Nouns: Fifth Declension

(Addressing a man who nearly died.) Perdiderit is the third person singular perfect subjunctive form of perdō, perdere, perdidī, perditum (3): to destroy; waste, squander; lose (a jussive subjunctive; the perfect subjunctive is sometimes used in a way that can be translated as present). Nūllum is the m/n accusative singular form of nūllus/nūlla/nūllum (1/2, irreg.): no, not any. Vīta, vītae (1f): life. Reversus/ reversa /reversum (1/2) is the perfect active participle (having returned) of revertor, revertī, reversus sum (3, deponent): to return. Diem is the accusative singular form of diēs, diēī (5m/f): day.

Eō is the m/n ablative singular form of is/ea/id (adj.): this, that. Diē is the ablative singular form of diēs, diēī (5m/f): day. Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here nom.): nothing. Āctum est is the third person neuter singular perfect passive form of agō, agere, ēgī, āctum (3): to drive, put in motion; do, perform, achieve, transact, manage, conduct, deal with; settle, agree on, decide, decree; act, behave.

Zama, Zamae (1f). Quīnque (indeclinable): five. Diērum is the genitive plural form of diēs, diēī (5m/f): day. Iter is the accusative singular form of iter, itineris (3n): journey; route, way (the accusative of extent of space). Ab /ā (prep.): from (takes the ablative). Carthāgine is the ablative singular form of Carthāgō, Carthāginis (3f): Carthage. Abest is the third person singular form of absum, abesse, āfuī, āfutūrus (irreg.): to be away, be absent, be distant.

Diēs is the accusative plural form of diēs, diēī (5m/f): day. Noctēsque is the accusative plural form of nox, noctis (3f): night (the enclitic conjunction – que adds and) (diēs noctēsque is an accusative of duration). Bibite is the plural imperative form of bibō, bibere, bibī, bibitum (3): to drink.

Incommoda is the nominative plural form of incommodum, incommodī (2n): detriment, harm; disadvantage; inconvenience; trouble, misfortune. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into; for; against; according to; per; increasingly with the passage of (days or another unit of time). Diēs is the accusative plural form of diēs, diēī (5m/f): day (in diēs = increasingly with the passage of days, daily). Augēbantur is the third person plural imperfect passive form of augeō, augēre, auxī, auctum (2): to cause to grow bigger or more intense, increase, intensify (a reflexive passive).

Aequīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of aequus/aequa/aequum (1/2): level, flat, even; equal; equitable, just, fair; calm, untroubled (aequīs manibus is an idiom: with neither side having the upper hand). Manibus is the ablative plural form of manus, manūs (4f): hand. Hesternō is the m/n ablative singular form of hesternus/hesterna/hesternum (1/2): belonging to yesterday. Diē is the ablative singular form of diēs, diēī (5m/f): day (hesternō diē = yesterday). Dirēmistis is the second person plural perfect form of dirimō, dirimere, dirēmī, dirēmptum (3): to pull apart; separate; break up, dissolve; interrupt; settle (a dispute). Pugnam is the accusative singular form of pugna, pugnae (1f): fight, battle.

(Or if not the very last, nearly the last—a claim that’s always true.) Ecce (interj.): lo! behold! see! Hic /haec/hoc (pron. or adj.): this, this one; he, she, it. Diēs, diēī (5m/f): day. Ultimus /ultima/ultimum (1/2): last, final; furthest. Est: is.

Hodiernī is the m/n genitive singular form of hodiernus/hodierna/hodiernum (1/2): belonging to today. Diēs, diēī (5m/f): day. Rēs is the accusative plural form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair; event; fact; property. Gestās is the feminine accusative plural form of gestus/gesta/gestum (1/2), the perfect passive participle of gerō, gerere, gessī, gestum (3): to bear, carry; carry on, transact, conduct, do, achieve, accomplish (rēs gestae = deeds, exploits, achievements; events). Lupercālibus is the ablative plural form of Lupercal, Lupercālis (3n, often pl.): the Lupercalia (or Lupercal), a festival of fertility and averting of evil, held on February 15. Habēbis is the second person singular future form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have.

Crāstinō is the m/n ablative singular form of crāstinus/crāstina/crāstinum (1/2): belonging to tomorrow. ; Diē is the ablative singular form of diēs, diēī (5m/f): day. Sciēs is the second person singular future form of sciō, scīre, scīvī/sciī, scītum (4): to know.

Mī is a contracted form of mihi, the dative form of ego: I (to/for me). Est: it is. Nātālis /nātālis/nātāle (3): relating to birth, natal. Diēs, diēī (5m/f): day.

Nōn: not. Respondet is the third person singular form of respondeō, respondēre, respondī, respōnsum (2): to respond, reply, answer; answer a summons; conform; correspond. Ad (prep.): to, toward; at, near; for; according to (takes the accusative). Certam is the feminine accusative singular form of certus/certa/certum (1/2): fixed, set, settled, predetermined, definite; sure, certain. Diem is the accusative singular form of diēs, diēī (5m/f): day. Fēcunditās, fēcunditātis (3f): fertility, fecundity.

