, if (literally with regards to which—i.e., with regards to what I’ve just said—if. . . ). Italiam is the accusative singular form of Italia, Italiae (1f): Italy. Attigeris is the second person singular future perfect form of attingō, attingere, attigī, attāctum (3): to touch; reach. Ad (prep.): to, toward (takes the accusative). Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Concursus, concursūs (4m): a running together; concourse, assembly, meeting. Fīet is the third person singular future form of fīō, fierī, —, — (irreg.): to be done; be made; happen; become. Omnium is the m/f/n (here m) genitive plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): every; all; (m. pl. used substantively) all (people), everyone.

Intus (adv.): within, inside. Ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it. Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Sī (conj.): if; (with subjunctive) in case, to see if. Sē: her(self)—the accusative form of the reflexive pronoun. Arcessās is the second person singular subjunctive form of arcessō, arcessere, arcessīvī/arcessiī, arcessītum (3): to summon, send for. Manet is the third person singular form of maneō, manēre, mānsī, mānsum (2): to stay, remain; wait (for), await.

Vāde is the singular imperative form of vādō, vādere, vāsī, — (3): to go; rush. Ad (prep.): to, toward (takes the accusative). Dexteram is the accusative singular form of dextera, dexterae (1f—also dextra): the right hand; the right (a substantive use of dexter/dextera/dexterum (1/2—also dexter/dextra/dextrum): right, situated on the right; dexterous; propitious, favorable—the feminine form is used because the noun manus, manūs (4f, meaning hand) is implied). Sīve (conj.): or if; or whether; or (sīve/seu. . . sīve/seu = whether. . . or; either. . . or; if on the one hand. . . if on the other). Sinistram is the accusative singular form of sinistra, sinistrae (1f): the left hand; the left (a substantive use of sinister/sinistra/sinistrum (1/2): left, situated on the left; perverse; adverse, unfavorable—the feminine form is used because the noun manus, manūs (4f, meaning hand) is implied).

Contrahe is the singular imperative form of contrahō, contrahere, contrāxī, contractum (3): to draw together, collect, assemble; diminish, shorten. Quidquid is the neuter accusative singular form of quisquis/quidquid (rel. pron. —the neuter form is also spelled quicquid): whoever, whatever. Sīve (conj.): or if; or whether; or (sīve/seu. . . sīve/seu = whether. . . or; either. . . or; if on the one hand. . . if on the other). Animīs is the ablative plural form of animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit; courage. Sīve (conj.): or if; or whether; or. Arte is the ablative singular form of ars, artis (3f): art, skill, technique. Valēs is the second person singular form of valeō, valēre, valuī, valitum (2): to be strong, be well, be healthy; be of effect; be capable of (with neuter pronoun), be able to (with infinitive); be worth.

Dulcis/dulcis/dulce (3): sweet, delightful. Est: is. Somnus, somnī (2m): sleep. Operantī is the m/f/n (here m) dative singular form of operāns, operantis (3), the perfect active participle (working, laboring) of operor, operārī, operātus sum (1, deponent): to work. Sīve (conj.): or if; or whether; or (sīve/seu. . . sīve/seu = whether. . . or; either. . . or; if on the one hand. . . if on the other). Parum (n, indeclinable, nom or acc. only—here acc.): (too/very) little, not enough. Sīve (conj.): or if; or whether; or. Multum is the accusative form of multum, multī (2n): a large amount, much, a lot. Comedat is the third person singular subjunctive form of comedō, comēsse/comedere, comēdī, comēsum (3): to eat up; eat (this verb would likely have been indicative in classical Latin; late Latin tends to make greater use of the potential subjunctive in conditional clauses).

Sīve/seu (conj.): or if; or whether; or (sīve/seu. . . sīve/seu = whether. . . or; either. . . or; if on the one hand. . . if on the other). Diēs, diēī (5m/f): day. Sīve/seu (conj.): or if; or whether; or (sīve/seu. . . sīve/seu = whether. . . or; either. . . or; if on the one hand. . . if on the other). Nox, noctis (3f): night. Vēnerit is the third person singular future perfect form of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come. Ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it. Meast is a contracted spelling of mea est: meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine; est: is.

Adhūc (adv.): still, yet; so far. Sīve/seu (conj.): or if; or whether; or (sīve/seu. . . sīve/seu = whether. . . or; either. . . or; if on the one hand. . . if on the other). Cūra, cūrae (1f): care, concern. Meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine. Sīve/seu (conj.): or if; or whether; or (sīve/seu. . . sīve/seu = whether. . . or; either. . . or; if on the one hand. . . if on the other). Fortūna, fortūnae (1f): fortune, luck; fate. Restitit is the third person singular form of resistō, resistere, restitī, — (3): to stop moving, halt, stop; stand in the way, resist, oppose, thwart, prevent (takes a dative object). Parricīdiō is the dative singular form of parricīdium, parricīdiī (2n): parricide, the murder of one’s father; the murder of a family member. Tuō is the m/n dative singular form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours.

