Conjunctions

At (conj.): but, however. Perīculōsus/perīculōsa/ perīculōsum (1/2): dangerous. Est: it is.

At (conj.): but, however. Quō is the m/n ablative singular form of quī/quae/quod (interrog. adj.): which. . . ? what. . . ? Modō is the ablative singular form of modus, modī (2m): measure; limit; way, manner. Quō modō or quōmodo in one word = in what manner? how? Ēdīxit is the third person singular perfect form of ēdīcō, ēdīcere, ēdīxī, ēdictum (3): to declare, announce, proclaim; decree.

At (conj.): but, however. Ille /illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she it. Lateō, latēre, latuī (3): to hide, lurk; be obscure or unknown. Sciēbat is the third person singular imperfect form of sciō, scīre, scīvī/sciī, scītum (4): to know; know how to. Nōn: not. Vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctum (3): to live.

Fīxit is the third person singular perfect form of fīgō, fīgere, fīxī, fīxum (3): to fasten, fix, pin; establish (laws were engraved on tablets and posted—pinned—in public, then removed when repealed). Lēgēs is the accusative plural form of lēx, lēgis (3f): law, rule, principle. Pretiō is the ablative singular form of pretium, pretiī (2n): price. Atque /ac (conj.): and, and also, and then. Refīxit is the third person singular perfect form of refīgō, refīgere, refīxī, refīxum (3): to unfix, tear down, detach (i.e., unmake).

Sūrsum (adv.): up, upward. Atque/ ac (conj.): and, and also, and then; (in expressions of similarity or dissimilarity) as, to, from, than. Deorsum (adv.): down, downward.

(Beautiful things survive repetition, and are worth saying more than once.) Bis (adv.): twice. Atque/ ac (conj.): and, and also, and then; (in expressions of similarity or dissimilarity) as, to, from, than. Ter (adv.): thrice, three times. Quī/quae/ quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Pulcher/pulchra/ pulchrum (1/2): beautiful, fair. Est: is .

Ratiō, ratiōnis (3f): reason; method; calculation. Ergō (particle): therefore, then. Arbitra, arbitrae (1f): (female) judge. Est: is. Bonōrum is the genitive plural form of bonum, bonī (2n): a good thing, a good. Atque/ ac (conj.): and, and also, and then; (in expressions of similarity or dissimilarity) as, to, from, than. Malōrum is the genitive plural form of malum, malī (2n): a bad thing, an evil.

Pūmex, pūmicis (3m/f): a pumice stone. Nōn: not. Aequē (adv.): equally, as much. Est: is. Āridus /ārida/āridum (1/2): dry. Atque /ac (conj.): and, and also, and then; (in expressions of similarity or dissimilarity) as, to, from, than. Hic /haec/hoc (adj.): this. Senex, senis (3m): old man.

Laetāmur is the first person plural form of laetor, laetārī, laetātus sum (1, deponent): to rejoice, be joyful, be glad. Amīcōrum is the genitive plural form of amīcus, amīcī (2m): friend. Laetitiā is the ablative singular form of laetitia, laetitiae (1f): gladness, joy. Aequē (adv.): equally, as much. Atque /ac (conj.): and, and also, and then; (in expressions of similarity or dissimilarity) as, to, from, than. Nostrā is the feminine ablative singular form of noster/nostra/nostrum (1/2): our, ours.

Hic /haec/hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Loquēbātur is the third person singular imperfect form of loquor, loquī, locūtus sum (3, deponent): to speak. Aliter (adv.): otherwise, differently. Atque /ac (conj.): and, and also, and then; (in expressions of similarity or dissimilarity) as, to, from, than. Omnēs is the m/f nominative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (4): all; every. Sentiēbat is the third person singular imperfect form of sentiō, sentīre, sēnsī, sēnsum (4): to feel; perceive; think; mean. Idem is the neuter accusative singular form of īdem/eadem/idem (pron.): the same. Quod is the neuter accusative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Cēterī is the masculine nominative plural form of cēterus/cētera/cēterum (1/2): the rest of, (all) the others, the rest.

Simul (adv.): at the same time, simultaneously; together. Atque /ac (conj.): and, and also, and then; (in expressions of similarity or dissimilarity) as, to, from, than. Ego: I. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Siciliam is the accusative form of Sicilia, Siciliae (1f): Sicily. Veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come. Mūtātus est is the third person masculine singular perfect passive form of mūtō, mūtāre, mūtāvī, mūtātum (1): to change, transform.

Simul (adv.): at the same time, simultaneously; together. Atque/ ac (conj.): and, and also, and then; (in expressions of similarity or dissimilarity) as, to, from, than. Cōnstituerō is the first person singular future perfect form of cōnstituō, cōnstituere, cōnstituī, cōnstitūtum (3): to put or place a thing firmly; construct; bring about; settle, establish; decide. Ad (prep.): to, toward; according to (takes the accusative). Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Scrībam is the first person singular future form of scrībō, scrībere, scrīpsī, scrīptum (3): to write.

(He’s saying that if anger is a good thing, we should want more of it, but. . .) Atquī (conj.): and yet, but, still. Augērī is the passive infinitive form of augeō, augēre, auxī, auctum (2): to increase. Illam is the feminine accusative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she it. Inūtilis/inūtilis/ inūtile (3): useless, unprofitable. Est: it is.

(Beforehand: You wouldn’t want to stab an enemy so hard that your hand got stuck in the wound, would you?) Atquī (conj.): and yet, but, still. Tālis/tālis/ tāle (3): such, of such a kind. Īra, īrae (1f): anger. Tēlum, tēlī (2n): weapon, missile. Est: is.

(Do your deliberating before you start, not in the act.) Atquī (conj.): and yet, but, still. Nōn: not. Est: it is. Apud (prep.): at, near; with, among; in front of, in the presence of; at the house of (takes accusative). Āram is the accusative singular form of āra, ārae (1f): altar. Cōnsultandus/cōnsultanda/ cōnsultandum (1/2) is the gerundive (to be deliberated) of cōnsultō, cōnsultāre, cōnsultāvī, cōnsultātum (1): to deliberate, discuss; consult (est. . . cōnsultandum is the impersonal passive periphrastic: you should (not) deliberate. . .).

(Motto of the Dutch special forces.) Nunc (adv.): now. Aut (conj.): or. Nunquam (adv.): never (also written as numquam).

(When the Athenians lost a battle with the Sicilians, the surviving prisoners were taken to Sicily and forced to teach schoolchildren. The expression basically meant “I don’t know exactly what’s become of him, but it’s bad.”) Aut (conj.): for (aut. . . aut: either. . . or). Mortuus /mortua/mortuum (1/2): dead—originally the perfect active participle (having died) of morior, morī, mortuus sum (3, –ior, deponent): to die. Est: he is. Aut (conj.): or. Docet is the third person singular form of doceō, docēre, docuī, doctum (2): to teach. Litterās is the accusative plural form of littera, litterae (1f): letter (of the alphabet); (in pl.) handwriting; literature; letter (written message).

(What a philosopher does with money.) Dōnābit is the third person singular future form of dōnō, dōnare, dōnāvī, dōnātum (1): to reward, endow, present (someone with something); give (gifts), bestow. Aut (conj.): for (aut. . . aut: either. . . or). Bonīs is the m/f/n (here m) dative singular form of bonus/bona/bonum (1/2): good (used substantively: the good, good men). Aut (conj.): or. Eīs is the m/f/n dative plural form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Quōs is the masculine accusative plural form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Poterit is the third person singular future form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can. Bonōs is the masculine accusative plural form of bonus/bona/bonum (1/2): good (used substantively).

Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. Parvulus/ parvula /parvulum (1/2): (very) small, little, slight—a diminutive form of parvus/parva/parvum (1/2): small. Est: it is. Bonus/ bona /bonum (1/2): good. Vidētur is the third person singular passive form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see; (in the passive) seem. Spīna, spīnae (1f): thorn, prickle; thorn bush.

Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. Mē: me—the accusative form of ego: I. Moveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtum (2): to move, stir; disturb. Lassus /lassa/lassum (1/2): tired, weary. Sum: I am.

Nārrābō is the first person singular future form of of nārrō, nārrāre, nārrāvī, nārrātum (1): to narrate, report, tell. Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. Aliquid is the neuter accusative singular form of aliquis/aliqua/aliquid (pron.): someone, something; anyone, anything. Habēbō is the first person singular future form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have. Novī is the m/n (here n) genitive singular form of novus/nova/novum (1/2): new; young; fresh—used here as a partitive genitive.

(Of death.) Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here nom.): nothing. Trīstis/trīstis/ trīste (3): gloomy; sad; stern; grim. Est: is. Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. Huius is the m/f/n genitive singular form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Metum is the accusative singular form of metus, metūs (4m): fear. Effūgimus is the first person plural perfect form of effugiō, effugere, effūgī, — (3, –iō): to flee from, escape.

Vincī is the passive infinitive form of vincō, vincere, vīcī, victum (3): to conquer, overcome, overmatch; win, be victorious. Herculēs, Herculis (3m): Hercules. Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. Potuit is the third person singular perfect form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can. Hinc (adv.): from here, from this place or point; from this cause, on this account. Coepit is the third person singular perfect form of coepī, coepisse, coeptum (3, –iō, defective): began (no present tense in regular use). Morior, morī, mortuus sum (3, –ior, deponent): to die.

Tum (adv.): then, at that time, at the (very) time. Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. Dīcēbās is the second person singular imperfect form of dicō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say, speak; mean. Vidēbam is the first person singular imperfect form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see.

(By their greed.) Tunc (adv.): then, at that time, at the (very) time. Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. agō, agere, ēgī, āctum (3): to drive, put in motion; do; act; chase, pursue, hunt. Aliōs is the masculine accusative plural form of alius/alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): other, another; different. Vīsī sunt is the third person masculine plural perfect passive form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see; (in the passive) seem. Agēbantur is the third person plural imperfect passive form of agō, agere, ēgī, āctum (3): to drive, put in motion; do; act; chase, pursue, hunt.

Nōndum (adv.): not yet. Hannibal, Hannibalis (3m): Hannibal. Ex/ ē (prep.): out of, from (takes the ablative). Castrīs is the ablative plural form of castrum, castrī (2n): fortified place; (in the plural only) camp. Exierat is the third person singular pluperfect form of exeō, exīre, exiī/exīvī, exitum (irreg.): to exit, go out. Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. Pugnantium is the m/f/n (here m) genitive plural form of pugnāns, pugnantis (3), the present active participle (fighting) of pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātum (1): to fight. Clāmōrem is the accusative singular form of clāmor, clāmōris (3m): shout, cry, shouting, clamor. Audīvit is the third person singular perfect form of audiō, audīre, audīvī/audiī, audītum (4): to hear; listen (to).

Quid is the neuter accusative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? —neuter accusative used adverbially: in what respect or degree? how? why? (quid opus est + ablative = literally in what respect is there need for. . . ? ) Opus, operis (3n): work, labor, toil; need (with abl. of thing needed). Est: is. Īrā is the ablative singular form of īra, īrae (1f): anger. Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. Idem is the neuter accusative singular form of īdem/eadem/idem (pron.): the same. Prōficiat is the third person singular subjunctive form of prōficiō, prōficere, prōfēcī, prōfectum (3, –iō): to advance, progress; achieve; profit; benefit. Ratiō, ratiōnis (3f): reason; method; calculation.

Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. Sciam is the first person singular subjunctive form of sciō, scīre, scīvī/sciī, scītum (4): to know. Omnia is the neuter accusative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): every; all. Esse: to be. Fīnīta is the neuter accusative plural form of fīnītus/fīnīta/fīnītum (1/2): finite—originally the perfect passive participle (limited) of fīniō, fīnīre, fīnīvī/fīniī, fīnītum (4): to finish, end; limit; define. Ego: I. Ultimum is the m/n accusative singular form of ultimus/ultima/ultimum (1/2): last, final; furthest; extreme. Suspīrium is the accusative singular form of suspīrium, suspīriī (2n): deep breath; sigh. Timeam is the first person singular subjunctive form of timeō, timēre, timuī, — (2): to fear, be afraid (subjunctive because it’s in a deliberative question).

