Nouns: First Declension

Nūllum is the m/n accusative singular form of nūllus/nūlla/nūllum (1/2, irreg.): no, not any. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Hāc is the feminine ablative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Causā is the ablative singular form of causa, causae (1f): (legal) case, trial, cause (that one is pleading for); case (other than legal), situation; cause (that which brings something about), reason, motive; pretext, excuse. Testem is the accusative singular form of testis, testis (3m/f): witness. Timēmus is the first person plural form of timeō, timēre, timuī, — (2): to fear, be afraid.

L. is short for the name Lūcius, Lūciī (2m) (here it would be nominative). Frāter, frātris (3m): brother. Eius is the m/f/n genitive singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Causam is the accusative singular form of causa, causae (1f): (legal) case, trial, cause (that one is pleading for); case (other than legal), situation; cause (that which brings something about), reason, motive; pretext, excuse. Agēbat is the third person singular imperfect form of agō, agere, ēgī, āctum (3): to drive, put in motion; do, perform, deal with, be engaged in; act; plead.

(When an advocate uses a good epigram.) Nōn: not. Causae is the dative singular form of causa, causae (1f): (legal) case, trial, cause (that one is pleading for); case (other than legal), situation; cause (that which brings something about), reason, motive; pretext, excuse. Prōdest is the third person singular form of prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuī, prōfutūrus (irreg.): to benefit, be useful, be helpful (takes the dative).

Hērēdum is the genitive plural form of hērēs, hērēdis (3m/f): heir, heiress. Alius/ alia /aliud (1/2, irreg.): other, another; different. Causa, causae (1f): (legal) case, trial, cause (that one is pleading for); case (other than legal), situation; cause (that which brings something about), reason, motive; pretext, excuse. Est: is.

In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Eādem is the feminine ablative singular form of īdem/eadem/idem (adj.): the same. Causā is the ablative singular form of causa, causae (1f): (legal) case, trial, cause (that one is pleading for); case (other than legal), situation; cause (that which brings something about), reason, motive; pretext, excuse. Fuērunt is the third person plural perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Ūsīpetēs, Ūsīpetum (3m, plural): the name of a Germanic tribe. Et (conj.): and. Tenctherī, Tenctherōrum (2m, plural): another Germanic tribe.

(That is, against the first causes of anger.) Contrā (prep.): against (takes accusative). Prīmās is the feminine accusative plural form of prīmus/prīma/prīmum (1/2): first; primary. Itaque (adv.): (and) so, therefore. Causās is the accusative plural form of causa, causae (1f): (legal) case, trial, cause (that one is pleading for); case (other than legal), situation; cause (that which brings something about), reason, motive; pretext, excuse. Pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātum (1): to fight. Dēbēmus is the first person plural form of dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitum (2): to owe; ought.

Alius /alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): other, another; (when used in pairs) one. . . another. Ex /ē (prep.): from, out of (takes the ablative). Aliō is the m/n (here m) ablative singular form of alius/alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): other, another. Causam is the accusative singular form of causa, causae (1f): (legal) case, trial, cause (that one is pleading for); case (other than legal), situation; cause (that which brings something about), reason, motive; pretext, excuse. Tumultus, tumultūs (4m): commotion, turmoil, disturbance. Quaerit is the third person singular form of quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī/quaesiī, quaesītum (3): to seek; seek to know, ask, inquire (it’s in the historical present).

Causa, causae (1f): (legal) case, trial, cause (that one is pleading for); case (other than legal), situation; cause (that which brings something about), reason, motive; pretext, excuse. Bellandī is the genitive gerund of bellō, bellāre, bellāvī, bellātum (1): to war, wage war. Est: is. Amor, amōris (3m): love.

Trecentī/ trecentae /trecenta (1/2): three hundred. Possunt is the third person plural form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can. Causae is the nominative plural form of causa, causae (1f): (legal) case, trial, cause (that one is pleading for); case (other than legal), situation; cause (that which brings something about), reason, motive; pretext, excuse. Conligī is the passive infinitive form of conligō, conligere, conlēgī, conlēctum (3—also colligō): to gather, collect.