(Describing why he studies Epicurus.) Nōn: not. Tamquam (conj.): as, just as, like; as if; as it were, what I might call. Trānsfuga, trānsfugae (1m): deserter; one who runs over to the enemy. Sed (conj.): but. Explōrātor, explōrātōris (3m): scout, spy.

(He’s talking about a storm, and saying it does no discredit to the pilot of a ship since he can’t control it.) Nōn: not. Tamquam (conj.): as, just as, like; as if; as it were, what I might call. Gubernātōrī is the dative singular form of gubernātor, gubernātōris (3m): helmsman, pilot of a boat or ship; ruler, governor. Sed (conj.): but. Nāvigantī is the m/f/n (here m) dative singular form of nāvigāns, nāvigantis (3), the present active participle (traveling by sea, sailing) of nāvigō, nāvigāre, nāvigāvī, nāvigātum (1): to sail, travel by sea. Nocet is the third person singular form of noceō, nocēre, nocuī, nocitum (2): to do harm, injure, harm, hurt (takes a dative object).

Orbis, orbis (3m): anything round or spherical: circle, disk, sphere, globe, etc. ; earth, world. Vertitur is the third person singular passive form of vertō, vertere, vertī, versum (3): to turn, turn around; reverse. Tamquam (conj.): as, just as, like; as if; as it were, what I might call. Mola, molae (1f): millstone.

Fōrmam is the accusative singular form of fōrma, fōrmae (1f): form, shape. Quidem (particle): at any rate; indeed, certainly, in fact. Ipsam is the feminine accusative singular form of ipse/ipsa/ipsum (adj.): himself/herself/itself etc. ; in person; the very. Et (conj.): and. Tamquam (conj.): as, just as, like; as if; as it were, what I might call. Faciem is the accusative singular form of faciēs, faciēī (5f): face. Honestum, honestī (2n): that which is honorable, moral goodness, rectitude. Vidēs is the second person singular form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see.

(Explaining how he bears it when friends die.) Habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have. Enim (particle): for, indeed. Illōs is the masculine accusative plural form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it (those, them). Tamquam (conj.): as, just as, like; as if; as it were, what I might call (in the meaning as if, it’s often followed by a subjunctive verb, sometimes by a participle or something else than a verb). Āmissūrus/āmissūra/āmissūrum (1/2) is the future active participle (about to lose) of āmittō, āmittere, āmīsī, āmissum (3): to lose; let go. Āmittō, āmittere, āmīsī, āmissum (3): to lose; let go. Habeam is the first person singular subjunctive form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have.

Sīc (adv.): thus, so, in such manner, in this/that way, in the same way. Vīve is the singular imperative form of vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctum (3): to live. Cum (prep.): with (takes ablative). Hominibus is the ablative plural form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human. Tamquam (conj.): as, just as, like; as if; as it were, what I might call (in the meaning as if, it’s often followed—like here—by a subjunctive verb, sometimes by a participle or something else than a verb). Deus, deī (2m, irreg.): god. Videat is the third person singular subjunctive form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see. Loquere is the singular imperative form of loquor, loquī, locūtus sum (3, deponent): to speak. Deō is the ablative singular form of deus, deī (2m, irreg.): god. Hominēs is the nominative plural form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human. Audiant is the third person plural subjunctive form of audiō, audīre, audīvī/audiī, audītum (4): to hear; listen (to).

Quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Tibi is the dative form of tū: you (for you). Opus, operis (3n): work, effort; task; deed, exploit; (in the phrase opus est) need, needed (thing). Est: is. Ut (conj. , with subjunctive): that, so that, in order that, with the result that; though, even if. Sīs is the second person singular subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Bonus/bona/bonum (1/2): good. Volō, velle, voluī, — (irreg.): to want, wish.

Nēquitia, nēquitiae (1f): bad moral quality, vileness, wickedness. Est: it is. Ut (conj. , with subjunctive): that, so that, in order that, with the result that; though, even if. Extrahās is the second person singular subjunctive form of extrahō, extrahere, extrāxī, extractum (3): to pull out, extract; draw out; rescue, deliver; drag out, protract. Mergō, mergere, mersī, mersum (3): to submerge, immerse, drown, overwhelm.

(You faced no hardship that put his friendship to the test.) Omnia is the neuter accusative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every; (n. pl. used substantively) all things, everything. Fēcit is the third person singular perfect form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Ut (conj. , with subjunctive): that, so that, in order that, with the result that; though, even if. Beneficium is the accusative singular form of beneficium, beneficiī (2n): a kindness, service, benefit. Redderet is the third person singular imperfect subjunctive form of reddō, reddere, reddidī, redditum (3): to give back, return. Obstitit is the third person singular perfect form of obstō, obstāre, obstitī, obstātum (1): to stand in the way (of), obstruct, hinder (takes a dative object). Illī is the m/f/n dative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it. Fēlīcitās, fēlīcitātis (3f): good fortune, happiness; success. Tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours.