Incertus /incerta/incertum (1/2): unsure, uncertain, doubtful. Animus, animī (2m): mind, soul. Sciō, scīre, scīvī/sciī, scītum (4): to know. Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. Cupiat is the third person singular subjunctive form of cupiō, cupere, cupīvī/cupiī, cupītum (3, –iō): to desire, wish. Timet is the third person singular form of timeō, timēre, timuī, — (2): to fear, be afraid.

(Hope and fear.) Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. Videantur is the third person plural passive subjunctive form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see; (in the passive) seem. Dissideō, dissidēre, dissēdī, — (2): to sit apart, be apart; disagree; differ. Coniūncta is the neuter nominative plural form of coniūnctus/coniūncta/coniūnctum (1/2), the perfect passive participle (connected, united) of coniungō, coniungere, coniūnxī, coniūnctum (3): to connect, join, unite. Sunt: they are.

(Of Spartan hounds.) Veniet is the third person singular future form of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come. Tempus, temporis (3n): time. Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. Lātrātū is the ablative singular form of lātrātus, lātrātūs (4m): a barking. Cava is the neuter nominative plural form of cavus/cava/cavum (1/2): hollow. Saxa is the nominative plural form of saxum, saxī (2n): rock. Sonent is the third person plural subjunctive form of sonō, sonāre, sonuī, sonitum (1): to sound, make a noise.

Quāsdam is the feminine accusative plural form of quīdam/quaedam/quoddam (adj.): some, a certain, a(n). Gentēs is the accusative plural form of gēns, gentis (3f): nation; race; tribe; family. Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. Ignōta is the neuter accusative plural form of ignōtus/ignōta/ignōtum (1/2): unknown (neuter plural adjectives can be used substantively to mean not only (adjective) things but also (adjective) places). Peterent is the third person plural imperfect subjunctive form of petō, petere, petīvī/petiī, petītum (3): to direct one’s course to, make for; ask; seek; attack. Mare, maris (3n): sea. Hausit is the third person singular perfect form of hauriō, haurīre, hausī, haustum (4): to draw (a liquid); drain, drink; swallow, consume.

Haec is the neuter accusative plural form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. Dīxisset is the third person singular pluperfect subjunctive form of dicō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say. Prōcēdit is the third person singular form of prōcēdō, prōcēdere, prōcessī, prōcessum (3): to advance, proceed, go forth, go out (a historical present). Extrā (prep.): outside of (takes the accusative). Mūnītiōnēs is the accusative plural form of mūnītiō, mūnītiōnis (3f): a fortifying; defense, fortification.

(If the friendship was sought for self-interested reasons, such as hope of getting free from your chains.) Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. Prīmum (adv.): first. Crepuerit is the third person singular future perfect form of crepō, crepāre, crepuī, crepitum (1): to rattle, crack. Catēna, catēnae (1f): chain. Discēdet is the third person singular future form of discēdō, discēdere, discessī, discessum (3): to part, leave, depart.

Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. Maximē (adv.): most; very much; especially cum maximē = just as, at the very moment that, in the middle or at the height of some action. Haec is the neuter accusative plural form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it (these things). Agerent is the third person plural imperfect subjunctive form of agō, agere, ēgī, āctum (3): to drive, set in motion, stir up; do, conduct, deal with, be engaged in; act. Trepidī is the masculine nominative plural form of trepidus/trepida/trepidum (1/2): restless, anxious, agitated. Nūntiī is the nominative plural form of nūntius, nūntiī (2m): messenger; message. Ab /ā (prep.): (away) from; by (takes the ablative). Tusculō is the ablative singular form of Tusculum, Tusculī (2n): Roman city. Veniunt is the third person plural form of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come (a historical present).

Quam (interrog. adv.): how (much)? to what degree? Multīs is the m/f/n dative plural form of multus/multa/multum (1/2): much, many. Cum maximē: right now/then, at this/that very moment. Fūnus, fūneris (3n): funeral; death. Locātur is the third person singular passive form of locō, locāre, locāvī, locātum (1): to place; hire out, lease; arrange.

Videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see. Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Mī is the masculine vocative singular form of meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine. Lūcīlī is the masculine vocative singular form of the family name Lūcīlius/Lūcīlia/Lūcīlium (1/2). Cum maximē: right now/then, at this/that very moment. Audiō, audīre, audīvī/audiī, audītum (4): to hear; listen (to).

Ego: I. Meum is the m/n accusative singular form of meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine. Cōnsilium is the accusative singular form of cōnsilium, cōnsiliī (2n): debate, deliberation; council, meeting; plan, intention; advice, counsel. Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although (cum. . . tum = not only X but Y). Iūdicibus is the dative plural form of iūdex, iūdicis (3m/f): judge, juror. Tum (adv.): then (cum. . . tum = not only X but Y). Populō is the dative singular form of populus, populī (2m): people, nation. Rōmānō is the m/n dative singular form of Rōmānus/Rōmāna/Rōmānum (1/2): Roman. Probō, probāre, probāvī, probātum (1): to try, test; approve; prove, demonstrate, make acceptable, cause to be approved, justify.

Multum is the accusative singular form of multum, multī (2n): a large amount, much (a common substantive use of multus/multa/multum (1/2): much, many). Tempus, temporis (3n): time. Ultiō, ultiōnis (3f): revenge. Absūmit is the third person singular form of absūmō, absūmere, absūmpsī, absūmptum (3): to consume; destroy, kill. Multīs is the m/f/n dative plural form of multus/multa/multum (1/2): much, many. Sē: itself—the accusative form of the reflexive pronoun. Iniūriīs is the dative plural form of iniūria, iniūriae (1f): injury, wrong, injustice; damage, loss. Obicit is the third person singular form of obiciō, obicere, obiēcī, obiectum (3, –iō): to throw (to), throw in the way; expose; throw against, reproach, bring up as a charge. Dum (conj.): while, as; until; as long as, provided that. Ūnā is the feminine ablative singular form of ūnus/ūna/ūnum (1/2, irreg.): one. Dolet is the third person singular form of doleō, dolēre, doluī, dolitum (2): to suffer, feel pain; grieve (for) (with accusative or ablative).

(How pleasure works.) Dum (conj.): while, as; until; as long as, provided that. Incipit is the third person singular form of incipiō, incipere, incēpī, inceptum (3, –iō): to begin. Spectat is the third person singular form of spectō, spectāre, spectāvī, spectātum (1): to watch, look (at), observe; pay regard to, consider. Ad (prep.): to, toward; according to (takes the accusative). Fīnem is the accusative singular form of fīnis, fīnis (3m): end, limit; purpose.

Prōfuit is the third person singular perfect form of prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuī, prōfutūrus (irreg.): to be helpful, do good, avail. Aliquis /aliqua/aliquid (pron.): someone, something. Mihi: to me—the dative form of ego: I. Dum (conj.): while, as; until; as long as, provided that. Nescit is the third person singular form of nesciō, nescīre, nescīvī/nesciī, nescītum (4): to not know. Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here acc.): nothing. Illī is the m/f/n dative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she, it. Dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitum (2): to owe; ought.

Impetū is the ablative singular form of impetus, impetūs (4m): a rushing onward motion; impulse; attack. Factō is the m/n ablative singular form of factus/facta/factum (1/2), the perfect passive participle (having been done) of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. (Impetū factō is an ablative absolute.) Dum (conj.): while, as; until; as long as, provided that. Sē: themselves—the accusative form of the reflexive pronoun. Putant is the third person plural form of putō, putāre, putāvī, putātum (1): to think, suppose, imagine. Vincō, vincere, vīcī, victum (3): to conquer; surpass; win, be victorious. Vīcēre is the third person plural perfect form of the same verb.

Dum (conj.): while, as; until; as long as, provided that. Fāta is the nominative plural form of fātum, fātī (2n): fate. Sinunt is the third person plural form of sinō, sinere, sīvī, situm (3): to allow. Vīvite is the plural imperative form of vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctum (3): to live. Laetī is the masculine nominative plural form of laetus/laeta/laetum (1/2): joyful, glad, happy.

Dum (conj.): while, as; until; as long as, provided that. Potuit is the third person singular perfect form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can. Solitā is the feminine ablative singular form of solitus/solita/solitum (1/2): accustomed, usual—originally the perfect passive participle of soleō, solēre, solitus sum (2 semi-deponent): to be used to/accustomed to (doing something). Gemitum is the accusative singular form of gemitus, gemitūs (4m): groan. Virtūte is the ablative singular form of virtūs, virtūtis (3f): virtue, moral excellence; courage, valor. Repressit is the third person singular perfect form of reprimō, reprimere, repressī, repressum (3): to press back, restrain, limit.

Herculēs, Herculis (3m): Hercules. Ego: I. Sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Dum (conj.): while, as; until; as long as, provided that. Ille/ illa /illud (pron.): that; he, she, it. Mēcum: with me (mē = me; cum = with). Fuit is the third person singular perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

Mānserō is the first person singular future perfect form of maneō, manēre, mānsī, mānsum (2): to remain, stay; wait. Tuō is the m/n ablative singular form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours. Arbitrātū is the ablative singular form of arbitrātus, arbitrātūs (4m): judgment, choice, decision, wish, discretion (arbitrātū + genitive or possessive adjective = at one’s discretion, as one wishes). Vel (adv.): even. Adeō (adv.): to the point (where/when/that); to such an extent; besides, likewise, moreover; actually. Ūsque (adv.): all the way (to); right up (to); until. Dum (conj.): while, as; until; as long as, provided that. Perīs is the second person singular form of pereō, perīre, periī, peritum (irreg.): to disappear; be destroyed, perish, die.

Nōn: not. Expectō, expectāre, expectāvī, expectātum (1): to wait; expect. Dum (conj.): while, as; until; as long as, provided that. Iste /ista/istud (pron.): that; he, she, it. Permitteret is the third person singular imperfect subjunctive form of permittō, permittere, permīsī, permissum (4): to permit, allow; let go.

Venit is the third person singular form of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come. Neque/ nec: (conj.) and not, nor; (adv.) neither, not either, not even. Dum (conj.): while, as; until; as long as, provided that. Dēsaeviat is the third person singular subjunctive form of dēsaeviō, dēsaevīre, dēsaeviī, dēsaevītum (4): to work off one’s rage; cease to rage. Īra, īrae (1f): anger. Expectat is the third person singular form of expectō, expectāre, expectāvī, expectātum (1—also exspectō): to wait (for), await; expect; look forward to.

Omnia is the neuter accusative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): every; all. Licet, licēre, licuit/licitum est (2): it is allowed, it is permitted (impersonal; appears mostly in the third person singular). Forīs (adv.): outdoors, outside. Resonent is the third person plural subjunctive form of resonō, resonāre, resonāvī, —(1): to sound again, echo, resound; ring with a noise. Dum (conj.): while, as; until; as long as, provided that. Intus (adv.): within, inside. Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here nom.): nothing. Tumultus, tumultūs (4m): commotion, disturbance. Sit is the third person singular subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

(After being told he had made himself a marked man in the eyes of future emperors.) Estō is the singular future imperative form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be (the singular future imperative can have either a second-person or a third-person meaning; here it’s third person: let it be (so), so be it, be it so! ). Inquam (irreg. and defective): to say. Dum (conj.): while, as; until; as long as, provided that. Malīs is the m/f/n (here m) dative plural form of malus/mala/malum (1/2): bad; evil. The verb of the dum clause is inferred from the previous sentence. It would have been subjunctive if expressed.

Loquātur is the third person singular subjunctive form of loquor, loquī, locūtus sum (3, deponent): to speak. Et (conj.): and. Taceat is the third person singular subjunctive form of taceō, tacēre, tacuī, tacitum (2): to be silent. Rīdeat is the third person singular subjunctive form of rīdeō, rīdēre, rīsī, rīsum (2): to laugh. (The verbs are all jussive subjunctives—i.e., commands.)

(Speaking of one who’s learned not to fear death.) Quid is the neuter accusative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Ad (prep.): to, toward (takes accusative). Illum is the masculine accusative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she it. Carcer, carceris (3m): prison. Et (conj.): and. Custōdia, custōdiae (1f): guard, custody, confinement. Et (conj.): and. Claustra is the nominative plural form form of claustrum, claustrī (2n): bar, bolt; prison; barrier. A verb like attinent or pertinent (meaning pertain or matter) is probably implied. But the omitted verb could also possibly be sunt (in which case quid would be nominative).