Nerōnēum is the m/n accusative singular form of Nerōnēus/Nerōnēa/Nerōnēum (1/2): Neronian. Agōna is the accusative singular form of agōn, agōnos (3m, with some unusual forms because it’s from Greek): struggle; contest. Ante (prep.): before (takes the accusative). Praestitūtam is the feminine accusative singular form of praestitūtus/praestitūta/praestitūtum (1/2), the perfect passive participle of praestituō, praestituere, praestituī, praestitūtum (3): to determine, fix, appoint (in advance). Diem is the accusative singular form of diēs, diēī (5m/f): day. Revocāvit is the third person singular perfect form of revocō, revocāre, revocāvī, revocātum (1): to call back, recall; bring back; revive, renew, repeat; cancel; restrain.

Eō is the m/n ablative singular form of is/ea/id (adj.): this, that. Annō is the ablative singular form of annus, annī (2m): year. Plērīsque is the m/f/n (here m) dative plural form of plērusque/plēraque/plērumque (1/2): most; very many, a great many. Diēs, diēī (5m/f): day (diem dīcere = to appoint a day; often, like here, appoint a day for someone’s trial, serve a summons (on someone = dative)). Dictus/ dicta /dictum (1/2) is the perfect passive participle of dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say, declare (est is implied; dicta est is the third person feminine singular perfect passive form). Ab /ā (prep.): from; by (takes the ablative). Aedīlibus is the ablative plural form of aedīlis, aedīlis (3m): a magistrate in charge of public order and infrastructure (the name is derived from the noun aedēs, aedis (3f): temple, shrine; (in pl.) house).

(Talking about old temples.) Longā is the feminine ablative singular form of longus/longa/longum (1/2): long. Prōcubuēre is the third person plural perfect form of prōcumbō, prōcumbere, prōcubuī, prōcubitum (3): to bend forward; prostrate oneself; fall forward, fall down, sink down, fall over. Diē is the ablative singular form of diēs, diēī (5m/f): day; time.

Coniūnx, coniugis (3m/f—also coniux): spouse, consort, husband or wife. Nūllus/ nūlla /nūllum (1/2, irreg.): no, not any, none; non-existent. Est: (there) is. Fidēs, fideī (5f): trust; faith; good faith, honesty, sincerity; faithfulness; loyalty; allegiance; honor (with respect to keeping one’s promises, allegiances, etc.); promise; (promise of) protection; credit; credence, belief; evidence.

Pretiō is the ablative singular form of pretium, pretiī (2n): reward; price; value. Parātus/ parāta /parātum (1/2) is the perfect passive participle of parō, parāre, parāvī, parātum (1): to make available, furnish, supply; get, obtain, acquire; buy; prepare. Vincitur is the third person singular passive form of vincō, vincere, vīcī, victum (3): to conquer, beat, defeat, vanquish, overcome; surpass; win, be victorious. Fidēs, fideī (5f): trust; faith; good faith, honesty, sincerity; faithfulness; loyalty; allegiance; honor (with respect to keeping one’s promises, allegiances, etc.); promise; (promise of) protection; credit; credence, belief; evidence.

Parumne (adv.): not enough, (too) little (the enclitic interrogative particle – ne turns the word into part of a question). Mē is the accusative form of ego: I (me). Tam (adv.): so (much), to such an degree. Longus/ longa /longum (1/2): long; long-lasting. Dēfendit is the third person singular form of dēfendō, dēfendere, dēfendī, dēfēnsum (3): to defend. Fidēs, fideī (5f): trust; faith; good faith, honesty, sincerity; faithfulness; loyalty; allegiance; honor (with respect to keeping one’s promises, allegiances, etc.); promise; (promise of) protection; credit; credence, belief; evidence.

Cassius /Cassia/Cassium (1/2): a family name. Fideī is the dative singular form of fidēs, fideī (5f): trust; faith; good faith, honesty, sincerity; faithfulness; loyalty; allegiance; honor (with respect to keeping one’s promises, allegiances, etc.); promise; (promise of) protection; credit; credence, belief; evidence. Magis (adv.): more. Quam (rel. adv.): than; as. Virtūtī is the dative singular form of virtūs, virtūtis (3f): virtue, good quality; bravery, valor, courage. Legiōnum is the genitive plural form of legiō, legiōnis (3f): legion. Cōnfīdēbat is the third person singular imperfect form of cōnfīdō, cōnfīdere, cōnfīsus sum (3, semi-deponent): to be confident; trust, rely on (takes a dative or ablative object).