Prōice is the singular imperative form of prōiciō, prōicere, prōiēcī, prōiectum (3, –iō): to throw forth, cast away, throw away, reject; fling to the ground. Omnia is the neuter accusative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Ista is the neuter accusative plural form of iste/ista/istud (pron.): that, that one (of yours); he, she, it (those things). Sī (conj.): if. Sapis is the second person singular form of sapiō, sapere, sapīvī, — (3, –iō): to have a certain taste, taste of, smack of; have good sense; be wise; know, understand. Immō (particle): nay, rather; on the contrary; indeed. Ut (conj. , with subjunctive): that, so that, in order that, with the result that; though, even if. Sapiās is the second person singular subjunctive form of sapiō, sapere, sapīvī.

(He’s writing to Nero.) Īrāscor, īrāscī, īrātus sum (3, deponent): to become angry; be angry. Nōn: not. Potes is the second person singular form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can. Nisi (conj.): if not, unless; except, but. Ut (conj. , with subjunctive): that, so that, in order that, with the result that; though, even if. Omnia is the neuter nominative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every; (n. pl. used substantively) all things, everything. Tremant is the third person plural subjunctive form of tremō, tremere, tremuī, — (3): to tremble, shake.

(However many places there are where you can’t go, there are always more where you can.) Numquam (adv.): never. Ita (adv.): so, thus, in such a way. Tibi: for you—the dative form of tū: you. Magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): big, large, great. Pars, partis (3f): part. Obstruētur is the third person singular future passive form of obstruō, obstruere, obstrūxī, obstrūctum (3): to block, obstruct, barricade. Ut (conj. , with subjunctive): that, so that, in order that, with the result that; though, even if. Nōn: not. Maior/maior/maius (3): larger—the comparative form of magnus/magna/magnum (1/2). Relinquātur is the third person singular passive subjunctive form of relinquō, relinquere, relīquī, relictum (3): to leave, relinquish, abandon, leave behind.

Nēmō, nēminis (3m): no man, no one, nobody. Rēgī is the dative singular form of rēx, rēgis (3m): king; ruler. Tam (adv.): so, so much, to such an extent. Vīlis/vīlis/vīle (3): cheap. Sit is the third person singular subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be (subjunctive because it’s jussive). Ut (conj. , with subjunctive): that, so that, in order that, with the result that; though, even if. Illum is the masculine accusative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one (that man, that person, etc.); he, she it. Pereō, perīre, periī, peritum (irreg.): to become lost, vanish, disappear; be destroyed, perish, die. Nōn: not. Sentiat is the third person singular subjunctive form of sentiō, sentīre, sēnsī, sēnsum (4): to feel; perceive, notice; think.

Adeō (adv.): so far, so much, so, to such an extent. Mors, mortis (3f): death. Timendus/timenda/timendum (1/2) is the gerundive (to be feared) of timeō, timēre, timuī, — (2): to fear, be afraid. Nōn: not. Est: is. Ut (conj. , with subjunctive): that, so that, in order that, with the result that; though, even if. Beneficiō is the ablative singular form of beneficium, beneficiī (2n): a kindness, service, benefit. Eius is the m/f/n genitive singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here nom.): nothing. Timendus/timenda/timendum (1/2) is the gerundive (to be feared) of timeō, timēre, timuī, — (2): to fear, be afraid. Sit is the third person singular subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

Tū: you. Longius (adv.): farther—the comparative form of longē (adv.): far. Iam (adv.): already; now; soon. Prōcessistī is the second person singular perfect form of prōcēdō, prōcēdere, prōcessī, prōcessum (3): to advance, proceed. Quam (rel. adv.): than; as. Ut (conj. , with subjunctive): that, so that, in order that, with the result that; though, even if. Possīs is the second person singular subjunctive form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can. Verbīs is the ablative plural form of verbum, verbī (2n): word. Sānārī is the passive infinitive form of sānō, sānāre, sānāvī, sānātum (1): to cure.

(Something to be said not only to a human being—homō, hominis (3m)—but also to fortune—fortūna, fortūnae (1f). Minor here could be taken as masculine and feminine at the same time.) Omnia is the neuter accusative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every; (n. pl. used substantively) all things, everything. Licet, licēre, licuit/licitum est (2): it is allowed, it is permitted, one can, one may (impersonal; appears only in the third person (mostly singular); it can be completed by a subjunctive verb); (used as a conjunction, usually with the subjunctive) though, even if. Faciās is the second person singular subjunctive form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Minor/minor/minus (3): smaller, lesser, less—the comparative form of parvus/parva/parvum (1/2): small, little. Es: you are. Quam (rel. adv.): than; as. Ut (conj. , with subjunctive): that, so that, in order that, with the result that; though, even if. Serēnitātem is the accusative singular form of serēnitās, serēnitātis (3f): a clear sky, fine weather; serenity (Seneca is playing on both the literal and the figurative senses). Meam is the feminine accusative singular form of meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine. Obdūcās is the second person singular subjunctive form of obdūcō, obdūcere, obdūxī, obductum (3): to obstruct; draw as a covering; cover, overlay (e. g. , with clouds).