(He’s comparing a life wasted in anxiety about pointless business and a life wasted in idleness.) Uterque/ utraque /utrumque (1/2, irreg.): each of two, either; can be translated as both although it’s singular. Rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair. Dētestābilis/ dētestābilis /dētestābile (3): detestable. Est: is. Et (conj.): and (et. . . et: both. . . and). Contractiō, contractiōnis (3f): contraction, cramp. Et (conj.): and. Torpor, torpōris (3m): numbness; sluggishness, inactivity.

Et (adv.): also, too; even. Tū: you. Brūte is the vocative singular form of Brūtus, Brūtī (2m): Brutus.

Est: there is. Aliquis /aliquis/aliquid (pron. ; in the masculine sometimes an adj. , as here): someone, something; anyone, anything; (as an adjective) some. Et (adv.): also, too; even. Dolendī is the genitive gerund (of suffering, of grieving) of doleō, dolēre, doluī, dolitum (2): to suffer. Decor, decōris (3m): elegance, grace, beauty; seemliness, propriety; ornament.

(An ironic imaginary announcement at the intermission of gladiatorial games.) Interim (adv.): in the meantime; for a while. Iugulentur is the third person plural passive subjunctive form of iugulō, iugulāre, iugulāvī, iugulātum (1): to kill (by violent means, especially by cutting the throat), slaughter (subjunctive because it’s jussive). Hominēs is the nominative plural form of homō, hominis (3m): human, man. Nē (conj. , with subjunctive verb): lest, that not, in order that not. Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here nom.): nothing. Agātur is the third person singular passive subjunctive form of agō, agere, ēgī, āctum (3): to drive, set in motion; do, conduct, deal with, engage in; act.

Nē (conj. , with subjunctive verb): lest, that not, in order that not. Sōlitūdinem is the accusative singular form of sōlitūdō, sōlitūdinis (3f): a being alone, solitude; loneliness. Sentiās is the second person singular subjunctive form of sentiō, sentīre, sēnsī, sēnsum (4): to feel; perceive; think. Hinc (adv.): hence, from here; from this place, point or cause; next. Tēcum: with you (tē = you; cum = with). Miscēbō is the first person singular future form of misceō, miscēre, miscuī, mixtum/mistum (2): to mix. Sermōnēs is the accusative plural form of sermō, sermōnis (3m): conversation, speech.

Supervacuus/supervacua/ supervacuum (1/2): superfluous, unnecessary. Est: it is. Hōc is the m/n ablative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Locō is the ablative singular form of locus, locī (2m): place; passage (in a book). Admoneō, admonēre, admonuī, admonitum (2): to remind; warn; advise. Nē (conj. , with subjunctive verb): lest, that not, in order that not. Facile (adv.): easily. Crēdat is the third person singular subjunctive form of crēdō, crēdere, crēdidī, crēditum (4): to entrust; believe; trust.

Vereor, verērī, veritus sum (2, deponent): to revere, have respect for; fear. Nē (conj. with subjunctive verb): lest, that not, in order that not. Hominēs is the nominative plural form of homō, hominis (3m): human, man. Dē (prep.): from, down from; about, concerning (takes the ablative). Mē is the ablative form of ego: I. Sequius (adv.): contrary to what is expected; amiss, badly, unfavorably; differently, otherwise. Loquantur is the third person plural subjunctive form of loquor, loquī, locūtus sum (3, deponent): to speak.

(Talking about foolishness.) Quicquid is the neuter accusative singular form of quisquis/quicquid (rel. pron. ; the neuter form is also spelled quidquid): whoever, whatever. Nē (conj. with subjunctive verb): lest, that not, in order that not. Patiātur is the third person singular subjunctive form of patior, patī, passus sum (3, –ior, deponent): to suffer, undergo; endure; allow. Timet is the third person singular form of timeō, timēre, timuī, — (2): to fear, be afraid. Iam (adv.): already; now; soon. Metū is the ablative singular form of metus, metūs (4m): fear. Patitur is the third person singular form of patior, patī, passus sum (3, –ior, deponent): to suffer, undergo; endure; allow.

Cūrō, cūrāre, cūrāvī, cūrātum (1): to care (for or about); take care (of/that). Nē (conj. , with subjunctive verb): lest, that not, in order that not. Quis /qua/quid (indef. pron.): someone, something; anyone, anything. (Quis / quid more often is interrogative— who? what? —but it can also have the meaning shown here, especially when it appears after sī, nē, nisi, num, cum, and in some other types of clauses.) Metueret is the third person singular imperfect subjunctive form of metuō, metuere, metuī, metūtum (3): to fear, be afraid, dread.

(He’s giving examples of the mind’s ability to order itself if it so desires.) Quīdam is the masculine nominative plural form of quīdam/quaedam/quiddam (pron.): someone, something, a certain person, a certain thing. Nē (conj. with subjunctive verb): lest, that not, in order that not. Umquam (adv.): ever. Rīdērent is the third person singular imperfect subjunctive form of rīdeō, rīdēre, rīsī, rīsum (2): to laugh (at); smile. Cōnsecūtī sunt is the third person masculine plural perfect form of cōnsequor, cōnsequī, cōnsecūtus sum (3, deponent): to follow; catch up with; attain, achieve.

Nē (conj. , with subjunctive verb): lest, that not, in order that not. Incidāmus is the first person plural subjunctive form of incidō, incidere, incidī, incāsum (3): to fall upon, fall into; happen (to), befall. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Īram is the accusative singular form of īra, īrae (1f): anger. Et (conj.): and. Nē (conj. , with subjunctive verb): lest, that not, in order that not. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Īrā is the ablative singular form of īra, īrae (1f): anger. Peccēmus is the first person plural subjunctive form of peccō, peccāre, peccāvī, peccātum (1): to sin, do wrong, commit a fault.

Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Nē (adv.): not (in a command, wish, or purpose, with the subjunctive). Frīgora is the nominative plural form of frīgus, frīgoris (3n): cold; cold spell, frost. Laedant is the third person plural subjunctive form of laedō, laedere, laesī, laesum (3): to hurt, harm.

Nē (adv.): not (in a command, wish, or purpose, with the subjunctive). Sim is the first person singular subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Salvus /salva/salvum (1/2): safe; well, in good health. Sī (conj.): if. Aliter (adv.): otherwise, differently. Scrībō, scrībere, scrīpsī, scrīptum (3): to write. Atque/ ac (conj.): and, and also, and then; (in expressions of similarity or dissimilarity) as, to, from, than. Sentiō, sentīre, sēnsī, sēnsum (4): to feel; perceive; think.

Nē (adv.): not (in a command, wish, or purpose, with the subjunctive). Summīserīs is the second person singular perfect subjunctive form of summittō, summittere, summīsī, summissum (3): to place under; send off; lower; subordinate, submit, make subject to. Tē is the accusative form of tū: you (used reflexively: yourself).

Quī/quae/ quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Pudet is the third person singular form of pudeō, pudēre, puduī, puditum (2): (personally, rare) to feel ashamed; (impersonally, the more common usage) it causes shame, there is shame, one feels shame. Dēbēo, debēre, debuī, debitum: to owe, ought (2). Nē (adv.): not (in a command, wish, or purpose, with the subjunctive). Accēperīs is the second person singular perfect subjunctive form of accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptum (3): to receive, accept, take.

Nē (adv.): not (in a command, wish, or purpose, with the subjunctive). Aequāverītis is the second person plural subjunctive form of aequō, aequāre, aequāvī, aequātum (1): to make equal; compare. Hannibalī is the dative singular form of Hannibal, Hannibalis (3m): Hannibal. Philippum is the accusative singular form of Philippus, Philippī (2m): Philip.

Nē (adv.): not (in a command, wish, or purpose, with the subjunctive or, more rarely, the imperative). Crēde is the singular imperative form of crēdō, crēdere, crēdidī, crēditum (3): to entrust; believe; trust (the person believed or trusted goes in the dative). Dītī is the dative singular form of Dīs, Dītis (3m): Dis, the Roman god of the underworld.

Impetrant is the third person plural form of impetrō, impetrāre, impetrāvī, impetrātum (1): to gain one’s end, achieve, obtain, procure (by request or influence). Ut (conj.): that, so that. Nē (adv.): not (in a command, wish, or purpose, with the subjunctive). Iūrent is the third person plural subjunctive form of iūrō, iūrāre, iūrāvī, iūrātum (1): to swear, vow, take an oath.

(“Those” refers to cups: scyphus, scyphī (2m).) Quid is the neuter accusative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Vīs is the second person singular form of volō, velle, voluī, — (irreg.): to want, wish; be willing. Nōbīs is the dative form of nōs: we (to us). Dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give. Ut (conj.): that, so that. Istī is the masculine nominative plural form of iste/ista/istud (pron.): that (of yours); he, she, it. Abs is an alternative form (mostly used before the pronoun tē) of ab/ā (prep.): (away) from; by (takes the ablative). Tē is the ablative form of tū: you. Nē (adv.): not (in a command, wish, or purpose, with the subjunctive). Auferantur is the third person plural passive subjunctive form of auferō, auferre, abstulī, ablātum (3, irreg.): to carry off, take away; steal; remove, do away with.

Nē (adv.): not (nē quidem = not even/either). Id is the neuter accusative singular form of is/ea/ id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that (accusative because it’s the object of an implicit verb). Quidem (particle): indeed, certainly.

(He’s saying that all we know about death is rumor, and we wouldn’t let nasty rumors affect our view of a good man, so. . .) Nē (adv.): not (nē quidem = not even/either). Mortī is the dative singular form of mors, mortis (3f): death. Quidem (particle): indeed, certainly. Hic/haec/ hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Apud (prep.): at, near; with, among; in front of, in the presence of; at the house of; in the eyes of, in the estimation of (takes accusative). Nōs is the accusative form of nōs: we (us). Noceat is the third person singular subjunctive form of noceō, nocēre, nocuī, nocitum (2): to injure, hurt, harm (takes a dative object) (subjunctive because it’s jussive).

Nōn: not. Splendeat is the third person singular subjunctive form of splendeō, splendēre, splenduī, — (2): to shine, gleam. Toga, togae (1f): toga; garment. Nē (adv.): not (nē quidem = not even/either). Sordeat is the third person singular subjunctive form of sordeō, sordēre, —, — (2): to be filthy; seem unworthy (the verbs are subjunctive because they’re jussive). Quidem (particle): indeed, certainly.

Nē (adv.): not (nē quidem = not even/either). Iupiter, Iovis (3m—also Iuppiter): Jove, Jupiter. Quidem (particle): indeed, certainly. Omnibus is the m/f/n (here m) dative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): every; all; (m. pl. used substantively) all people, everyone. Placet is the third person singular form of placeō, placēre, placuī, placitum (2): to please, be pleasing to (takes the dative).

Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here nom.): nothing. Nē (adv.): not (nē quidem = not even/either). In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into; for. Tōtum is the m/n accusative singular form of tōtus/tōta/tōtum (1/2, irreg.): whole, entire. Quidem (particle): indeed, certainly. Diem is the accusative singular form of diēs, diēī (5 m/f): day. Certī is the m/n (here n) genitive singular form of certus/certa/certum (1/2): certain, settled, resolved, sure (a partitive genitive). Est: there is.

Nē (affirmative particle): (emphasizes a statement) really, indeed, assuredly. Ille /illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she, it. Continēbit is the third person singular future form of contineō, continēre, continuī, contentum (2): to hold, keep, contain, restrain. Posthāc (adv.): after this, in the future. Sī (conj.): if. Sapiet is the third person singular future form of sapiō, sapere, sapīvī, — (3, –iō): to have good sense; be wise. Manūs is the accusative plural form of manus, manūs (4f): hand.

Tum (adv.): then. Mortemne is the accusative singular form of mors, mortis (3f): death (the enclitic interrogative particle – ne turns the word into part of a question). Fugiēbam is the first person singular imperfect form of fugiō, fugere, fūgī, fugitūrus (3, –iō): to flee, run away.