Quid (interrog. adv.): what for? why? Meam is the feminine accusative singular form of meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine. Fidem is the accusative singular form of fidēs, fideī (5f): trust; faith; good faith, honesty, sincerity; faithfulness; loyalty; allegiance; honor (with respect to keeping one’s promises, allegiances, etc.); promise; (promise of) protection; credit; credence, belief; evidence. Implōrās is the second person singular form of implōrō, implōrāre, implōrāvī, implōrātum (1): to entreat, beg (for); call on for help, appeal to, invoke, implore (fidem implōrāre and similar expressions—i.e., with other verbs of begging, imploring, etc. , or the ideas of such verbs implied—are fairly common to ways to say imploring (or begging for) X’s protection or assistance, but they’re hard to translate literally because there’s no exact English equivalent for the word fidēs; those expressions generally mean appealing to a person’s sense of loyalty, honor, duty, what is right, or to the trust that’s supposed to exist between the imploring and the implored).

Dīc is the singular imperative form of dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say, tell. Bonā is the feminine ablative singular form of bonus/bona/bonum (1/2): good. Fidē is the ablative singular form of fidēs, fideī (5f): trust; faith; good faith, honesty, sincerity; faithfulness; loyalty.

Fidem is the accusative singular form of fidēs, fideī (5f): trust; faith; good faith, honesty, sincerity; faithfulness; loyalty; allegiance; honor (with respect to keeping one’s promises, allegiances, etc.); promise; (promise of) protection; credit; credence, belief; evidence. Dā is the singular imperative form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give.

(In exchange for their allegiance, as is usually the case with the expression in fidem recipere.) Eōs is the masculine accusative plural form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that (these, those, them). In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Fidem is the accusative singular form of fidēs, fideī (5f): trust; faith; good faith, honesty, sincerity; faithfulness; loyalty; allegiance; honor (with respect to keeping one’s promises, allegiances, etc.); promise; (promise of) protection; credit; credence, belief; evidence. Recipit is the third person singular form of recipiō, recipere, recēpī, receptum (3, –iō): to get back, recover; receive, take in; accept, admit, allow (it’s in the historical present).

(Talking about wrongdoers.) Numquam (adv.): never. Fidēs, fideī (5f): trust; faith; good faith, honesty, sincerity; faithfulness; loyalty; allegiance; honor (with respect to keeping one’s promises, allegiances, etc.); promise; (promise of) protection; credit; credence, belief; evidence. Latendī is the genitive gerund of lateō, latēre, latuī, — (2): to be hidden, hide. Fit is the third person singular form of fīō, fierī, —, — (irreg.): to be done; be made; happen, occur; come into being; become. Etiam (particle): still; even; also. Latentibus is the m/f/n (here m) dative plural form of latēns, latentis (3), the present active participle of lateō, latēre, latuī, — (2): to be hidden, hide.

Rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair; event; fact; property. Fidem is the accusative singular form of fidēs, fideī (5f): trust; faith; good faith, honesty, sincerity; faithfulness; loyalty; allegiance; honor (with respect to keeping one’s promises, allegiances, etc.); promise; (promise of) protection; credit; credence, belief; evidence. Excēdit is the third person singular form of excēdō, excēdere, excessī, excessum (3): to go away, depart, withdraw; go beyond; exceed.

Fidēs, fideī (5f): trust; faith; good faith, honesty, sincerity; faithfulness; loyalty; allegiance; honor (with respect to keeping one’s promises, allegiances, etc.); promise; (promise of) protection; credit; credence, belief; evidence. Eī is the m/f/n dative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Habita (est) is the third person feminine singular perfect passive form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have. Nōn: not. Est: see habita. #(see habita)%

Fidemque is the accusative singular form of fidēs, fideī (5f): trust; faith; good faith, honesty, sincerity; faithfulness; loyalty; allegiance; honor (with respect to keeping one’s promises, allegiances, etc.); promise; (promise of) protection; credit; credence, belief; evidence (the enclitic conjunction – que adds and). Rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair; event; fact; property. Habuit is the third person singular form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have.

Lacrimae is the nominative plural form of lacrima, lacrimae (1f): tear. Fēcēre is the third person plural perfect form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Fidem is the accusative singular form of fidēs, fideī (5f): trust; faith; good faith, honesty, sincerity; faithfulness; loyalty; allegiance; honor (with respect to keeping one’s promises, allegiances, etc.); promise; (promise of) protection; credit; credence, belief; evidence.

Volt (also spelled vult) is the third person singular form of volō, velle, voluī, — (irreg.): to want, wish (a use of the historical present). Scelus, sceleris (3n): crime. Supersum, superesse, superfuī, superfutūrus (irreg.): to remain, be left over. Fidem is the accusative singular form of fidēs, fideī (5f): trust; faith; good faith, honesty, sincerity; faithfulness; loyalty; allegiance; honor (with respect to keeping one’s promises, allegiances, etc.); promise; (promise of) protection; credit; credence, belief; evidence.