Quā is the feminine ablative singular form of quī/quae/quod (interrog. adj.): which. . . ? what. . . ? Dē (prep.): from, down from; for (a reason); about, concerning (takes the ablative). Causā is the ablative singular form of causa, causae (1f): (legal) case, trial, cause (that one is pleading for); case (other than legal), situation; cause (that which brings something about), reason, motive; pretext, excuse. Discēderent is the third person plural imperfect subjunctive form of discēdō, discēdere, discessī, discessum (3): to part company; go away, depart, leave (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect question). Nōndum (adv.): not yet. Perspexerat is the third person singular pluperfect form of perspiciō, perspicere, perspexī, perspectum (3, –iō): look over, inspect, survey; look or see through; discern, perceive.

Quis/quis/ quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Ergō (particle): therefore, so, then. Est: is. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Causā is the ablative singular form of causa, causae (1f): (legal) case, trial, cause (that one is pleading for); case (other than legal), situation; cause (that which brings something about), reason, motive; pretext, excuse.

Tū: you. Vērō (particle): truly, indeed; on the other hand, but, however; and, moreover; for my, your, his, etc. part. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Causā is the ablative singular form of causa, causae (1f): (legal) case, trial, cause (that one is pleading for); case (other than legal), situation; cause (that which brings something about), reason, motive; pretext, excuse. Damnātiō, damnātiōnis (3f): condemnation. Fuistī is the second person singular perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

Prīmā is the feminine ablative singular form of prīmus/prīma/prīmum (1/2): first. Nocte is the ablative singular form of nox, noctis (3f): night. Aquandī is the genitive gerund of aquor, aquārī, aquātus sum (1, deponent): to fetch water. Causā is the ablative singular form of causa, causae (1f): (legal) case, trial, cause (that one is pleading for); case (other than legal), situation; cause (that which brings something about), reason, motive; pretext, excuse; (in the ablative singular) for the sake (of), for the purpose (of), on account (of). Nēmō, nēminis (3m): no man, no one, nobody. Ēgreditur is the third person singular form of ēgredior, ēgredī, ēgressus sum (3, –ior, deponent): to go out (it’s in the historical present). Ex /ē (prep.): from, out of (takes the ablative). Castrīs is the ablative plural form of castrum, castrī (2n): a fortified place; (in the plural only, with singular translation) camp.

Tuā is the feminine ablative singular form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours. Ego: I. Hoc is the neuter accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it. Causā is the ablative singular form of causa, causae (1f): (legal) case, trial, cause (that one is pleading for); case (other than legal), situation; cause (that which brings something about), reason, motive; pretext, excuse; (in the ablative singular) for the sake (of), for the purpose (of), on account (of). Dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say.

Eā is the feminine ablative singular form of is/ea/id (adj.): this, that. Causā is the ablative singular form of causa, causae (1f): (legal) case, trial, cause (that one is pleading for); case (other than legal), situation; cause (that which brings something about), reason, motive; pretext, excuse; (in the ablative singular) for the sake (of), for the purpose (of), on account (of)—or for (this/that) purpose, etc. Ad (prep.): to, toward; at; according to, after, following, in (a manner) (takes the accusative). Hoc is the neuter accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Exemplum is the accusative singular form of exemplum, exemplī (2n): example; pattern; manner. Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Exōrnō, exōrnāre, exōrnāvī, exōrnātum (1): to equip; adorn, decorate. Ego: I.

(Wickedness is complicated.) Simplex, simplicis (3, adj.): having a single layer, element, form, etc. ; onefold, single, uncompounded; simple. Rēctum, rēctī (2n): the right, that which is right, rectitude, righteousness. Cūra, cūrae (1f): care, concern, attention; worry; task, duty. Est: is.

(Why different readers take away different things when they read the same book.) Alius /alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): other, another; different. Aliō (adv.): to another place or object, elsewhere (with motion). Cūram is the accusative singular form of cūra, cūrae (1f): care, concern, attention; worry; task, duty. Suam: his (own)—the feminine accusative singular form of suus/sua/suum (1/2). Mittit is the third person singular form of mittō, mittere, mīsī, missum (3): to send; throw.

(Merely sowing isn’t enough.) Multā is the feminine ablative singular form of multus/multa/multum (1/2): much, many. Cūrā is the ablative singular form of cūra, cūrae (1f): care, concern, attention; worry; task, duty. Sata is the nominative plural form of satum, satī (2n, usually plural): something that has been sown or planted, crop, cultivated plant (a substantive use of satus/sata/satum (1/2), the perfect passive participle of serō, serere, sēvī, satum (3): to sow, plant). Perdūcuntur is the third person plural passive form of perdūcō, perdūcere, perdūxī, perductum (3): to lead or bring (all the way to a place or condition). Ad (prep.): to, toward (takes the accusative). Segetem is the accusative singular form of seges, segetis (3f): crop.