Rogāvit is the third person singular perfect form of rogō, rogāre, rogāvī, rogātum (1): to ask, request, beg, pray, inquire; invite. Essentne fūsī: essent fūsī is the third person masculine plural pluperfect passive form of fundō, fundere, fūdī, fūsum (3): to pour; spread, scatter; rout (the enclitic interrogative particle – ne turns the word into part of a question). Hostēs is the nominative plural form of hostis, hostis (3m/f): enemy.

(Something must.) Nihilne: nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only, here nom.): nothing (the enclitic interrogative particle – ne turns the word into part of a question). Iīs (also eīs or īs) is the m/f/n dative plural form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Inānis/inānis/ ināne (3): empty, void; illusory; foolish, inane. Vidētur is the third person singular passive form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see; (in the passive) seem.

(There was.) Nēmōne, nēminis (3m): no one (the enclitic interrogative particle – ne turns the word into part of a question). Fuit is the third person singular perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Cui is the m/f/n dative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what (to whom). Dēbēret is the third person singular imperfect subjunctive form of dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitum (2): to owe; ought (subjunctive because it’s in a relative clause of characteristic). Quīnctius /Quīnctia/Quīnctium (1/2): Roman family name.

(Yes, you would indeed think he is.) Nōnne (interrog. particle): not—in a question that expects a “yes” answer. Tibi: to you—the dative form of tū: you. Videātur is the third person singular passive subjunctive form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see; (in the passive) seem (subjunctive because it describes potential action—it’s part of a future-less-vivid conditional). Stultissimus /stultissima/stultissimum (1/2): very/most stupid, stupidest—the superlative degree of stultus/stulta/stultum (1/2): stupid.

(I am.) Nōnne (interrog. particle): not—in a question that expects a “yes” answer. Caveam is the first person singular subjunctive form of caveō, cavēre, cāvī, cautum (2): to beware (of); take care; guard against (subjunctive because it’s in a deliberative question) (cavēre nē = to take care that not, be careful not to). Nē (conj. , with subjunctive): lest, that not. Scelus is the accusative singular form of scelus, sceleris (3n): crime. Faciam is the first person singular subjunctive form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make.

Advolōne, advolāre, advolāvī, advolātum (1): to fly (to a place), hasten to (to a place) (the enclitic interrogative particle – ne turns the word into part of a question). An (interrog. particle): whether; or (in a question); it can also start a direct question. Maneō, manēre, mānsī, mānsum (2): to remain, stay; wait (for).

(Cicero’s Latin rendering of a Greek line from Sophocles.) Iam (adv.): already; now; soon. Cernam is the first person singular future form of cernō, cernere, crēvī, crētum (3): to discern, see. Mēne is the accusative form of ego: I (the enclitic interrogative particle – ne turns the word into part of a question). An (interrog. particle): whether; or (in a question); it can also start a direct question. Illam is the feminine accusative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she, it. Potiōrem is the m/f accusative singular form of potior/potior/potius (3): preferable, better—the comparative form of potis/potis/pote (3): able. Putēs is the second person singular subjunctive form of putō, putāre, putāvī, putātum (1): to think, regard, suppose.

Ōdit is the third person singular form of ōdī, ōdisse, ōsum (irreg.): to hate (perfect form with present-tense meaning). Vērus /vēra/vērum (1/2): true; truthful, telling the truth. Amor, amōris (3m): love. Neque/ nec (conj.): and not, nor; (adv.): not; neither, not either, not even. Patitur is the third person singular form of patior, patī, passus sum (3, –ior, deponent): to suffer, undergo; endure; allow. Morās is the accusative plural form of mora, morae (1f): delay; hindrance; duration of time.

Nōn: not. Permulceō, permulcēre, permulsī, permulsum (2): to rub gently, stroke; charm; soothe. Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Neque/ nec (conj.): and not, nor; (adv.): not; neither, not either, not even. Extenuō, extenuāre, extenuāvī, extenuātum (1): to reduce, diminish, weaken; make out (something) to be lesser than it is. Calamitātem is the accusative singular form of calamitās, calamitātis (3f): misfortune, calamity. Tuam is the feminine accusative singular form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours.

(So conversation about it need not be dry.) Neque /nec: (conj.) and not, nor; (adv.): not; neither, not either, not even. Enim (particle): for, indeed. Philosophia, philosophiae (1f): philosophy. Ingeniō is the dative singular form of ingenium, ingeniī (2n): nature, character, temper; talent, cleverness, ingenuity, genius. Renūntiat is the third person singular form of renūntiō, renūntiāre, renūntiāvī, renūntiātum (1): to report, announce; reject, refuse, renounce (can take a dative object).

Quem is the masculine accusative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Neque/ nec (conj.): and not, nor; (adv.): not; neither, not either, not even. Noverca, novercae (1f): stepmother. Potuit is the third person singular perfect form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can. Hunc is the masculine accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this; he, she, it. Perimēs is the second person singular future form of perimō, perimere, perēmī, perēmptum (3): to destroy; kill. Virum is the accusative singular form of vir, virī (2m): man.

(On sensual pleasure—voluptās, voluptātis (3f).) Tū: you. Illam is the feminine accusative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she, it. Summum is the m/n accusative singular form of summus/summa/summum (1/2): highest. Bonum is the accusative singular form of bonum, bonī (2n): a good thing, a good. Putās is the second person singular form of putō, putāre, putāvī, putātum (1): to think, suppose, imagine. Ego: I. Neque/ nec (conj.): and not, nor; (adv.): not; neither, not either, not even. Bonum is the accusative singular form of bonum, bonī (2n): a good thing, a good.

(Them refers to arma —weapons—from the previous sentence.) Tū: you. Neque /nec (conj.): and not, nor; (adv.): not; neither, not either, not even (neque. . . nec: neither. . . nor). Summittēs is the second person singular future form of summittō, summittere, summīsī, summissum (3): to place under; send off; lower; subordinate, submit, make subject to. Neque/ nec (conj.): nor. Vītam is the accusative singular form of vīta, vītae (1f): life. Rogābis is the second person singular future form of rogō, rogāre, rogāvī, rogātum (1): to ask (for), beg (for), request; pray.

(The effect on a philosopher of studying words rather than living by them.) Neque /nec (conj.): and not, nor; (adv.): not; neither, not either, not even (neque. . . neque: neither. . . nor). Fortior /fortior/fortius (3): braver; stronger—the comparative form of fortis/fortis/forte (3): brave; strong. Fit is the third person singular form of fīō, fierī, —, — (irreg.): be done; be made; happen; become. Neque /nec (conj.): nor. Temperantior /temperantior/temperantius (3): more restrained—the comparative form of temperāns, temperantis (3, adj.): temperate, self-restrained (which is originally the present active participle of temperō, temperāre, temperāvī, temperātum (1): to restrain, temper, moderate, regulate; behave with moderation, be temperate, be moderate). Neque /nec (conj.): nor. Ēlātior /ēlātior/ēlātius (3): loftier, more elevated—the comparative form of ēlātus/ēlāta/ēlātum (1/2): lofty, elevated (which is originally the perfect passive participle of efferō, efferre, extulī, ēlātum (3, irreg.): to bring out; lift, raise).

(About a consul who exhorts his men not to give way in a battle, and fails to persuade them.) Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here acc.): nothing. Neque/ nec (conj.): and not, nor; (adv.): not; neither, not either, not even (neque. . . neque: neither. . . nor). Imperium, imperiī (2n): power, authority, rule; command, order; empire. Neque/ nec (conj.): nor. Maiestās, maiestātis (3f): greatness, majesty, sovereignty. Valēbat is the third person singular imperfect form of valeō, valēre, valuī, valitum (2): to be healthy, be well, be strong; be able to, be capable of, have (a specified amount of) power or influence; be of effect; be worth.

Huius is the m/f/n genitive singular form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Tamen (adv.): nevertheless, yet, still. Nēmō, nēminis (3m): no one. Neque /nec (conj.): and not, nor; (adv.): not; neither, not either, not even (neque. . . neque: neither. . . nor). Verbōrum is the genitive plural form of verbum, verbī (2n): word. Neque /nec (conj.): nor. Sententiārum is the genitive plural form of sententia, sententiae (1f): opinion, thought, feeling; sentence; pithy saying, epigram; meaning. Gravitātem is the accusative singular form of gravitās, gravitātis (3f): weight; severity; dignity, seriousness. Imitātur is the third person singular form of imitor, imitārī, imitātus sum (1, deponent): to represent; imitate, copy; counterfeit.

(Speaking of the nature—nātūra, nātūrae (1f)—of the soul.) Neque /nec (conj.): and not, nor; (adv.): not; neither, not either, not even. Nāta (est) is the third person feminine singular perfect form of nāscor, nāscī, nātus sum (3, deponent): to be born. Certē (adv.): certainly, surely, of course; at any rate. Est: part of a phrase with nata. Et (conj.): and. Aeternus/ aeterna /aeternum (1/2): eternal; permanent. Est: is.

Patēbat is the third person singular imperfect form of pateō, patēre, patuī, — (2): to be open, accessible, available or exposed. Via, viae (1f): road, path, way. Et (adv. , in correlation with a second et or with neque/nec): both. Certus/ certa /certum (1/2): certain; settled, resolved, fixed; specified, particular; safe; dependable. Neque /nec (conj.): and not, nor; (adv.): not; neither, not either, not even. Longus/ longa /longum (1/2): long; far off.

Rīdēbat is the third person singular imperfect form of rīdeō, rīdēre, rīsī, rīsum (2): to laugh. Cūrās is the accusative plural form of cūra, cūrae (1f): care; worry. Neque/ nec (conj.): and not, nor; (adv.): not; neither, not either, not even. Nōn: not. Et (adv.): also, too, as well; even. Gaudia is the accusative plural form of gaudium, gaudiī (2n): joy. Volgus, volgī (2n/m, singular only—also vulgus): the people, the masses.

Vincit is the third person singular form of vincō, vincere, vīcī, victum (3): to conquer; surpass; win, be victorious. Nōs is the accusative form of nōs: we. Fortūna, fortūnae (1f): fortune, chance, luck. Nisi (conj.): unless, if not; except. Tōtus/ tōta /tōtum (1/2, irreg.): whole, entire, all. Vincitur is the third person singular passive form of vincō, vincere, vīcī, victum (3): to conquer; surpass; win, be victorious.

Numquam (adv.): never. Eris: you will be—the second person singular future form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Grātus /grāta/grātum (1/2): grateful. Nisi (conj.): unless, if not; except. Statim (adv.): at once, immediately. Es: you are.

Nisi (conj.): unless, if not; except. Paria is the nominative plural form of pār, paris (3): pair (a substantive use of pār, paris (3, adj.): even, even-numbered; equal) . Nōn: not. Pugnant is the third person plural form of pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātum (1): to fight.

Nisi (conj.): unless, if not; except. Praesentia is the neuter nominative plural form of praesens, praesentis (3, adj.): present. Prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuī, prōfutūrus (irreg.): to be helpful. Nōn: not. Possunt is the third person plural form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can.

Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here acc.): nothing. Damnō, damnāre, damnāvī, damnātum (1): to condemn, convict. Nisi (conj.): unless, if not; except. Mē is the accusative form of ego: I (me, myself).

Quasi (conj.): as if, as, like. Tū: you. Nesciās is the second person singular subjunctive form of nesciō, nescīre, nescīvī/nesciī, nescītum (4): to not know.

Ērubuit is the third person singular perfect form of ērubēscō, ērubēscere, ērubuī, — (3): to redden; blush with shame, feel ashamed. Quasi (conj.): as if, as, like. Peccāsset is the third person singular pluperfect subjunctive form of peccō, peccāre, peccāvī, peccātum (1): to sin, do wrong, commit a fault. Quod (conj.): that; the fact that; in that; because. Placuerat is the third person singular pluperfect form of placeō, placēre, placuī, placitum (2): to be pleasing, seem good, please, satisfy.

Quis /quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Umquam (adv.): ever. Rēs is the accusative plural form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair; possession, property. Suās: his (own)—the feminine accusative plural form of suus/sua/suum (1/2). Quasi (conj.): as if, as, like. Peritūrus /peritūra/peritūrum (1/2): going to die—the future active participle of pereō, perīre, periī, peritum (irreg.): to become lost, vanish; be destroyed, perish, die. Aspexit is the third person singular perfect form of aspiciō, aspicere, aspexī, aspectum (3, –iō): to look at.