Frāter, frātris (3m): brother. Ut (conj. , with subjunctive): that, so that, in order that, with the result that; though, even if. Rēgnēs is the second person singular subjunctive form of rēgnō, rēgnāre, rēgnāvī, rēgnātum (1): to reign. Rogat is the third person singular form of rogō, rogāre, rogāvī, rogātum (1): to ask, request.

Id is the neuter accusative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Utī is an alternative form of ut (conj. , with subjunctive): that, so that, in order that, with the result that; though, even if. Permittātis is the second person plural subjunctive form of permittō, permittere, permīsī, permissum (3): to permit, allow; let go. Quaesumus is the first person plural form of quaesō (3, defective): to beg, pray, ask for.

Dērat (more commonly dēerat) is the third person singular imperfect form of dēsum, dēesse/dēsse, dēfuī, dēfutūrus (irreg.): to be lacking (takes a dative object). Aerumnīs is the dative plural form of aerumna, aerumnae (1f): trouble, hardship, distress. Meīs is the m/f/n dative plural form of meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine. Ut (conj. , with subjunctive): that, so that, in order that, with the result that; though, even if. Et (adv.): also, too, as well; even. Hostem is the accusative singular form of hostis, hostis (3m/f): enemy. Amārem is the first person singular imperfect subjunctive form of amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum (1): to love.

Quia (conj.): because. Occīdit is the third person singular perfect form (it can also be the present form) of occīdō, occīdere, occīdī, occīsum (3): to kill. Ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one (that man, that person, that thing, etc.); he, she, it. Meruit is the third person singular perfect form of mereō, merēre, meruī, meritum (2): to earn; deserve; earn (a soldier’s wages), i.e., serve (in the military). Ut (conj. , with subjunctive): that, so that, in order that, with the result that; though, even if. Hoc is the neuter accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one (this man, this person, this thing, etc.); he, she, it. Paterētur is the third person singular imperfect subjunctive form of patior, patī, passus sum (3, deponent): to suffer, undergo; endure; allow.

(He’s talking about riches, and saying: of course I don’t forbid you to possess them, but you shouldn’t be afraid of losing them.) Efficiō, efficere, effēcī, effectum (3, –iō): to make; produce; bring about, cause; carry out, execute, accomplish, fulfill. Volō, velle, voluī, — (irreg.): to want, wish; be willing. Ut (conj. , with subjunctive): that, so that, in order that, with the result that; though, even if. Illās is the feminine accusative plural form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it. Intrepidē (adv.): fearlessly, dauntlessly. Possideās is the second person singular subjunctive form of possideō, possidēre, possēdī, possessum (2): to own, possess, be master of.

(If you’re shedding tears on my account when I don’t want you to.) Sequitur is the third person singular form of sequor, sequī, secūtus sum (3, deponent): to follow. Ut (conj. , with subjunctive): that, so that, in order that, with the result that; though, even if. Causae is the nominative plural form of causa, causae (1f): cause, reason; case. Tuae is the feminine nominative plural form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours. Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Stimulent is the third person plural subjunctive form of stimulō, stimulāre, stimulāvī, stimulātum (1): to goad; urge on, incite.

Ut (conj. , with subjunctive): that, so that, in order that, with the result that; though, even if. Dignus/digna/dignum (1/2): worthy (can take the ablative). Astrīs is the ablative plural form of astrum, astrī (2n): star. Videar is the first person singular passive subjunctive form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see; (in the passive) seem, be thought (to be), be deemed, be seen (as). Hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Faciet is the third person singular future form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make; bring about. Diēs, diēī (5 m/f): day.

Effēcistī is the second person singular perfect form of efficiō, efficere, effēcī, effectum (3, –iō): to make; produce; bring about, cause; carry out, execute, accomplish, fulfill. Ut (conj. , with subjunctive): that, so that, in order that, with the result that; though, even if. Et (conj.): and (et. . . et = both. . . and). Vīverem is the first person singular imperfect subjunctive form of vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctum (3): to live. Et (conj.): and. Morerer is the first person singular imperfect subjunctive form of morior, morī, mortuus sum (3, –ior, deponent): to die. Ingrātus/ingrāta/ingrātum (1/2): ungrateful; not received with gratitude, not appreciated; unwelcome; unpleasing, displeasing, disagreeable.

Id is the neuter accusative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Agāmus is the first person plural subjunctive form of agō, agere, ēgī, āctum (3): to drive, cause to move; do, perform, work at, be engaged in; act (subjunctive because it’s hortatory). Ut (conj. , with subjunctive): that, so that, in order that, with the result that; though, even if. Noster/noster/nostrum (1/2): our, ours. Omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Tempus, temporis (3n): time. Sit is the third person singular subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

Damnātum is the m/n accusative singular form of damnātus/damnāta/damnātum (1/2), the perfect passive participle (having been condemned) of damnō, damnāre, damnāvī, damnātum (1): to condemn, convict. Poenam is the accusative singular form of poena, poenae (1f): penalty, punishment. Sequor, sequī, secūtus sum (3, deponent): to follow. Oportēbat is the third person singular imperfect form of oportet, oportēre, oportuit, — (2, impersonal): it is proper, it is right, it is needed, it is necessary (it can go with an accusative-and-infinitive clause). Ut (conj. , with subjunctive): that, so that, in order that, with the result that; though, even if. Ignī is the ablative singular form of ignis, ignis (3m): fire. Cremārētur is the third person singular imperfect passive subjunctive form of cremō, cremāre, cremāvī, cremātum (1): to burn to ashes; cremate.