Potuit is the third person singular perfect form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can. Sub (prep.): (with abl.) under (as a location); (with acc.) under (as a direction), toward and under. Cūrā is the ablative singular form of cūra, cūrae (1f): care, concern, attention; worry; task, duty. Tuā is the feminine ablative singular form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Meliōra is the neuter accusative plural form of melior/melior/melius (3): better—the comparative form of bonus/bona/bonum (1/2): good. Fōrmārī is the passive infinitive form of fōrmō, fōrmāre, fōrmāvī, fōrmātum (1): to mold, shape, form, fashion.

Cūrās is the accusative plural form of cūra, cūrae (1f): care, concern, attention; worry; task, duty. Bacchus, Bacchī (2m): Bacchus, the god of wine. Exoneret is the third person singular subjunctive form of exonerō, exonerāre, exonerāvī, exonerātum (1): to unload; unburden; relieve; remove (a burden); discharge (an obligation) (subjunctive because it’s jussive). Gravēs is the m/f accusative plural form of gravis/gravis/grave (3): heavy; grave, serious; hard, painful, grievous, severe.

Committe is the singular imperative form of committō, committere, commīsī, commissum (3): to bring together, join, connect; entrust, commit, impart; bring about, commit, perpetrate. Cūrās is the accusative plural form of cūra, cūrae (1f): care, concern, attention; worry; task, duty. Auribus is the dative plural form of auris, auris (3f): hear. Māter is the vocative singular form of māter, mātris (3f): mother. Meīs is the m/f/n dative plural form of meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine.

Tuendī is the m/n genitive singular form of tuendus/tuenda/tuendum (1/2), the gerundive of tueor, tuērī, tuitus sum (2, deponent): to look at; watch over, guard, protect, preserve. Cūra, cūrae (1f): care, concern, attention; worry; task, duty. Rēx, rēgis (3m): king. Q. is short for the first name Quīntus, Quīntī (2m); here it would be in the dative (Quīntō). Aeliō is the m/n (here m) dative singular form of the family name Aelius/Aelia/Aelium (1/2). Mandātur is the third person singular passive form of mandō, mandāre, mandāvī, mandātum (1): to hand over, deliver; commit, entrust; command, order (it’s in the historical present).

Dē (prep.): from, down from; concerning, about (takes ablative). Tīrōne is the ablative singular form of the proper name Tīrō, Tīrōnis (3m). Mihi is the dative form of ego: I (to/for me). Cūrae is the dative singular form of cūra, cūrae (1f): care, concern, attention; worry; task, duty (mihi cūrae is a double-dative construction). Est: is.

Vidēbimus is the first person plural future form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see. An (interrog. particle): whether; or (in a question); it can also start a direct question. Diīs is the dative plural form of deus, deī (2m, irreg.): god. Hūmāna is the neuter nominative plural form of hūmānus/hūmāna/hūmānum (1/2): human, belonging to human beings. Cūrae is the dative singular form of cūra, cūrae (1f): care, concern, attention; worry; task, duty. Sint is the third person plural subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect question).

Cūrae is the dative singular form of cūra, cūrae (1f): care, concern, attention; worry; task, duty. Quis/quis/ quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Tibi is the dative form of tū: you (to/for you). Dēsit is the third person singular subjunctive form of dēsum, dēesse/dēsse, dēfuī, dēfutūrus (irreg.): to be lacking (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect question). Habet is the third person singular form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have; hold; treat.

Id is the neuter accusative singular form of is/ea/id (adj.): this, that. Bonum is the accusative singular form of bonum, bonī (2n): a good, a blessing, a boon. Cūrā is the singular imperative form of cūrō, cūrāre, cūrāvī, cūrātum (1): to take care of, attend to, look after, care (for or about); cure. Quī/quae/ quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Vetustāte is the ablative singular form of vetustās, vetustātis (3f): old age, long existence, great age. Fit is the third person singular form of fīō, fierī, —, — (irreg.): to be done; be made; happen; come into being; become. Melior/melior/ melius (3): better—the comparative form of bonus/bona/bonum (1/2): good.