Quisquis/ quidquid (rel. pron. ; the neuter form is also spelled quicquid): whoever, whatever. Fīō, fierī, —, — (irreg.): to be done; be made; become; happen. Potest is the third person singular form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can. Quasi (conj.): as if, as, like. Futūrum is the m/n accusative singular form of futūrus/futūra/futūrum (1/2), the future active participle (going to be) of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Cōgitēmus is the first person plural subjunctive form of cōgitō, cōgitāre, cōgitāvī, cōgitātum (1): to think, reflect, consider; plan, intend (subjunctive because it’s hortatory).

(People give away their time too freely.) Quasi (conj.): as if, as, like. Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here nom.): nothing. Petitur is the third person singular passive form of petō, petere, petīvī/petiī, petītum (3): to direct one’s course to, make for; ask; seek; pursue; attack. Datur is the third person singular passive form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give.

Fuit: there was—the third person singular perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Ōlim (adv.): once (upon a time), in the past; one day, in the future. Quasi (conj.): as if, as, like. Ego: I. Sum: am. Senex, senis (3m): old man.

Ille/illa/ illud (pron.): that; he, she, it. Quasi (adv.): as good as, practically; more or less; so to speak, as it were. Cōnstitit is the third person singular perfect form of cōnstō, cōnstāre, cōnstitī, cōnstātūrus (1): to stand together; endure, remain, last, continue; be consistent; (with abl.) consist of; (with abl.) be based or depend on; (with abl.) cost; (impersonal) be well known, be agreed, be established as a fact.

Quī /quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Monet is the third person singular form of moneō, monēre, monuī, monitum (2): to warn; advise; remind. Quasi (adv.): as good as, practically; more or less; so to speak, as it were. Adiuvat is the third person singular form of adiuvō, adiuvāre, adiūvī, adiūtum (1): to help, assist; favor, sustain.

(Asthma.) Ūnī is the m/f/n dative singular form of ūnus/ūna/ūnum (1/2, irreg.): one; alone; only, sole, single. Tamen (adv.): nevertheless, yet, still. Morbō is the dative singular form of morbus, morbī (2m): disease, ailment. Quasi (adv.): as good as, practically; more or less; so to speak, as it were. Adsignātus sum is the first person masculine singular perfect passive form of adsignō, adsignāre, adsignāvī, adsignātum (1—also assignō): to assign, attribute, allot, confer (upon).

Praesēns, praesentis (3, adj.): present; originally the present active participle of praesum, praeesse, praefuī, praefutūrus (irreg.): to be in charge of; be present (that last sense is rare outside the present participle). Absēnsque, absentis (3, adj.): absent; originally the present active participle of absum, abesse, āfuī, āfutūrus (irreg.): to be absent, be away (the enclitic conjunction – que adds and). Īdem /eadem/idem (pron. or adj.): the same. Erit is the third person singular future form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

Ūnus/ ūna /ūnum (1/2, irreg.): one; alone; only, sole, single. Enim (particle): for, indeed. Est: is. # is% Ratiō, ratiōnis (3f): reason; method; calculation. Rēctus/ rēcta /rēctum (1/2): straight; right—originally the perfect passive participle of regō, regere, rēxī, rēctum (3): to direct, steer, guide; rule, govern; put right, correct. Simplexque, simplicis (3, adj.): single; simple; pure; open, frank, candid (the enclitic conjunction – que adds and).

(Speaking of death: mors, mortis (3f).) Ab/ ā (prep.): (away) from; by (takes the ablative). Quō is the m/n (here n) ablative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Enim (particle): for, indeed. Nōn: not. Prope (adv.): near. Est: is it. Parātus/ parāta /parātum (1/2): ready, prepared—originally the perfect passive participle (having been prepared) of parō, parāre, parāvī, parātum (1): to prepare. Omnibus is the m/f/n ablative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Locīs is the ablative plural form of locus, locī (2m): place. Omnibusque is the m/f/n ablative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every (the enclitic conjunction – que adds and). Mōmentīs is the ablative plural form of momentum, mōmentī (2n): movement; point; moment; importance.

Sinus, sinūs (4m): curve; fold; bosom; bay, gulf. Ultrā (adv.): farther, further. Est: there is. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Eōque is the m/n ablative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that (the enclitic conjunction – que adds and). Cartēia, Cartēiae (1f): town in Spain near Gibraltar.

Illum is the masculine accusative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she it. Absēns, absentis (3): absent (the present active participle of absum, abesse, āfuī, āfutūrus (irreg.): to be absent, be away). Absentem is the m/f accusative singular form of absēns, absentis (3): absent. % Auditque: audit is the third person singular form of audiō, audīre, audīvī/audiī, audītum (4): to hear (the enclitic conjunctions – que add both/and). Videtque is the third person singular form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see.

Quārē (interrog. adv.): why? Quia (conj.): because; that. Iūstus/iūsta/ iūstum (1/2): just; lawful; merited; exact. Est: it is.

Quī /quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Amīcus, amīcī (2m): (male) friend. Esse: to be. Coepit is the third person singular perfect form of coepī, coepisse, coeptum (3, –iō, defective): began (no present tense in regular use; I begin is incipiō). Quia (conj.): because; that. Expedit is the third person singular form of expediō, expedīre, expedīvī/expediī, expedītum (4): to extricate, disentangle; be expedient, convenient, advantageous. Et (adv.): also, too; even. Dēsinet is the third person singular future form of dēsinō, dēsinere, dēsiī/dēsīvī, dēsitum (3): to end, cease. Expedit is the third person singular form of expediō, expedīre, expedīvī/expediī, expedītum (4): to extricate, disentangle; be expedient, convenient, advantageous.

Sciō, scīre, scīvī/sciī, scītum (4): to know. Quia (conj.): because; that. Crēdis is the second person singular form of credo, crēdere, crēdidī, crēditum (3): to entrust; trust; believe.

Hoc is the neuter accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum (1): to love. Quod (conj.): that; the fact that; as for the fact that; in respect to the fact that; in that; because. Possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can. Quā is the feminine ablative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. adj.): which, what. Libet, libēre, libuit/libitum est (2): (impersonal) there is a desire (to do something), it pleases (one to do something) (quālibet can also be written as one word; it’s the feminine ablative singular form of the adjective quīlibet/quaelibet/quodlibet: any (you like). Eō, īre, iī/īvī, itum (irreg.): to go, advance, proceed. Viā is the ablative singular form of via, viae (1f): road, path, way.

Adeō (adv.): to this point, this much, so much. Istic/istaec/ istuc (pron.): that (of yours); he, she, it. Turpior/turpior/ turpius (3): uglier, more shameful, more disgraceful, more foul—the comparative form of turpis/turpis/turpe (3): ugly, shameful, disgraceful, foul. Est: is. Quod (conj.): that; the fact that; as for the fact that; in respect to the fact that; in that; because. Nescīstī is the second person singular perfect form of nesciō, nescīre, nescīvī/nesciī, nescītum (4): to not know. Quam (rel. adv.): than. Occidistī is the second person singular perfect form of occīdō, occīdere, occīdī, occīsum (3): to kill.

Quod (conj.): that; the fact that; as for the fact that; in respect to the fact that; in that; because. Epistulam is the accusative singular form of epistula, epistulae (1f): letter. Conscissam is the feminine accusative singular form of cōnscissus/cōnscissa/cōnscissum (1/2), the perfect passive participle (torn up) of cōnscindō, cōnscindere, cōnscidī, cōnscissum (3): to tear up, rend to pieces. Dolēs is the second person singular form of doleō, dolēre, doluī, dolitum (2): to suffer, feel pain; grieve (for). Nōlī: do not—the singular imperative form of nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, — (irreg.): to be unwilling, refuse (completed by an infinitive). Labōrō, labōrāre, labōrāvī, labōrātum (1): to work (hard), labor, toil; strive; be in trouble, be distressed, suffer; worry.

Quod (conj.): that; the fact that; as for the fact that; in respect to the fact that; in that; because. Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Mihi: to me—the dative form of ego: I. Dē (prep.): from, down from; about, concerning (takes the ablative). Semprōniō is the m/n (here m) ablative singular form of the family name Semprōnius/Semprōnia/Semprōnium (1/2). Pūrgās is the second person singular form of pūrgō, pūrgāre, pūrgāvī, pūrgātum (1): to cleanse, purify; exonerate, exculpate, excuse, (with reflexive object) apologize. Accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptum (3): to receive, accept, take. Excūsātiōnem is the accusative singular form of excūsātiō, excūsātiōnis (3f): excuse.

Putātis is the second person plural form of putō, putāre, putāvī, putātum (1): to suppose, think, believe, regard (as). Illum is the masculine accusative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she, it. Fleō, flēre, flēvī, flētum (2): to weep. Quod (conj.): that; the fact that; as for the fact that; in respect to the fact that; in that; because. Eget is the third person singular form of egeō, egēre, eguī, egitūrus (2): to need; lack; be without; be in need.

Quereris is the second person singular form of queror, querī, questus sum (3, deponent): to complain. Quod (conj.): that; the fact that; as for the fact that; in respect to the fact that; in that; because. Nōn: not. Cinna is the vocative singular form of Cinna, Cinnae (1m): Roman cognomen (nickname). Bibāmus is the first person plural subjunctive form of bibō, bibere, bibī, bibitum (3): to drink (subjunctive because it’s indirect speech). Idem is the neuter accusative singular form of īdem/eadem/idem (pron.): the same.

(A man ransoms a small number of captives; this is one ransomed captive’s reply.) Dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitum (2): to owe; ought. Nōn: not. Quod (conj.): that; the fact that; as for the fact that; in respect to the fact that; in that; because. Redimis is the second person singular form of redimō, redimere, redēmī, redēmptum (3): to buy back; ransom. Mē is the accusative form of ego: I. Sed (conj.): but. Ēligis is the second person singular form of ēligō, ēligere, ēlēgī, ēlēctum (3): to choose.

(What Verres says about a witness against him.) Inimīcus /inimīca/inimīcum (1/2): unfriendly. Est: he is. Proptereā (adv.): therefore, on that account, for the reason (proptereā quod = for the reason that, because). Quod (conj.): that; the fact that; as for the fact that; in respect to the fact that; in that; because. Arātor, arātōris (3m): ploughman, farmer. Est: he is.

Nōn: not. Est: there is. Quod (conj.): that; the fact that; as for the fact that; in respect to the fact that; in that; because; (something) with regards to which, (a reason) why. Mē is the accusative form of ego: I. Victum is the m/n accusative singular form of victus/victa/victum (1/2), the perfect passive participle (vanquished) of vincō, vincere, vīcī, victum (3): to conquer, defeat, vanquish; win, be victorious. Victōremque is the accusative singular form of victor, victōris (3m): conqueror, vanquisher, victor (the enclitic conjunction – que adds and). Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Crēdās is the second person singular subjunctive form of crēdō, crēdere, crēdidī, crēditum (3): to entrust; trust; believe.

Quod (conj.): that; the fact that; as for the fact that; in respect to the fact that; in that; because; (something) with regards to which, (a reason) why. Hūc (adv.): here (with motion), hither, to this place. Properēs is the second person singular subjunctive form of properō, properāre, properāvī, properātum (1): to hasten. Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here nom.): nothing. Est: there is.

Quis/quis/ quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Est: is. Quod (conj.): that; the fact that; as for the fact that; in respect to the fact that; in that; because. Tam (adv.): so, so much, to such an extent. Ab/ ā (prep.): (away) from; by; on or at the side of, near, at, among (takes the ablative). Nōbīs is the ablative form of nōs: we (us). Graviter (adv.): heavily; harshly. Crepuērunt is the third person plural perfect form of crepō, crepāre, crepuī, crepitum (1): to rattle, clatter, crack, make noise. Forēs is the nominative plural form of foris, foris (3f): door (the plural—denoting a double door—usually translates with the English singular).

Quis/quis/ quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Est: is. Quod (conj.): that; the fact that; as for the fact that; in respect to the fact that; in that; because. Laetus /laeta/laetum (1/2): joyful, happy. Es: you are.