Attingendus/attingenda/attingendum (1/2) is the gerundive (to be touched upon) of attingō, attingere, attigī, attāctum (3): to touch; reach; touch upon, mention. Dēfēnsiō, dēfēnsiōnis (3f): defense. Ut (conj. , with subjunctive): that, so that, in order that, with the result that; though, even if. Is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Prō (prep.): in front of, before; for; in exchange for, instead of; on behalf of (takes the ablative). Rē is the ablative singular form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair; fact; property; interest. Pūblicā is the feminine ablative singular form of pūblicus/pūblica/pūblicum (1/2): public, belonging to the state or community. Rēs pūblica = the state, state affairs, the republic, the commonwealth, the public interest. Fuerit is the third person singular perfect subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

(That is, the torches used in nuptial processions; they poetically symbolize the marriage itself.) Rēgiās is the feminine accusative plural form of rēgius/rēgia/rēgium (1/2): royal. Egone: ego: I; the enclitic interrogative particle –ne turns the word into part of a question. Ut (conj. , with subjunctive): that, so that, in order that, with the result that; though, even if. Facēs is the accusative plural form of fax, facis (3f): torch. Inultus/inulta/inultum (1/2): unavenged. Patiar is the first person singular subjunctive form of patior, patī, passus sum (3, –ior, deponent): to suffer, undergo; endure; allow.

Egone: ego: I; the enclitic interrogative particle –ne turns the word into part of a question. Ut (conj. , with subjunctive): that, so that, in order that, with the result that; though, even if. Sorōrem is the accusative singular form of soror, sorōris (3f): sister. Rēgiā is the ablative singular form of rēgia, rēgiae (1f): royal palace, court (a substantive use of rēgius/rēgia/rēgium (1/2): royal; the noun domus, domūs (2/4f, meaning house) is implied). Expellī is the passive infinitive form of expellō, expellere, expulī, expulsum (3): to drive out, expel. Velim is the first person singular subjunctive form of volō, velle, voluī, — (irreg.): to want, wish.

Iuppiter is the vocative singular form of Iuppiter, Iovis (3m): Jove, Jupiter. Ut: (starting a wish) that. . . ! may. . . ! Chalybes, Chalybōn (3m, pl. ; the genitive can also be Chalybum—Chalybōn is a Greek form): a people in Pontus, famous for their production of steel (their name is based on the Greek word for that metal). Omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Genus, generis (3n): kind, type; race; birth, descent. Pereat is the third person singular subjunctive form of pereō, perīre, periī, peritum (irreg.): to become lost, vanish, disappear; be destroyed, perish, die.

Ut (conj. , with subjunctive): that, so that, in order that, with the result that; though, even if. Nīl (contraction of nihil; n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here acc.): nothing; (acc. used adverbially) in no respect, to no extent, not at all. Lacessās is the second person singular subjunctive form of lacessō, lacessere, lacessīvī/lacessiī, lacessītum (3): to challenge (to a contest); excite, rouse, provoke, stimulate; harass. Ipsa is the neuter nominative plural form of ipse/ipsa/ipsum (adj.): himself/herself/itself, etc. ; in person; the very. Sē: themselves—the accusative form of the reflexive pronoun. Fāta is the nominative plural form of fātum, fātī (2n): fate. Explicant is the third person plural form of explicō, explicāre, explicāvī/explicuī, explicātum/explicitum (1): to unfold, spread out, deploy; display; explain.

Ut (conj. , with subjunctive): that, so that, in order that, with the result that; though, even if. Nēmō, nēminis (3m): no one. Doceat is the third person singular subjunctive form of doceō, docēre, docuī, doctum (2): to teach. Fraus, fraudis (3f): harm; deceit, fraud, trick, stratagem. Et (conj.): and. Scelus, sceleris (3n): crime. Viās is the accusative plural form of via, viae (1f): way, road; method, manner. Rēgnum, rēgnī (2n): kingship; reign; kingdom, territory. Docēbit is the third person singular future form of doceō, docēre, docuī, doctum (2): to teach.

Est: it is. Ut (rel. adv.): as, like, such as; when, as soon as. Dīcis is the second person singular form of dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say. Catō is the vocative singular form of Catō, Catōnis (3m).

Respondeō, respondēre, respondī, respōnsum (2): to respond, reply. Hominī is the dative singular form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human being. Ut (rel. adv.): as, like, such as; when, as soon as. Possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can. Dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitum (2): to owe; ought, should, have to (often referring to moral obligation). Volō, velle, voluī, — (irreg.): to want, wish.

Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. Essem is the first person singular imperfect subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be (subjunctive because it’s in a historical cum clause). Parvulus/parvula/parvulum (1/2): (very) small, (very) little, tiny; slight; (used substantively) a little one, a child. Loquēbar is the first person singular imperfect form of loquor, loquī, locūtus sum (3, deponent): to speak, talk. Ut (rel. adv.): as, like, such as; when, as soon as. Sapiēbam is the first person singular imperfect form of sapiō, sapere, sapīvī, — (3, –iō): to taste of; have good sense; be wise; understand. Cōgitābam is the first person singular imperfect form of cōgitō, cōgitāre, cōgitāvī, cōgitātum (1): to think.

(He’s speaking about diseases of the mind or soul.) Morbī is the nominative plural form of morbus, morbī (2m): disease, illness. Sunt: (they) are. Inveterāta is the neuter nominative plural form of inveterātus/inveterāta/inveterātum (1/2): long-standing, chronic, inveterate—originally the perfect passive participle of inveterō, inveterāre, inveterāvī, inveterātum (1): to let become old or established; (in passive) become old or established, endure, abide. Vitia is the nominative plural form of vitium, vitiī (2n): vice, fault, flaw, defect. Et (conj.): and. Dūra is the neuter nominative plural form of dūrus/dūra/dūrum (1/2): hard; harsh. Ut (rel. adv.): as, like, such as; when, as soon as. Avāritia, avāritiae (1f): avarice, greed; miserliness. Ambitiō, ambitiōnis (3f): ambition, desire for favor.

Omnia is the neuter nominative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Animālia is the nominative plural form of animal, animālis (3n): living thing, animal. Aut (conj.): or (aut. . . aut = either. . . or). Ratiōnālia is the neuter nominative plural form of ratiōnālis/ratiōnālis/ratiōnāle (3): rational, endowed with reason; syllogistic. Sunt: (they) are. Ut (rel. adv.): as, like, such as; when, as soon as. Hominēs is the nominative plural form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human being. Dī is the nominative plural form of deus, deī (2m, irreg.): god, deity. Aut (conj.): or. Inratiōnālia is the neuter nominative plural form of inratiōnālis/inratiōnālis/inratiōnāle (3—also irratiōnālis): irrational, not endowed with reason. Ferae is the nominative plural form of fera, ferae (1f): wild animal (a substantive use of ferus/fera/ferum (1/2): wild, fierce, savage, ferocious—the feminine form is used because the noun bēstia, bēstiae (1f, meaning beast) was originally implied). Pecora is the nominative plural form of pecus, pecoris (3n): livestock, cattle.

Claudius/Claudia/Claudium (1/2): Roman family name, here of the Roman emperor 41-54 AD. Ut (rel. adv.): as, like, such as; when, as soon as. Vīdit is the third person singular form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see; (in the passive) seem. Fūnus is the accusative singular form of fūnus, fūneris (3n): funeral; death. Suum: his (own)—the m/n accusative singular form of suus/sua/suum (1/2). Intellēxit is the third person singular perfect form of intellegō, intellegere, intellēxī, intellēctum (3): to understand, realize. Sē: himself—the accusative form of the reflexive pronoun. Mortuum is the m/n accusative singular form of mortuus/mortua/mortuum (1/2): dead—originally the perfect active participle (having died) of morior, morī, mortuus sum (3, –ior, deponent): to die. Esse: to be.

Ut (rel. adv.): as, like, such as; when, as soon as. Prīmum (adv.): first. Ut prīmum = as soon as (stressing immediacy). Veliā is the ablative form of Velia, Veliae (1f): a city in southwest Italy. Nāvigō, nāvigāre, nāvigāvī, nāvigātum (1): to sail. Coepī, coepisse, coeptum (defective; usually occurs only in the perfect, pluperfect and future perfect tenses): to begin. Īnstituō, īnstituere, īnstituī, īnstitūtum (3): to set up, establish, organize; set to work on, set about (can take an infinitive). Topica is the accusative form of Topica, Topicōrum (2n, plural only): the title of a work by Aristotle dealing with “commonplaces” in rhetoric; also the title of a work by Cicero, inspired by Aristotle’s (the word comes from Greek; it’s an adjective that literally means relating to places). Aristotelēa is the neuter accusative plural form of Aristotelēus/Aristotelēa/Aristotelēum (1/2—also Aristotelīus): Aristotelian. Cōnscrībō, cōnscrībere, cōnscrīpsī, cōnscrīptum (3): to write up, draw up, compose; enroll, enlist.