Fidēs, fideī (5f): trust; faith; good faith, honesty, sincerity; faithfulness; loyalty; allegiance; honor (with respect to keeping one’s promises, allegiances, etc.); promise; (promise of) protection; credit; credence, belief; evidence. Tuus/ tua /tuum (1/2): your, yours (in archaic English thy, thine). Tē is the accusative form of tū: you (in archaic English thou, thee). Salvam is the feminine accusative singular form of salvus/salva/salvum (1/2): safe; saved; well, in good health. Fēcit is the third person singular perfect form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make.

Nōn: not. Est: is. Dēlicātus/ dēlicāta /dēlicātum (1/2): delicate, soft; dainty; luxurious, voluptuous; squeamish; effeminate; addicted to pleasure or excessively concerned about one’s comfort. Rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair, business; fact; event; situation, circumstance; deed, act, action; property, wealth, possession; interest. Vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctum (3): to live.

Huius is the m/f/n genitive singular form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair, business; fact; event; situation, circumstance; deed, act, action; property, wealth, possession; interest. Cōnscius /cōnscia/cōnscium (1/2): sharing knowledge, privy; complicit; conscious, aware (often idiomatically combined with a reflexive pronoun/personal pronoun used reflexively). Mihi is the dative form of ego: I (to/for me; used reflexively: to/for myself). Sum: I am.

(Death.) Omnēs is the m/f nominative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Huic is the dative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Reī is the dative singular form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair, business; fact; event; situation, circumstance; deed, act, action; property, wealth, possession; interest. Tollimur is the first person plural passive form of tollō, tollere, sustulī, sublātum (3): to pick up, lift, raise; pick up a child to acknowledge and raise it; rear; take away, remove, do away with.

(He’s being ironic.) Magnam is the feminine accusative singular form of magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): big, large, great; important. Rem is the accusative singular form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair, business; fact; event; situation, circumstance; deed, act, action; property, wealth, possession; interest. (This phrase is an example of the exclamatory accusative.)

Nōn: not. Possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Hāc is the feminine ablative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Rē is the ablative singular form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair, business; fact; event; situation, circumstance; deed, act, action; property, wealth, possession; interest. Esse: (to) be. Neglegēns, neglegentis (3, adj.): negligent—originally the present active participle (neglecting) of neglegō, neglegere, neglēxī, neglēctum (3): to neglect.

(He’s talking about “that which is,” the genus that includes all else and has nothing above it.) Initium, initiī (2n): beginning, starting point; first principle. Rērum is the genitive plural form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair, business; fact; event; situation, circumstance; deed, act, action; property, wealth, possession; interest. Est: it is.

Is/ ea /id (adj.): this, that. Rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair, business; fact; event; situation, circumstance; deed, act, action; property, wealth, possession; interest. Omnium is the m/f/n (here m) genitive plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every: (m. pl. used substantively) all (people), everyone. Iūdiciō is the ablative singular form of iūdicium, iūdiciī (2n): trial; judgment, opinion. Reprehendēbātur is the third person singular imperfect passive form of reprehendō, reprehendere, reprehendī, reprehēnsum (3—also reprēndō): to seize and hold back; find fault with, censure, criticize, reprehend.

Praetermissa (. . . est) is the third person feminine singular perfect passive form of praetermittō, praetermittere, praetermīsī, praetermissum (3): to omit, pass over, neglect, disregard, miss, let slip. Eius is the m/f/n genitive singular form of is/ea/id (adj.): this, that. Rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair, business; fact; event; situation, circumstance; deed, act, action; property, wealth, possession; interest. Occāsiō, occāsiōnis (3f): opportunity, occasion. Est: see praetermissa.

Cōnsilia is the nominative plural form of cōnsilium, cōnsiliī (2n): counsel, deliberation, consultation; counsel, advice (or piece of advice); plan, intention, purpose; discernment. Enim (particle): for, indeed. Rēbus is the dative plural form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair, business; fact; event; situation, circumstance; deed, act, action; property, wealth, possession; interest. Aptantur is the third person plural form of aptō, aptāre, aptāvī, aptātum (1): to fix, fasten; apply; prepare; adapt.

Dūrātē is the plural imperative form of dūrō, dūrāre, dūrāvī, dūrātum (1): to harden; endure. Et (conj.): and. Vōsmet is the accusative form of vōs: you (pl.), yourselves (the enclitic particle – met adds emphasis to a pronoun). Rēbus is the dative plural form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair, business; fact; event; situation, circumstance; deed, act, action; property, wealth, possession; interest. Servāte is the plural imperative form of servō, servāre, servāvī, servātum (1): to observe; keep; save, preserve. Secundīs is the m/f/n dative plural form of secundus/secunda/secundum (1/2): moving along with one, moving in the same direction, (esp. of winds) blowing in the same direction (and thus favorable); (in all kinds of other contexts) favorable, propitious; proceeding favorably, successful; second.

Nōn: not. Rē is the ablative singular form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair, business; fact; event; situation, circumstance; deed, act, action; property, wealth, possession; interest. Ductus es is the second person masculine singular perfect passive form of dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductum (3): to lead. Sed (conj.): but. Opīniōne is the ablative singular form of opīniō, opīniōnis (3f): opinion, belief; expectation; people’s opinion about someone or something, reputation.