Quis/quis/ quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Quod (conj.): that; the fact that; as for the fact that; in respect to the fact that; in that; because. Exercitum is the accusative singular form of exercitus, exercitūs (4m): army. Contrā (adv.): in front of one; on the opposite side; against one; on the contrary; on the other hand; in response. Dūxit is the third person singular perfect form of dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductum (3): to lead, guide, bring, take (to a place); draw; think, consider.

Quis/quis/ quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Quod (conj.): that; the fact that; as for the fact that; in respect to the fact that; in that; because. Et (adv.): also, too; even. Ipse /ipsa/ipsum (pron. or adj.): (he) himself, (she) herself, (it) itself, that very person or thing. Fugit is the third person singular form of fugiō, fugere, fūgī, fugitūrus (3, –iō): to flee, run away (a historical present verb; we know that the u is short because of the meter).

Quoniam (conj.): now that; seeing that, since, inasmuch as; because. Ego: I. Adsum, adesse, adfuī, adfutūrus (irreg.): to be present; be there for, support (with dative object). Faciet is the third person singular future form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Nēmō, nēminis (3m): no one. Iniūriam is the accusative singular form of iniūria, iniūriae (1f): injury, wrong, injustice.

Quoniam (conj.): now that; seeing that, since, inasmuch as; because. Coepī, coepisse, coeptum (3, –iō, defective; no present tense in regular use): to begin. Sordidīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of sordidus/sordida/sordidum (1/2): dirty, foul; low, lowly, vulgar, common. Exemplīs is the ablative plural form of exemplum, exemplī (2n): example; sample. Ūtor, ūtī, ūsus sum (3, deponent): to use (takes an ablative object). Persevērābō is the first person singular future form of persevērō, persevērāre, persevērāvī, persevērātum (1): to continue, keep on, persevere.

Quoniam (conj.): now that; seeing that, since, inasmuch as; because. Reposcis is the second person singular form of reposcō, reposcere, —, — (3): to demand back. Vītam is the accusative singular form of vīta, vītae (1f): life. Quam is the feminine accusative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Dedistī is the second person singular perfect form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give. Accipe is the singular imperative form of accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptum (3): to receive, accept, take.

Īrāscor, īrāscī, īrātus sum (3, deponent): to become angry; be angry. Quoniam’s (conj.): now that; seeing that, since, inasmuch as; because (the apostrophe + s is a contraction of this word with es, which is a unit with moratus). Morātus (es) is the second person masculine singular perfect form of moror, morārī, morātus sum (1, deponent): to delay, retard; stay, linger; stay away. Lente is the masculine vocative singular form of lentus/lenta/lentum (1/2): slow, sluggish. Heri (adv.): yesterday.

Sciō, scīre, scīvī/sciī, scītum (4): to know. Quoniam (conj.): now that; seeing that, since, inasmuch as; because; that. Salvābit is the third person singular future form of salvō, salvāre, salvāvī, salvātum (1): to save. Dominus, dominī (2m): master, lord, ruler. Chrīstum is the accusative singular form of chrīstus, chrīstī (2m): anointed one; Christ. Suum: his (own)—the m/n accusative singular form of suus/sua/suum (1/2).

Mūnus, mūneris (3n): gift; office; duty. Exiguus, exigua, exiguum (1/2): small, scanty. Sed (conj.): but. Opportūnus/opportūna/ opportūnum (1/2): opportune, timely; convenient, advantageous.

(He’s saying we study literature the wrong way.) Nōn: not. Vītae is the dative singular form of vīta, vītae (1f): life. Sed (conj.): but. Scholae is the dative singular form of schola, scholae (1f): school. Discimus is the first person plural form of discō, discere, didicī, discitūrus (3): to learn.

Nōn: not. Facit is the third person singular form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Ēbrietās, ēbrietātis (3f): drunkenness. Vitia is the accusative plural form of vitium, vitii (2n): fault, default, vice. Sed (conj.): but. Prōtrahit is the third person singular form of prōtrahō, prōtrahere, prōtrāxī, prōtractum (3): to drag, pull or draw out; bring forth; bring into light, reveal; prolong; extend.

Vidēbis is the second person singular future form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see. Ergō (particle): therefore, then. Hominem is the accusative singular form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human. Sī (conj.): if; in case, to see if. Volēs is the second person singular future form of volō, velle, voluī, — (irreg.): to want, wish.

Longus/ longa /longum (1/2): long; far off. Est: (it) is. Vīta, vītae (1f): life. Sī (conj.): if; in case, to see if. Plēnus/ plēna /plēnum (1/2): full.

Sī (conj.): if; in case, to see if. Quis/qua/ quid (indef. pron.): anyone, anything; someone, something (it replaces aliquis/aliqua/aliquid in some clauses, especially after sī, nisi, num and nē). Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Vetat is the third person singular form of veto, vetāre, vetuī, vetitum (1): to forbid, veto. Vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, victum (3): to live. Bene (adv.): well. Morior, morī, mortuus sum (3, –ior, deponent): to die. Nōn: not. Vetat is the third person singular form of veto, vetāre, vetuī, vetitum (1): to forbid, veto.

Ista is the neuter accusative plural form of iste/ista/istud (pron.): that; he, she, it (those things). Sī (conj.): if; in case, to see if. Quis /qua/quid (indef. pron.): anyone, anything; someone, something (it replaces aliquis/aliqua/aliquid in some clauses, especially after sī, nisi, num and nē). Dēspicit is the third person singular form of dēspiciō, dēspicere, dēspexī, dēspectum (3, –iō): to look down (at); look down upon, despise, disdain. Quid is the neuter accusative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? —neuter accusative used adverbially: in what respect or degree? how? Illī is the m/f/n dative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she, it. Paupertās, paupertātis (3f): poverty. Nocet is the third person singular form of noceō, nocēre, nocuī, nocitum (2): to injure, hurt, harm (takes dative).

Quid is the neuter accusative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Paterer is the first person singular imperfect subjunctive form of patior, patī, passus sum (3, –ior, deponent): to suffer, undergo; endure; allow (imperfect subjunctive because it’s present contrary to fact). Aliud is the neuter accusative singular form of alius/alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): other. Sī (conj.): if; in case, to see if. Fefellissem is the first person singular pluperfect subjunctive form of fallō, fallere, fefellī, falsum (3): to deceive; disappointed (pluperfect subjunctive because it’s past contrary to fact). Fidem is the accusative singular form of fidēs, fideī (5f): faith; trust, reliance; loyalty.

(To one who just consented to a death sentence.) Sī (conj.): if; in case, to see if. Recūsārēs is the second person singular imperfect subjunctive form of recūsō, recūsāre, recūsāvī, recūsātum (1): to object, refuse. Darem is the first person singular imperfect subjunctive form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give; assign, attribute. (The verbs are imperfect subjunctive because they’re in a present contrary-to-fact conditional.)

Quod sī: but if, and if. Scīrem is the first person singular imperfect subjunctive form of sciō, scīre, scīvī/sciī, scītum (4): to know (imperfect subjunctive because it’s present contrary to fact). Quis/quis/ quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Tibi: to you—the dative form of tū: you. Placēret is the third person singular imperfect subjunctive form of placeō, placēre, placuī, placitum (2): to please, be pleasing to (takes the dative) (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect question). Sine (prep.): without (takes the ablative). Sollicitūdine is the ablative singular form of sollicitūdō, sollicitūdinis (3f): anxiety, disquiet. Essem is the first person singular imperfect subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be (imperfect subjunctive because it’s present contrary to fact).

Quod sī: but if, and if. Italiam is the accusative singular form of Italia, Italiae (1f): Italy. Attigeris is the second person singular future perfect form of attingō, attingere, attigī, attāctum (3): to touch; reach. Ad (prep.): to, toward; according to (takes the accusative). Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Concursus, concursūs (4m): a running together; concourse, assembly, meeting. Fīet is the third person singular future form of fīō, fierī, —, — (irreg.): to be done; be made; become; happen. Omnium is the m/f/n (here m) genitive plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): every; all.

Intus (adv.): within, inside. Ille/ illa /illud (pron.): that; he, she, it. Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Sī (conj.): if; in case, to see if. Sē: her(self)—the accusative form of the reflexive pronoun. Arcessās is the second person singular subjunctive form of arcessō, arcessere, arcessīvī/arcessiī, arcessītum (3): to call, summon, send for. Manet is the third person singular form of maneō, manēre, mānsī, mānsum (2): to stay, remain; wait (for), await.

Contrahe is the singular imperative form of contrahō, contrahere, contrāxī, contractum (3): to draw together, collect, assemble; diminish, shorten. Quidquid (or quicquid) is the neuter accusative singular form of quisquis/quidquid (rel. pron.): whoever, whatever. Sīve /seu (conj.): or if; or whether; or (sīve/seu. . . sīve/seu = whether. . . or; either. . . or; if on the one hand. . . if on the other). Animīs is the ablative plural form of animus, animī (2m): mind, soul; courage, spirit. Sīve /seu (conj.): or. Arte is the ablative singular form of ars, artis (3f): art, skill, technique. Valēs is the second person singular form of valeō, valēre, valuī, valitum (2): to be strong, be well, be healthy; be of effect; be capable of, be able to; be worth.

Dulcis /dulcis/dulce (3): sweet, delightful. Est: is. Somnus, somnī (2m): sleep. Operantī is the m/f/n (here m) dative singular form of operāns, operantis (3), the perfect active participle (working, laboring) of operor, operārī, operātus sum (1, deponent): to work. Sīve /seu (conj.): or if; or whether; or (sīve/seu. . . sīve/seu = whether. . . or; either. . . or; if on the one hand. . . if on the other). Parum (n, indeclinable, nom or acc. only—here acc.): (too) little, not enough. Sīve /seu (conj.): or. Multum is the accusative singular form of multum, multī (2n): a large amount, much, a lot. Comedat is the third person singular subjunctive form of comedō, comēsse/comedere, comēdī, comēsum (3): to eat up; eat (this verb would likely have been indicative in classical Latin; late Latin tends to make greater use of the potential subjunctive in conditional clauses).

Sīve /seu (conj.): or if; or whether; or (sīve/seu. . . sīve/seu = whether. . . or; either. . . or; if on the one hand. . . if on the other). Diēs, diēī (5m/f): day. Sīve/ seu (conj.): or. Nox, noctis (3f): night. Vēnerit is the third person singular future perfect form of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come. Ille/ illa /illud (pron.): that; he, she, it. Meast: mea + est.

Adhūc (adv.): still, yet; so far. Sīve/ seu (conj.): or if; or whether; or (sīve/seu. . . sīve/seu = whether. . . or; either. . . or; if on the one hand. . . if on the other). Cūra, cūrae (1f): care, concern. Meus/ mea /meum (1/2): my, mine. Sīve/ seu (conj.): or. Fortūna, fortūnae (1f): fortune, luck; fate. Restitit is the third person singular form of resistō, resistere, restitī, — (3): to halt, stop; resist, oppose (takes a dative object). Parricīdiō is the dative singular form of parricīdium, parricīdiī (2n): parricide, the murder of one’s father; the murder of a family member. Tuō is the m/n dative singular form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours.

Quis/quis/ quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Tibi is the dative form of tū: you (for you). Opus, operis (3n): work, effort; task; deed, exploit; need. Est: is (opus est = is needed). Ut (conj.): that, so that; though, even if; when, as soon as. Sīs is the second person singular subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Bonus /bona/bonum (1/2): good. Volō, velle, voluī, — (irreg.): to want, wish.

Nēquitia, nēquitiae (1f): bad moral quality, vileness, wickedness. Est: it is. Ut (conj.): that, so that; though, even if; when, as soon as. Extrahās is the second person singular subjunctive form of extrahō, extrahere, extrāxī, extractum (3): to pull out, extract; draw out; rescue, deliver; drag out, protract. Mergō, mergere, mersī, mersum (3): to submerge, immerse, drown, overwhelm.

(You faced no hardship that put his friendship to the test.) Omnia is the neuter accusative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): every; all—an adjective used substantively (all things, everything). Fēcit is the third person singular perfect form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Ut (conj.): that, so that; though, even if; when, as soon as. Beneficium is the accusative singular form of beneficium, beneficiī (2n): a kindness, service, benefit. Redderet is the third person singular imperfect subjunctive form of reddō, reddere, reddidī, redditum (3): to give back, return. Obstitit is the third person singular perfect form of obstō, obstāre, obstitī, obstātum (1): to stand in the way (of), obstruct, hinder (takes a dative object). Illī is the m/f/n dative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she, it. Fēlīcitās, fēlīcitātis (3f): good fortune, happiness, success. Tuus/ tua /tuum (1/2): your, yours.