Ut (rel. adv.): as, like, such as; when, as soon as. Prīmum (adv.): first. Ut prīmum = as soon as (stressing immediacy). Iūdicēs is the nominative plural form of iūdex, iūdicis (3m/f): judge, juror. Cōnsēdērunt is the third person plural perfect form of cōnsīdō, cōnsīdere, cōnsēdī, cōnsessum (3): to sit down. Valdē (adv.): very (much), greatly; strongly, intensely. Diffīdō, diffīdere, diffīsus sum (3, semi-deponent): to distrust, lack confidence, be diffident or distrustful; despair. Bonī is the masculine nominative plural form of bonus/bona/bonum (1/2): good. Coepērunt is the third person plural perfect form of coepī, coepisse, coeptum (3, –iō, defective; usually occurs only in the perfect, pluperfect and future perfect tenses): to begin.

Ut (interrog. adv.): how? Undique (adv.): from all sides, all over, all around. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into, onto, on (with motion). Mē is the accusative form of ego: I. Saevus/saeva/saevum (1/2): savage, ferocious, fierce; cruel. Fortūna, fortūnae (1f): fortune, chance, luck. Irruit is the third person singular form of irruō, irruere, irruī, — (3—also inruō): to rush in; rush on, charge, invade, make an attack on (often with in + acc.).

Ut (interrog. adv.): how? Ab/ā (prep.): (away) from; by (takes the ablative). Tē is the ablative form of tū: you. Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here acc.): nothing. Accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptum (3, –iō): to receive, accept, take. Iuvat is the third person singular form of iuvō, iuvāre, iūvī, iūtum (1): to help, benefit, avail; delight, gratify, please.

Vidē is the imperative singular form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see. Ut (interrog. adv.): how? Animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit. Ingēns, ingentis (3, adj.): huge, enormous, (very) great. Laetus/laeta/laetum (1/2): joyful, glad, happy. Audierit is the third person singular perfect subjunctive form of audiō, audīre, audīvī/audiī, audītum (4): to hear (of); listen (to) (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect question). Necem is the accusative singular form of nex, necis (3f): murder, killing, violent death.

(Referring to a letter—litterae; the word is plural in Latin, hence the plural verb.) Verēbar is the first person singular imperfect form of vereor, verērī, veritus sum (2, deponent): to revere, have respect for; fear, be afraid. Ut: (in a fear clause, with subjunctive) that not. Redderentur is the third person plural imperfect passive subjunctive form of reddō, reddere, reddidī, redditum (3): to give back, return; deliver.

(The wise man doesn’t completely lack feeling.) Neque/nec (conj. and adv.): and not, nor; neither, not either, not even. Enim (particle): for, indeed. Lapis, lapidis (3m): stone. Illī is the m/f/n dative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she it. Dūritiam is the accusative singular form of dūritia, dūritiae (1f): hardness. Ferrīve: ferrum, ferrī (2n): iron or steel; blade; sword; the enclitic conjunction –ve adds or. Adserimus is the first person plural form of adserō, adserere, adseruī, adsertum (3—also asserō): to lay claim to; attribute; arrogate; assert.

(That is, for Fortune—nothing.) Quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Illī: for her—the m/f/n dative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it. Arduus/ardua/arduum (1/2): high, elevated; steep; difficult, laborious, arduous. Quidve: quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Difficilis/difficilis/difficile (3): hard, difficult, troublesome. Est: is.

Sed (conj.): but. Iste/ista/istud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it. Magis (adv.): more. Minusve: minus (adv.): less; the enclitic conjunction –ve adds or. Vitiōsus/vitiōsa/vitiōsum (2): faulty, flawed, defective; depraved. Est: is. Prō (prep.): before, in front of; for; in exchange for; instead of, in place of; in the capacity of; on behalf of; in defense of; in proportion to; according to, depending on (takes ablative). Persōnīs is the ablative plural form of persōna, persōnae (1f): mask; character; role, part; (social) position; person, individual (esp. in respect to their rank and characteristics). Dīcentium is the m/f/n (here m) genitive plural form of dīcēns, dīcentis (3), the present active participle of dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say, speak; speak in court, plead.

Vix (adv.): with difficulty; barely, hardly, scarcely. Duo/duae/duo (irreg.): two. Trēsve: trēs/trēs/tria (3, plural): three; the enclitic conjunction –ve adds or. Mihī (the second i is often short but can also be long; here the meter requires the latter): to me—the dative form of ego: I. Dē (prep.): from, down from, out of; of; about, concerning (takes the ablative). Tot (indeclinable, here used as abl. after dē): so many; as many. Superestis is the second person plural form of supersum, superesse, superfuī, superfutūrus (irreg.): to be left; be present in abundance or excess. Amīcī is the nominative plural form of amīcus, amīcī (2m): friend.

Disce is the singular imperative form of discō, discere, didicī, discitūrus (3): to learn. Quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Iste/ista/istud (adj.): that, this. Deus, deī (2m, irreg.): god. Cūrve: cūr (interrog. adv.): why? —the enclitic conjunction –ve adds or (sometimes it can be translated less literally as and). Vocētur is the third person singular passive subjunctive form of vocō, vocāre, vocāvī, vocātum (1): to call; summon; invite (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect question). Ita (adv.): so, thus, in this/that way, in such a way.