(He’s talking about philosophy.) Nōn: not. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Verbīs is the ablative plural form of verbum, verbī (2n): word. Sed (conj.): but. Rēbus is the ablative plural form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair, business; fact; event; situation, circumstance; deed, act, action; property, wealth, possession; interest. Est: it is.

Rem is the accusative singular form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair, business; fact; event; situation, circumstance; deed, act, action; property, wealth, possession; interest. Perdō, perdere, perdidī, perditum (3): to destroy; waste, squander; lose. Apud (prep.): with, among; at, by, near; at the house of; in the writings of; in the eyes of (takes the accusative). Vōs is the accusative form of vōs: you (pl.).

Mē is the accusative form of ego: I (me). Rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair, business; fact; event; situation, circumstance; deed, act, action; property, wealth, possession; interest. Familiāris/ familiāris /familiāre (3): belonging to one’s household; private, personal; intimate; familiar. Movet is the third person singular form of moveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtum (2): to move; trouble, disturb, concern, worry.

Innoxiae is the feminine dative singular form of innoxius/innoxia/innoxium (1/2): innocent; harmless; unharmed. Multitūdinī is the dative singular form of multitūdō, multitūdinis (3f): multitude. Redditae is the feminine nominative plural form of redditus/reddita/redditum (1/2), the perfect passive participle of reddō, reddere, reddidī, redditum (3): to give back, return (sunt is implied: redditae sunt is the third person feminine plural perfect passive form). Rēs is the nominative plural form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair, business; fact; event; situation, circumstance; deed, act, action; property, wealth, possession; interest.

Rēs is the accusative plural form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair, business; fact; event; situation, circumstance; deed, act, action; property, wealth, possession; interest. Tuās is the feminine accusative plural form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours. Ocius (adv.): more quickly; sooner; quickly, promptly. Tolle is the singular imperative form of tollō, tollere, sustulī, sublātum (3): to pick up, lift, raise; take away, remove, do away with.

In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into; for; in accordance with (in + accusative can sometimes still be translated idiomatically as in, but some sort of motion—literal or figurative—is always implied). Rem is the accusative singular form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair, business; fact; event; situation, circumstance; deed, act, action; property, wealth, possession; interest. Hic/haec/ hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it. Tuam is the feminine accusative singular form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours. Est: is.

Plānē (adv.): plainly, clearly, distinctly; absolutely, utterly. Nesciēbam is the first person singular imperfect form of nesciō, nescīre, nescīvī/nesciī, nescītum (4): not to know. Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Tam (adv.): so (much), to such a degree. Perītum is the m/n accusative singular form of perītus/perīta/perītum (1/2): experienced, practiced, expert (often with genitive of the field of expertise). Esse: to be. Rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair, business; fact; event; situation, circumstance; deed, act, action; property, wealth, possession; interest. Mīlitāris is the m/f/n genitive singular form of mīlitāris/mīlitāris/mīlitāre (3): military.

Angustā is the feminine ablative singular form of angustus/angusta/angustum (1/2): narrow; scarce; restricted. Rē is the ablative singular form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair, business; fact; event; situation, circumstance; deed, act, action; property, wealth, possession; interest. Frūmentāriā is the feminine ablative singular form of frūmentārius/frūmentāria/frūmentārium (1/2): relating to grain. Ūtēbātur is the third person singular imperfect form of ūtor, ūtī, ūsus sum (3, deponent): to use; treat; experience; sometimes loosely have.

Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here acc.): nothing; acc. used adverbially: in no respect, to no extent, in no way, not at all. Enim (particle): for, indeed. Ad (prep.): to (takes the accusative). Rem is the accusative singular form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair, business; fact; event; situation, circumstance; deed, act, action; property, wealth, possession; interest. Pertinent is the third person plural form of pertineō, pertinēre, pertinuī, — (2): to extend (to a certain point in space); pertain, apply, refer, belong, be relevant (to), matter (to), aim (at). Annī is the nominative plural form of annus, annī (2m): year.

(Referring to a city—cīvitās, cīvitātis (3f). He’s saying that a city’s habits or morals makes don’t matter to the traveler who brings along his own.) Quid is the neuter accusative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? neut. acc. sg. used adverbially: in what respect? to what extent? how? what for? why? Ad (prep.): to (takes the accusative). Rem is the accusative singular form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair, business; fact; event; situation, circumstance; deed, act, action; property, wealth, possession; interest. Pertinet is the third person singular form of pertineō, pertinēre, pertinuī, — (2): to extend (to a certain point in space); pertain, apply, refer, belong, be relevant (to), matter (to), aim (at). Quōs is the masculine accusative plural form of quī/quae/quod (interrog. adj.): which. . . ? what. . . ? Ille/ illa /illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it. Mōrēs is the accusative plural form of mōs, mōris (3m): custom, habit, (habitual) manner; (in the plural) manners, ways, (habitual) behavior, morals, character. Habeat is the third person singular subjunctive form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect question).

Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only): nothing; acc. used adverbially: in no respect, to no extent, in no way, not at all. Ad (prep.): to (takes the accusative). Rem is the accusative singular form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair, business; fact; event; situation, circumstance; deed, act, action; property, wealth, possession; interest. (Nihil could be accusative or nominative depending on which verb is implied. The verb could be pertinet — pertains, is relevant to —or est. Nihil ad rem est is less common than nihil ad rem pertinet.)

Quid is the neuter accusative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? neut. acc. sg. used adverbially: in what respect? to what extent? how? what for? why? Ad (prep.): to (takes the accusative). Rem is the accusative singular form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair, business; fact; event; situation, circumstance; deed, act, action; property, wealth, possession; interest. (The verb pertinet — pertains, is relevant to —is most likely implied.)

Quam is the feminine accusative singular form of quī/quae/quod (interrog. adj.): which. . . ? what. . . ? Ob (prep.): towards; against, in front of, in the way of (so as to block); because of, for (a reason) (takes the accusative). Rem is the accusative singular form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair, business; fact; event; situation, circumstance; deed, act, action; property, wealth, possession; interest. Id is the neuter accusative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this (one), that (one). Tūte: you yourself (a strengthened tū). Nōn: not. Facis is the second person singular form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make.

Quam is the feminine accusative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. adj.): which, what. Ob (prep.): towards; against, in front of, in the way of (so as to block); because of, for (a reason) (takes the accusative). Rem is the accusative singular form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair, business; fact; event; situation, circumstance; deed, act, action; property, wealth, possession; interest. Multa is the neuter accusative plural form of multus/multa/multum (1/2): much, many. Praetermittam is the first person singular future form of praetermittō, praetermittere, praetermīsī, praetermissum (3): to omit, pass over, neglect, disregard, miss, let slip.

Quaere is the singular imperative form of quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī/quaesiī, quaesītum (3): to seek; ask, seek to know. Quā is the feminine ablative singular form of quī/quae/quod (interrog. adj.): which. . . ? what. . . ? Rē is the ablative singular form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair, business; fact; event; situation, circumstance; deed, act, action; property, wealth, possession; interest. Sit absolūtus is the third person masculine singular perfect passive subjunctive form of absolvō, absolvere, absolvī, absolūtum (3): to release; acquit (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect question).

Quā is the feminine ablative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. adj.): which, what. Rē is the ablative singular form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair, business; fact; event; situation, circumstance; deed, act, action; property, wealth, possession; interest. Perge is the singular imperative form of pergō, pergere, perrēxī, perrēctum (3): to go on, proceed, continue. Ut (rel. adv.): as. Coepistī is the second person singular perfect form of coepī, coepisse, coeptum (defective; usually occurs only in the perfect, pluperfect and future perfect tenses; the principal parts given here show the perfect forms): to begin.

Quid is the neuter accusative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Ergō (particle): therefore, so, then. Adfers is the second person singular form of adferō, adferre, adtulī, adlātum (3, irreg. —also afferō): to bring. Quā is the feminine ablative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. adj.): which, what. Rē is the ablative singular form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair, business; fact; event; situation, circumstance; deed, act, action; property, wealth, possession; interest. Id is the neuter accusative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this (one), that (one). Factum is the m/n accusative singular form of factus/facta/factum (1/2), the perfect passive participle of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Putēmus is the first person plural subjunctive form of putō, putāre, putāvī, putātum (1): to think, believe, suppose (subjunctive because it’s in a relative clause of characteristic).

Favōrābiliōrēs is the m/f nominative plural form of favōrābilior/favōrābilior/favōrābilius (3): regarded with more favor; more likely to win favor; entitled to more favorable treatment—the comparative form of favōrābilis/favōrābilis/favōrābile (3): regarded with favor; likely to win favor; entitled to favorable treatment. Reī is the nominative plural form of reus, reī (2m): defendant, accused. Potius (adv.): rather. Quam (rel. adv.): than; as. Actōrēs is the nominative plural form of āctor, āctōris (3m): drover; doer, performer, agent; pleader, advocate; prosecutor; plaintiff; actor. Habentur is the third person plural passive form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have; hold, regard as; treat.

Ad (prep.): to, toward; at (takes the accusative). Eam is the feminine accusative singular form of is/ea/id (adj.): this, that. Speciem is the accusative singular form of speciēs, speciēī (5f): sight, spectacle; appearance, look; guise; show, display; veneer; pretext; vision, apparition; mental picture; form, sort, species, subdivision of a class. Exiluit is the third person singular perfect form of exiliō, exilīre, exiluī, — (4—also exiliō): to leap, jump (out/up). Gaudiō is the ablative singular form of gaudium, gaudiī (2n): joy. Caelum is the accusative singular form of caelum, caelī (2n): sky, heaven (the enclitic conjunction – que adds and). Adōrāvit is the third person singular perfect form of adōrō, adōrāre, adōrāvī, adōrātum (1): to plead with; entreat; pray to; worship.