Prōice is the singular imperative form of prōiciō, prōicere, prōiēcī, prōiectum (3, –iō): to throw forth, cast away, throw out, reject; fling to the ground. Omnia is the neuter accusative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): every; all. Ista is the neuter accusative plural form of iste/ista/istud (pron.): that (of yours); he, she, it (those things). Sī (conj.): if. Sapis is the second person singular form of sapiō, sapere, sapīvī, — (3, –iō): to have a certain taste, taste of, smack of; have good sense; be wise; know, understand. Immō (particle): nay, rather; on the contrary; indeed. Ut (conj.): that, so that; though, even if; when, as soon as. Sapiās is the second person singular subjunctive form of sapiō, sapere, sapīvī.

(He’s writing to Nero.) Īrāscor, īrāscī, īrātus sum (3, deponent): to become angry; be angry. Nōn: not. Potes is the second person singular form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can. Nisi (conj.): if not, unless; except, but. Ut (conj.): that, so that; though, even if; when, as soon as. Omnia is the neuter nominative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): every; all—an adjective used substantively (all things, everything). Tremant is the third person plural subjunctive form of tremō, tremere, tremuī, — (3): to tremble, shake.

(However many places there are where you can’t go, there are always more where you can.) Numquam (adv.): never. Ita (adv.): so, thus, in such a way. Tibi: for you—the dative form of tū: you. Magnus/ magna /magnum (1/2): great, large, big. Pars, partis (3f): part. Obstruētur is the third person singular future passive form of obstruō, obstruere, obstrūxī, obstrūctum (3): to block, barricade. Ut (conj.): that, so that; though, even if; when, as soon as. Nōn: not. Maior/ maior /maius (3): larger—the comparative form of magnus/magna/magnum (1/2). Relinquātur is the third person singular passive subjunctive form of relinquō, relinquere, relīquī, relictum (3): to relinquish, abandon, leave behind.

Nēmō, nēminis (3m): no one. Rēgī is the dative singular form of rēx, rēgis (3m): king, ruler. Tam (adv.): so, so much, to such an extent. Vīlis /vīlis/vīle (3): cheap. Sit is the third person singular subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be (subjunctive because it’s jussive). Ut (conj.): that, so that; though, even if; when, as soon as. Illum is the masculine accusative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she it. Pereō, perīre, periī, peritum (irreg.): to become lost, vanish, disappear; be destroyed, perish, die. Nōn: not. Sentiat is the third person singular subjunctive form of sentiō, sentīre, sēnsī, sēnsum (4): to feel; perceive, notice; think, judge.

Adeō (adv.): so far, so much, to such an extent. Mors, mortis (3f): death. Timendus/ timenda /timendum (1/2) is the gerundive (to be feared) of timeō, timēre, timuī, — (2): to fear, be afraid. Nōn: not. Est: is. Ut (conj.): that, so that; though, even if; when, as soon as. Beneficiō is the ablative singular form of beneficium, beneficiī (2n): a kindness, service, benefit. Eius is the m/f/n genitive singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here nom.): nothing. Timendus/timenda/ timendum (1/2) is the gerundive (to be feared) of timeō, timēre, timuī, — (2): to fear, be afraid. Sit is the third person singular subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

Tū: you. Longius (adv.): farther—the comparative form of longē (adv.): far. Iam (adv.): already; now; soon. Prōcessistī is the second person singular perfect form of prōcēdō, prōcēdere, prōcessī, prōcessum (3): to advance, proceed. Quam (rel. adv.): than; as. Ut (conj.): that, so that; though, even if; when, as soon as. Possīs is the second person singular subjunctive form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can. Verbīs is the ablative plural form of verbum, verbī (2n): word. Sānārī is the passive infinitive form of sānō, sānāre, sānāvī, sānātum (1): to cure.

Omnia is the neuter accusative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): every; all—an adjective used substantively (all things, everything). Licet, licēre, licuit/licitum est (2): it is allowed, it is permitted, one can, one may (impersonal; appears mostly in the third person singular; it can be completed by a subjunctive verb); (used as a conjunction) though, even if. Faciās is the second person singular subjunctive form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Minor /minor/minus (3): smaller, lesser, less—the comparative form of parvus/parva/parvum (1/2): small, little. Es: you are. Quam (rel. adv.): than; as. Ut (conj.): that, so that; though, even if; when, as soon as. Serēnitātem is the accusative singular form of serēnitās, serēnitātis (3f): a clear sky, fine weather; serenity (Seneca is playing on both the literal and the figurative senses). Meam is the feminine accusative singular form of meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine. Obdūcās is the second person singular subjunctive form of obdūcō, obdūcere, obdūxī, obductum (3): to obstruct; draw as a covering; cover, overlay (e. g. , with clouds).

Frāter, frātris (3m): brother. Ut (conj.): that, so that; though, even if; when, as soon as. Rēgnēs is the second person singular subjunctive form of rēgnō, rēgnāre, rēgnāvī, rēgnātum (1): to reign. Rogat is the third person singular form of rogō, rogāre, rogāvī, rogātum (1): to ask, request.

Id is the neuter accusative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Utī is an alternative form of ut (conj.): that, so that; though, even if; when, as soon as. Permittātis is the second person plural subjunctive form of permittō, permittere, permīsī, permissum (3): to permit, allow; let go. Quaesumus is the first person plural form of quaesō (3, defective): to beg, pray, ask for.

Dērat (more commonly dēerat) is the third person singular imperfect form of dēsum, dēesse/dēsse, dēfuī, dēfutūrus (irreg.): to be lacking (takes a dative object). Aerumnīs is the dative plural form of aerumna, aerumnae (1f): trouble, hardship, distress. Meīs is the m/f/n dative plural form of meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine. Ut (conj.): that, so that; though, even if; when, as soon as. Et (adv.): also, too; even. Hostem is the accusative singular form of hostis, hostis (3m/f): enemy. Amārem is the first person singular imperfect subjunctive form of amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum (1): to love.

Quia (conj.): because. Occīdit is the third person singular perfect form (it can also be the present form) of occīdō, occīdere, occīdī, occīsum (3): to kill. Ille /illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she, it. Meruit is the third person singular perfect form of mereō, merēre, meruī, meritum (2): to earn; deserve; earn (a soldier’s wages), i.e., serve (in the military). Ut (conj.): that, so that; though, even if; when, as soon as. Hoc is the neuter accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Paterētur is the third person singular imperfect subjunctive form of patior, patī, passus sum (3, deponent): to suffer, undergo; endure; allow.

(He’s talking about riches, and saying: of course I don’t forbid you to possess them, but you shouldn’t be afraid of losing them.) Efficiō, efficere, effēcī, effectum (3, –iō): to make; produce; bring about, cause; carry out, execute, accomplish, fulfill. Volō, velle, voluī, — (irreg.): to want, wish; be willing. Ut (conj.): that, so that; though, even if; when, as soon as. Illās is the feminine accusative plural form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she, it. Intrepidē (adv.): fearlessly. Possideās is the second person singular subjunctive form of possideō, possidēre, possēdī, possessum (2): to own, possess, be master of.

(If you’re shedding tears on my account when I don’t want you to.) Sequitur is the third person singular form of sequor, sequī, secūtus sum (3, deponent): to follow. Ut (conj.): that, so that; though, even if; when, as soon as. Causae is the nominative plural form of causa, causae (1f): cause; case. Tuae is the feminine nominative plural form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours. Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Stimulent is the third person plural subjunctive form of stimulō, stimulāre, stimulāvī, stimulātum (1): to goad; urge on, incite.

Ut (conj.): that, so that; though, even if; when, as soon as. Dignus /digna/dignum (1/2): worthy (can take the ablative). Astrīs is the ablative plural form of astrum, astrī (2n): star. Videar is the first person singular passive subjunctive form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see; (in the passive) seem. Hic /haec/hoc (adj.): this. Faciet is the third person singular future form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make; bring about. Diēs, diēī (5 m/f): day.

Effēcistī is the second person singular perfect form of efficiō, efficere, effēcī, effectum (3, –iō): to make; produce; bring about, cause; carry out, execute, accomplish, fulfill. Ut (conj.): that, so that; though, even if; when, as soon as. Et (conj.): and (et. . . et: both. . . and). Vīverem is the first person singular imperfect subjunctive form of vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctum (3): to live. Et (conj.): and. Morerer is the first person singular imperfect subjunctive form of morior, morī, mortuus sum (3, –ior, deponent): to die. Ingrātus /ingrāta/ingrātum (1/2): unpleasant, disagreeable; ungrateful.

Id is the neuter accusative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Agāmus is the first person plural subjunctive form of agō, agere, ēgī, āctum (3): to drive, put in motion; do, perform, achieve; work at, be engaged in; act (subjunctive because it’s hortatory). Ut (conj.): that, so that; though, even if; when, as soon as. Noster/noster/ nostrum (1/2): our, ours. Omnis/omnis/ omne (3): all; every. Tempus, temporis (3n): time. Sit is the third person singular subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

Damnātum is the m/n accusative singular form of damnātus/damnāta/damnātum (1/2), the perfect passive participle (having been condemned) of damnō, damnāre, damnāvī, damnātum (1): to condemn, convict. Poenam is the accusative singular form of poena, poenae (1f): penalty, punishment. Sequor, sequī, secūtus sum (3, deponent): to follow. Oportēbat is the third person singular imperfect form of oportet, oportēre, oportuit, — (2, impersonal): it is proper, it is right, it is needed, it is necessary (it can go with an accusative-and-infinitive clause). Ut (conj.): that, so that; though, even if; when, as soon as. Ignī is the ablative singular form of ignis, ignis (3m): fire. Cremārētur is the third person singular imperfect passive subjunctive form of cremō, cremāre, cremāvī, cremātum (1): to burn to ashes; cremate.

Attingendus/ attingenda /attingendum (1/2) is the gerundive (to be touched upon) of attingō, attingere, attigī, attāctum (3): to touch; reach; touch upon, mention. Dēfēnsiō, dēfēnsiōnis (3f): defense. Ut (conj.): that, so that; though, even if; when, as soon as. Is/ea/ id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Prō (prep.): in front of, before; in exchange for, instead of; for, on behalf of (takes the ablative). Rē is the ablative singular form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair. Pūblicā is the feminine ablative singular form of pūblicus/pūblica/pūblicum (1/2): public, belonging to the state or community (rēs pūblica = the state, the republic, state affairs, the public interest). Fuerit is the third person singular perfect subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

(That is, the torches used in nuptial processions; they poetically symbolize the marriage itself.) Rēgiās is the feminine accusative plural form of rēgius/rēgia/rēgium (1/2): royal. Egone: I (ego combined with –ne, which turns the word into part of a question). Ut (conj.): that, so that; though, even if; when, as soon as. Facēs is the accusative plural form of fax, facis (3f): torch. Inultus/ inulta /inultum (1/2): unavenged; unpunished. Patiar is the first person singular subjunctive form of patior, patī, passus sum (3, –ior, deponent): to suffer, undergo; endure; allow.

Egone: I (ego combined with – ne, which turns the word into part of a question). Ut (conj.): that, so that; though, even if; when, as soon as. Sorōrem is the accusative singular form of soror, sorōris (3f): sister. Rēgiā is the ablative singular form of rēgia, rēgiae (1f): royal palace, court (a substantive use of rēgius/rēgia/rēgium (1/2): royal; the noun domus, domūs (2/4f) is implied). Expellī is the passive infinitive form of expellō, expellere, expulī, expulsum (3): to drive out, expel. Velim is the first person singular subjunctive form of volō, velle, voluī, — (irreg.): to want, wish.