Neque/nec (conj. and adv.): and not, nor; neither, not either, not even. Enim (particle): for, indeed. Meminīve: meminī, meminisse, — (3; perfect forms with present meaning): to remember; here the enclitic conjunction –ve adds either (in an either. . . or construction). Libetve: libet, libēre, libuit/libitum est (2, impersonal): there is a desire (to do something), it pleases (one to do something), one feels like (doing something) (if mentioned, the person feeling the desire goes in the dative); the enclitic conjunction –ve adds or. Quidquid is the neuter accusative singular form of quisquis/quidquid (rel. pron. ; the neuter form is also spelled quicquid): whoever, whatever; everyone who, everything that. Ibi (adv.): there. Videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see. Dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say, speak, tell, mention.

Quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Enim (particle): for, indeed. Dubitatve: dubitat is the third person singular form of dubitō, dubitāre, dubitāvī, dubitātum (1): to doubt; hesitate; here the enclitic –ve adds either (in an either. . . or construction). Negatve: negat is the third person singular form of negō, negāre, negāvī, negātum (1): to deny; refuse; the enclitic conjunction –ve adds or.

Quī/quae/quod (interrog. adj.): which. . . ? what. . . ? Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Cāsusve: cāsus, cāsūs (4m): fall; chance; accident; misfortune; here the enclitic–ve adds either (in an either. . . or construction). Deusve: deus, deī (2m, irreg.): god, deity; the enclitic conjunction –ve adds or. Servat is the third person singular form of servō, servāre, servāvī, servātum (1): to observe; guard; keep; protect; save.

Pauca is the neuter accusative plural form of paucus/pauca/paucum (1/2): few. Mūtat is the third person singular form of mūtō, mūtāre, mūtāvī, mūtātum (1): to change, modify, transform. Vel (conj.): or. Plūra is the neuter accusative form of plūrēs/plūrēs/plūra (3, plural): more numerous, more (in number); many, a good many. Sānē (adv.): soundly; indeed, truly, really.

(Than men who strain to look younger than they are.) Quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Fīō, fierī, —, — (irreg.): to be done; be made; happen; become. Crūdēlior/crūdēlior/crūdēlius (3): more cruel—the comparative form of crūdēlis/crūdēlis/crūdēle (3): cruel. Vel (conj.): or. Miserior/miserior/miserius (3): more wretched—the comparative form of miser/misera/miserum (1/2): miserable, pitiful, wretched. Potest is the third person singular form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can.

Vel (conj.): or (vel. . . vel = either. . . or). Nesciō, nescīre, nescīvī/nesciī, nescītum (4): to not know. Vel (conj.): or. Nōn: not. Dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say.

Tum (adv.): then. Inchoō, inchoāre, inchoāvī, inchoātum (1—also incohō, incohāre): to begin. Haec is the neuter accusative plural form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Studia is the accusative plural form of studium, studiī (2n): zeal, diligence, devotion, passion, enthusiasm; application to a thing; pursuit; study. Vel (conj.): or (vel. . . vel = either. . . or). Nōn: not. Vacābit is the third person singular future form of vacō, vacāre, vacāvī, vacātum (1): to be empty, be vacant; be at leisure, have time; (impersonally) there is room (to); there is time (to). Vel (conj.): or. Nōn: not. Libēbit is the third person singular future form of libet, libēre, libuit/libitum est (2, impersonal): it pleases, there is a desire (to), one feels like (doing something = infinitive).

Vel (adv.): even. Iovī is the dative singular form of Iuppiter, Iovis (3m): Jove, Jupiter. Cēdō, cēdere, cessī, cessum (3): to go, move; withdraw; concede, yield. Nescit is the third person singular form of nesciō, nescīre, nescīvī/nesciī, nescītum (4): to not know; not know how to (with infinitive).

Fabiō is the m/f/n (here m) ablative singular form of the family name Fabius/Fabia/Fabium (1/2). Vel (adv.): even. Iūdice is the ablative singular form of iūdex, iūdicis (3m): judge. Fabiō iūdice is an ablative absolute: with Fabius (being the) judge, with Fabius as a judge, with Fabius for a judge. Vincam is the first person singular future form of vincō, vincere, vīcī, victum (3): to conquer, overcome, overmatch; win, be victorious.

(Quoting Brutus; it is his throat.) Praebēbō is the first person singular future form of praebeō, praebēre, praebuī, praebitum (2): to put forward, present, offer. Inquit is the third person singular form of inquam (irreg. and defective): to say (inquit = he/she/it says or said). Ita (adv.): so, thus, in such a way. Vīvam is the first person singular subjunctive form of vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctum (3): to live. Paene (adv.): almost. Adiēcit is the third person singular perfect form of adiciō, adicere, adiēcī, adiectum (3, –iō): to throw (at); attach; add. Vel (adv.): even. Sub (prep.): (with abl.) under; (with acc.) under with motion, toward and under. Antōniō is the m/n (here m) ablative singular form of Antōnius/Antōnia/Antōnium (1/2): a Roman family name, here of the politician we know as Mark Antony.