(The sight of torture instruments.) Speciē is the ablative singular form of speciēs, speciēī (5f): sight, spectacle; appearance, look; guise; show, display; veneer; pretext; vision, apparition; mental picture; form, sort, species, subdivision of a class. Enim (particle): for, indeed. Vincuntur is the third person plural passive form of vincō, vincere, vīcī, victum (3): to conquer, beat, defeat, overcome; win, be victorious. Quī is the masculine nominative plural form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Patientiae is the dative singular form of patientia, patientiae (1f): the fact of suffering or undergoing; endurance; patience. Restitissent is the third person plural pluperfect subjunctive form of resistō, resistere, restitī, — (3): to halt, stop; make a stand; resist, withstand (takes a dative object) (pluperfect subjunctive because it’s past contrary to fact).

(While giving a speech.) Ōs, ōris (3n): mouth; face. Nōn: not. Est: is. Nimium (adv.): too much, excessively. Mūtandus/ mūtanda /mūtandum (1/2) is the gerundive of mūtō, mūtāre, mūtāvī, mūtātum (1): to change, transform, alter, modify (est mūtanda is the passive periphrastic: must (not) be changed). Speciēs, speciēī (5f): sight, spectacle; appearance, look; guise; show, display; veneer; pretext; vision, apparition; mental picture; form, sort, species, subdivision of a class.

Meam is the feminine accusative singular form of meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine. Laudat is the third person singular form of laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātum (1): to praise. Speciem is the accusative singular form of speciēs, speciēī (5f): sight, spectacle; appearance, look; guise; show.

Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here nom.): nothing. Autem (particle.): on the other hand, but, however; and, moreover; for my, your, his, etc. Alius/alia/ aliud (1/2, irreg.): other, another. Est: is. Īnsolentia, īnsolentiae (1f): arrogance, insolence, pride; unfamiliarity; unusualness, strangeness, novelty. Quam (rel. adv.): than; as. Speciēs, speciēī (5f): sight, spectacle; appearance, look; guise; show, display; veneer; pretext; vision, apparition; mental picture; form, sort, species, subdivision of a class. Magnitūdō, magnitūdinis (3f): greatness, magnitude, extent. Falsus/ falsa /falsum (1/2): false.

(He’s talking about inflicting punishment— castīgātiō —without anger.) Nōn: not. Enim (particle): for, indeed. Nocet is the third person singular form of noceō, nocēre, nocuī, nocitum (2): to harm, hurt, be harmful. Sed (conj.): but. Medētur is the third person singular form of medeor, medērī, —, — (2, deponent): to heal, cure, remedy. Speciē is the ablative singular form of speciēs, speciēī (5f): sight, spectacle; appearance, look; guise; show, display; veneer; pretext; vision, apparition; mental picture; form, sort, species, subdivision of a class. Nocendī is the genitive gerund of noceō, nocēre, nocuī, nocitum (2): to harm, hurt, be harmful.

Peditātū is the ablative singular form of peditātus, peditātūs (4m): infantry. Dumtaxat (adv.): just, only. Procul (adv.): far (away); in the distance; from afar; at or from a distance. Ad (prep.): to, toward; for (takes the accusative). Speciem is the accusative singular form of speciēs, speciēī (5f): sight, spectacle; appearance, look; guise; show, display; veneer; pretext; vision, apparition; mental picture; form, sort, species, subdivision of a class. Ūtitur is the third person singular form of ūtor, utī, ūsus sum (3, deponent): to use (takes an ablative object) (it’s in the historical present).

Semper (adv.): always. Aliquam is the feminine accusative singular form of aliquī/aliqua/aliquod (adj.): some, a certain, a(n). Fraudī is the dative singular form of fraus, fraudis (3f): harm; liability to punishment; crime; deceit, fraud, trick, stratagem. Speciem is the accusative singular form of speciēs, speciēī (5f): sight, spectacle; appearance, look; guise; show, display; veneer; pretext; vision, apparition; mental picture; form, sort, species, subdivision of a class. Iūs, iūris (3n): law; right. Impōnitis is the second person plural form of impōnō, impōnere, imposuī, impositum (3): to put (acc.) on (dat.).

Lēgātī is the nominative plural form of lēgātus, lēgātī (2m): envoy, ambassador, legate. Ad (prep.): to, toward (takes the accusative). Eum is the masculine accusative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this (one), that (one). Per (prep.): through (takes the accusative). Speciem is the accusative singular form of speciēs, speciēī (5f): sight, spectacle; appearance, look; guise; show, display; veneer; pretext; vision, apparition; mental picture; form, sort, species, subdivision of a class. Pāx, pācis (3f): peace. Petendae is the feminine genitive singular form of petendus/petenda/petendum (1/2), the gerundive of petō, petere, petīvī/petiī, petītum (3): to direct one’s course to, make for; seek; ask for; aim at; aspire at; attack. Speculātum is the accusative supine of speculor, speculārī, speculātus sum (1, deponent): to observe; reconnoiter; spy. Vēnērunt is the third person plural perfect form of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come.