Iuppiter is the vocative singular form of Iuppiter, Iovis (3m): Jove, Jupiter. Ut: (starting a wish) that. . . ! may. . . ! Chalybes, Chalybōn (3m, pl. ; the genitive can also be Chalybum — Chalybōn is a Greek form): a people in Pontus, famous for their production of steel (their name is based on the Greek word for that metal). Omnis/omnis/ omne (3): every; all. Genus, generis (3n): kind, type; race, birth, descent. Pereat is the third person singular subjunctive form of pereō, perīre, periī, peritum (irreg.): to become lost, vanish, disappear; be destroyed, perish, die.

Ut (conj.): that, so that; though, even if; when, as soon as. Nīl (contraction of nihil; n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here acc.): nothing; (acc. used adverbially) in no respect, to no extent, not at all. Lacessās is the second person singular subjunctive form of lacessō, lacessere, lacessīvī/lacessiī, lacessītum (3): to excite, provoke, stimulate, irritate. Ipsa is the neuter nominative plural form of ipse/ipsa/ipsum (adj.): himself/herself/itself, etc. ; in person; the very. Sē: themselves—the accusative form of the reflexive pronoun. Fāta is the nominative plural form of fātum, fātī (2n): fate. Explicant is the third person plural form of explicō, explicāre, explicāvī/explicuī, explicātum/explicitum (1): to unfold, spread out, deploy; display; explain.

Ut (conj.): that, so that; though, even if; when, as soon as. Nēmō, nēminis (3m): no one. Doceat is the third person singular subjunctive form of doceō, docēre, docuī, doctum (2): to teach. Fraus, fraudis (3f): harm; deceit, fraud, trick, stratagem. Et (conj.): and. Scelus, sceleris (3n): crime. Viās is the accusative plural form of via, viae (1f): way, road; method, manner. Rēgnum, rēgnī (2n): kingdom, territory; kingship. Docēbit is the third person singular future form of doceō, docēre, docuī, doctum (2): to teach.

Est: it is. Ut (rel. adv.): as, like, such as. Dīcis is the second person singular form of dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say. Catō is the vocative singular form of Catō Catōnis (3m).

Respondeō, respondēre, respondī, respōnsum (2): to respond, reply. Hominī is the dative singular form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human. Possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can. Dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitum (2): to owe; ought, should. Ut (rel. adv.): as, like, such as. Volō, velle, voluī, — (irreg.): to want, wish.

Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. Essem is the first person singular imperfect subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be (subjunctive because it’s in a historical cum clause). Parvulus /parvula/parvulum (1/2): small, little; slight; (used substantively) a little one, a child. Loquēbar is the first person singular imperfect form of loquor, loquī, locūtus sum (3, deponent): to speak, talk. Parvulus /parvula/parvulum (1/2): small, little; slight; (used substantively) a little one, a child. Sapiēbam is the first person singular imperfect form of sapiō, sapere, sapīvī, — (3, –iō): to have good sense; be wise; understand. Ut (rel. adv.): as, like, such as. Cōgitābam is the first person singular imperfect form of cōgitō, cōgitāre, cōgitāvī, cōgitātum (1): to think. Ut (rel. adv.): as, like, such as.

(He’s speaking about diseases of the mind or soul—animus, animī (2m).) Morbī is the nominative plural form of morbus, morbī (2m): disease, illness. Sunt: (they) are. Inveterāta is the neuter nominative plural form of inveterātus/inveterāta/inveterātum (1/2): long-standing, chronic, inveterate—originally the perfect passive participle of inveterō, inveterāre, inveterāvī, inveterātum (1): to let become old or established; (in passive) become old, abide. Vitia is the nominative plural form of vitium, vitiī (2n): vice, fault. Et (conj.): and. Dūra is the neuter nominative plural form of dūrus/dūra/dūrum (1/2): hard, rough, harsh. Ut (rel. adv.): as, like, such as. Avāritia, avāritiae (1f): avarice, greed; miserliness. Ambitiō, ambitiōnis (3f): ambition, desire for favor.

Omnia is the neuter nominative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): every; all. Animālia is the nominative plural form of animal, animālis (3n): animal; living thing. Aut (conj.): or (aut. . . aut: either. . . or). Ratiōnālia is the neuter nominative plural form of ratiōnālis/ratiōnālis/ratiōnāle (3): rational, endowed with reason; syllogistic. Sunt: (they) are. # are% Ut (rel. adv.): as, like, such as. Hominēs is the nominative plural form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human. Dī is the nominative plural form of deus, deī (2m, irreg.): god, deity. Aut (conj.): or. Inratiōnālia is the neuter nominative plural form of inratiōnālis/inratiōnālis/inratiōnāle (3—also irratiōnālis): irrational. Ferae is the nominative plural form of fera, ferae (1f): wild animal (a substantive use of the feminine form of ferus/fera/ferum (1/2): wild, fierce, savage, ferocious—the feminine form is used because the noun bēstia, bēstiae (1f, meaning beast) was originally implied). Pecora is the nominative plural form of pecus, pecoris (3n): livestock, cattle.

Claudius /Claudia/Claudium (1/2): Roman family name, here of the Roman emperor 41-54 ad. Ut (conj.): that, so that; though, even if; when, as soon as. Vīdit is the third person singular form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see; (in the passive) seem; (in the passive) seem good. Fūnus is the accusative singular form of fūnus, fūneris (3n): funeral; death. Suum: his (own)—the m/n accusative singular form of suus/sua/suum (1/2). Intellēxit is the third person singular perfect form of intellegō, intellegere, intellēxī, intellēctum (3): to understand, realize. Sē: himself—the accusative form of the reflexive pronoun. Mortuum is the m/n accusative singular form of mortuus/mortua/mortuum (1/2): dead—originally the perfect active participle (having died) of morior, morī, mortuus sum (3, –ior, deponent): to die. Esse: to be.

Ut (conj.): that, so that; though, even if; when, as soon as. Prīmum (adv.): first. Veliā is the ablative form of Velia, Veliae (1f): a city in southwest Italy. Nāvigō, nāvigāre, nāvigāvī, nāvigātum (1): to sail. Coepī, coepisse, coeptum (3, –iō, defective; usually occurs only in the perfect, pluperfect and future perfect tenses): to begin. Īnstituō, īnstituere, īnstituī, īnstitūtum (3): to set up, establish, organize; set to work on, set about (can take an infinitive). Topica is the accusative form of Topica, Topicōrum (2n, plural only): the title of a work by Aristotle dealing with “commonplaces” in rhetoric; also the title of a work by Cicero, inspired by Aristotle’s (the word comes from Greek; it’s an adjective that literally means relating to places). Aristotelēa is the neuter accusative plural form of Aristotelēus/Aristotelēa/Aristotelēum (1/2—also Aristotelīus): Aristotelian. Conscribo, conscribere, conscripsi, conscriptum (3): to write together, draw up, compose.

Ut (conj.): that, so that; though, even if; when, as soon as. Prīmum (adv.): first. Iūdicēs is the nominative plural form of iūdex, iūdicis (3m/f): judge, juror. Cōnsēdērunt is the third person plural perfect form of cōnsīdō, cōnsīdere, cōnsēdī, cōnsessum (3): to sit down. Valdē (adv.): very; very much; strongly, intensely. Diffīdō, diffīdere, diffīsus sum (3, semi-deponent): to distrust; be diffident; despair. Bonī is the masculine nominative plural form of bonus/bona/bonum (1/2): good. Coepērunt is the third person plural perfect form of coepī, coepisse, coeptum (3, –iō, defective; usually occurs only in the perfect, pluperfect and future perfect tenses): to begin.

Ut (interrog. adv.): how? Undique (adv.): from all sides, all over, all around. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into, on (with motion). Mē is the accusative form of ego: I. Saevus/ saeva /saevum (1/2): raging, savage, ferocious, fierce; cruel, barbarous. Fortūna, fortūnae (1f): fortune, chance, luck. Irruit is the third person singular form of irruō, irruere, irruī, — (3—also inruō): to rush in; rush on, charge, invade, make an attack on (often with in + acc.).

Ut (interrog. adv.): how? Ab/ ā (prep.): (away) from; by (takes the ablative). Tē is the ablative form of tū: you. Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here acc.): nothing. Accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptum (3, –iō): to receive, accept, take. Iuvat is the third person singular form of iuvō, iuvāre, iūvī, iūtum (1): to help, benefit, avail; delight, gratify, please.

Vidē is the imperative singular form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see. Ut (interrog. adv.): how? Animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit. Ingēns, ingentis (3, adj.): huge, enormous, (very) great. Laetus /laeta/laetum (1/2): joyful, glad, happy. Audierit is the third person singular perfect subjunctive form of audiō, audīre, audīvī/audiī, audītum (4): to hear (of); listen (to) (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect question). Necem is the accusative singular form of nex, necis (3f): murder, killing, violent death.

(Referring to a letter—litterae; the word is plural in Latin, hence the plural verb.) Verēbar is the first person singular imperfect form of vereor, verērī, veritus sum (2, deponent): to revere, have respect for; fear, be afraid. Ut: (in a fear clause) that not. Redderentur is the third person plural imperfect passive subjunctive form of reddō, reddere, reddidī, redditum (3): to give back, return; deliver.

Pauca is the neuter accusative plural form of paucus/pauca/paucum (1/2): few. Mūtat is the third person singular form of mūtō, mūtāre, mūtāvī, mūtātum (1): to change, transform. Vel (conj.): or. Plūra is the neuter accusative form of plūrēs/plūrēs/plūra (3): more numerous, more (in number); many. Sānē (adv.): soundly; indeed, truly, really.

(Than men who strain to look younger than they are.) Quis/quis/ quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Fīō, fierī, —, — (irreg.): to be done; be made; become; happen. Crūdēlior/crūdēlior/ crūdēlius (3): more cruel—the comparative form of crūdēlis/crūdēlis/crūdēle (3): cruel. Vel (conj.): or. Miserior/miserior/ miserius (3): more wretched—the comparative form of miser/misera/miserum (1/2): miserable, pitiful, wretched. Potest is the third person singular form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can.

Vel (conj.): or (vel. . . vel: either. . . or). Nesciō, nescīre, nescīvī/nesciī, nescītum (4): to not know. Vel (conj.): or. Nōn: not. Dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say.

Tum (adv.): then. Inchoō, inchoāre, inchoāvī, inchoātum (1—also incohō, incohāre): to lay the foundation; begin. Haec is the neuter accusative plural form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this; he, she, it. Studia is the accusative plural form of studium, studiī (2n): application to a thing; study, pursuit. Vel (conj.): or (vel. . . vel: either. . . or). Nōn: not. Vacābit is the third person singular future form of vacō, vacāre, vacāvī, vacātum (1): to be empty, be vacant; be at leisure, have time; (impersonally) there is room (to); there is time (to). Vel (conj.): or. Nōn: not. Libēbit is the third person singular future form of libet, libēre, libuit/libitum est (2, impersonal): it pleases, there is a desire (to), one feels like (doing something).

Vel (adv.): even. Iovī is the dative singular form of Iuppiter, Iovis (3m): Jove, Jupiter. Cēdō, cēdere, cessī, cessum (3): to go, move; withdraw; concede, yield. Nescit is the third person singular form of nesciō, nescīre, nescīvī/nesciī, nescītum (4): to not know; not be able, not know how to (with infinitive).

Fabiō is the m/f/n (here m) ablative singular form of the family name Fabius/Fabia/Fabium (1/2). Vel (adv.): even. Iūdice is the ablative singular form of iūdex, iūdicis (3m): judge (fabiō iūdice is an ablative absolute). Vincam is the first person singular future form of vincō, vincere, vīcī, victum (3): to conquer, overcome, overmatch; win, be victorious.

(Quoting Brutus; it is his throat.) Praebēbō is the first person singular future form of praebeō, praebēre, praebuī, praebitum (2): to put forward, present, offer. Inquit is the third person singular form of inquam (irreg. and defective): to say (inquit = he/she/it says or said). Ita (adv.): so, thus, in such a way. Vīvam is the first person singular subjunctive form of vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctum (3): to live. Paene (adv.): almost. Adiēcit is the third person singular perfect form of adiciō, adicere, adiēcī, adiectum (3, –iō): to throw (at); attach; add. Vel (adv.): even. Sub (prep.): (with abl.) under; (with acc.) under with motion, toward and under. Antōniō is the m/n (here m) ablative singular form of Antōnius/Antōnia/Antōnium (1/2): : a Roman family name, here of the politician we know as Mark Antony.