Silet is the third person singular form of sileō, silēre, siluī, — (2): to be silent. Ille/ illa /illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it. Diū (adv.): long, for a long time. Repetitque is the third person singular form of repetō, repetere, repetīvī/repetiī, repetītum (3): to return to, make for again; attack again; demand back; recover, get back; repeat; recall, recollect (the enclitic conjunction – que adds and). Quiēs, quiētis (3f): rest; sleep. Ipse/ ipsa /ipsum (adj.): himself/herself/itself/etc. ; in person; the very. Suae: (of) her (own)—the feminine genitive singular form of suus/sua/suum (1/2). Speciem is the accusative singular form of speciēs, speciēī (5f): sight, spectacle; appearance, look; guise; show, display; veneer; pretext; vision, apparition; mental picture; form, sort, species, subdivision of a class. (The verbs are in the historical present.)

(Unlike the English word prospect, the Latin speciēs doesn’t have the idea of futurity attached to it; but prospect works as a free translation in this context because what perturbs Cicero is the thought that war might break out soon.) Hic/ haec /hoc (adj.): this. Mē is the accusative form of ego: I (me). Speciēs, speciēī (5f): sight, spectacle; appearance, look; guise; show, display; veneer; pretext; vision, apparition; mental picture; form, sort, species, subdivision of a class. Cōgitātiōque, cōgitātiōnis (3f): thought, reflection; intention herself (the enclitic conjunction – que adds and). Perturbat is the third person singular form of perturbō, perturbāre, perturbāvī, perturbātum (1): to throw into confusion; disturb, perturb, upset.

Eius is the m/f/n genitive singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this (one), that (one). Duo/ duae /duo (irreg.): two. Sunt: there are. Speciēs is the nominative plural form of speciēs, speciēī (5f): sight, spectacle; appearance, look; guise; show, display; veneer; pretext; vision, apparition; mental picture; form, sort, species, subdivision of a class.

Speciē is the ablative singular form of speciēs, speciēī (5f): sight, spectacle; appearance, look; guise; show, display; veneer; pretext; vision, apparition; mental picture; form, sort, species, subdivision of a class. Dīversa is the neuter nominative plural form of dīversus/dīversa/dīversum (1/2): turned, facing, going, etc. , in a different direction or different directions; situated apart or on opposite sides/on the opposite side; separate; divergent; different; various; opposite; at odds, in conflict, unfriendly. Sed (conj.): but. Genere is the ablative singular form of genus, generis (3n): kind, sort, class, genus; race; birth, descent. Eadem is the neuter nominative plural form of īdem/eadem/idem (adj.): the same, identical. Et (adv.): also, too, as well. Haec is the neuter nominative plural form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it. Sunt: (they) are.

Sed (conj.): but. Iam (adv.): already; now; soon; combined with a negative word (such as nōn or nūllus) it can mean anymore. Spēs, speī (5f): hope; expectation. Est: there is. Nūllus/ nūlla /nūllum (1/2, irreg.): no, not any. Salūs, salūtis (3f): health; well-being; safety; salvation.

(The less literal translation preserves the original order of ideas, with hope coming first.) Spem is the accusative singular form of spēs, speī (5f): hope; expectation. Metus, metūs (4m): fear. Sequitur is the third person singular form of sequor, sequī, secūtus sum (3, deponent): to follow.

Nēmō, nēminis (3m): no man, no one, nobody. Nōn: not. Procul (adv.): far (away); in the distance; into the distance; from afar. Spēs is the accusative plural form of spēs, speī (5f): hope; expectation. Intendit is the third person singular form of intendō, intendere, intendī, intentum/intēnsum (3): to stretch out; direct; apply oneself; pay attention to.

Ut (interrog. adv.): how? Praeter (prep.): past, across; beyond; contrary to; besides; except (takes the accusative). Spem is the accusative singular form of spēs, speī (5f): hope; expectation. Ēvēnit is the third person singular perfect form of ēveniō, ēvenīre, ēvēnī, ēventum (4): to turn out, result; happen.

Omnium is the m/f/n (here m) genitive plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every; (m. pl. used substantively) all (people), everyone. Spē is the ablative singular form of spēs, speī (5f): hope; expectation (an ablative of comparison). Celerius (adv.): more quickly—the comparative form of celeriter (adv.): quickly. Saguntum is the accusative singular form of Saguntum, Saguntī (2n): a town in Spain, modern-day Sagunto. Oppugnārī is the passive infinitive form of oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātum (1): to attack, assault. Allātum est is the third person neuter singular perfect passive form of afferō, afferre, attulī, allātum (3, irreg.): to bring; report.