Dīvitiae, dīvitiārum (1f, plural only): wealth, riches. Nōn: not. Semper (adv.): always. Optimīs is the m/f/n (here m) dative plural form of optimus/optima/optimum (1/2): best; very good, excellent—the superlative form of bonus/bona/bonum (1/2): good. Contingunt is the third person plural form of contingō, contingere, contigī, contāctum (3): to touch; border on; arrive at; (with dative) fall to the lot of, be granted to.

(First to have what is necessary; then to have what is enough.) Quis /quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Sit is the third person singular subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect question). Dīvitiae, dīvitiārum (1f, plural only): wealth, riches. Modus, modī (2m): measure; limit, bound; manner, method, way of doing or arranging something. Quaeris is the second person singular form of quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī/quaesiī, quaesītum (3): to seek; ask.

Reperiō, reperīre, repperī, repertum (4): to find. Hodiē (adv.): today. Ere is the vocative singular for of erus, erī (2m—also herus): master (of slaves). Dīvitiās is the accusative form of dīvitiae, dīvitiārum (1f, plural only): wealth, riches. Nimiās is the feminine accusative plural form of nimius/nimia/nimium (1/2): excessive, too much; very great or abundant.

Nummus, nummī (2m): coin. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Croesus, Croesī (2m): a 6th-century bc king of Lydia (part of modern Turkey), whose name became a byword for immense wealth. Dīvitiīs is the ablative form of dīvitiae, dīvitiārum (1f, plural only): wealth, riches. Obscūrātur is the third person singular passive form of obscūrō, obscūrāre, obscūrāvī, obscūrātum (1): to obscure, darken, eclipse. Pars, partis (3f): part. Est: it is. Tamen (adv.): yet, nevertheless. Dīvitiae, dīvitiārum (1f, plural only): wealth, riches.

Fortūna, fortūnae (1f): fortune, luck, chance; lot, fate, fortunes, position, circumstances. Opēs is the accusative plural form of ops, opis (1f): (in the singular or plural) power, ability; (in pl.) forces, troops; (in pl.) wealth, resources; (in sg.) help, aid, assistance. Auferō, auferre, abstulī, ablātum (3, irreg.): to take away. Nōn: not. Animum is the accusative singular form of animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit. Potest is the third person singular form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can.

Nūllus /nūlla/nūllum (1/2, irreg.): not any, no. Autem (particle): on the other hand, but, however; and, moreover; for my, your, his, etc. part. Contrā (prep.): against (takes accusative). Fortūnam is the accusative singular form of fortūna, fortūnae (1f): fortune, luck, chance; lot, fate, fortunes, position, circumstances. Inexpugnābilis /inexpugnābilis/inexpugnābile (3): impregnable. Mūrus, mūrī (2m): wall (especially a defensive wall). Est: is.

Forte is the ablative singular form of fors, fortis (3f): chance, luck. Fortūnā is the ablative singular form of fortūna, fortūnae (1f): fortune, luck, chance; lot, fate, fortunes, position, circumstances (forte fortūnā —a bit of a tautology—is a set phrase meaning by chance. Forte alone can mean the same thing and is more common). Adfuit is the third person singular perfect form of adsum, adesse, adfuī, adfutūrus (irreg.): to be present, be there; (with a dative object) assist. Hīc (adv.): here. Meus /mea/meum (1/2): my, mine. Amīcus, amīcī (2m): friend.

Magnus/ magna /magnum (1/2): big, large, great; important. Servitūs, servitūtis (3f): slavery. Est: is. Fortūna, fortūnae (1f): fortune, luck, chance; lot, fate, fortunes, position, circumstances.

Conqueritur is the third person singular form of conqueror, conquerī, conquestus sum (3, deponent): to complain (of/about) (it’s in the historical present). Mēcum: with me (mē = me; cum = with). Mulier, mulieris (3f): woman. Fortūnās is the accusative plural form of fortūna, fortūnae (1f): fortune, luck, chance; lot, fate, fortunes, position, circumstances. Suās: her (own)—the feminine accusative plural form of suus/sua/suum (1/2).

Grātiam is the accusative singular form of grātia, grātiae (1f): favor, kindness, goodwill, friendship, amity; popularity; grace; charm, attraction, agreeableness; gratitude, thankfulness, (in plural) thanks. Cupient is the third person plural future form of cupiō, cupere, cupīvī/cupiī, cupītum (3, –iō): to desire, wish, long for, want. Tuam is the feminine accusative singular form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours.

Frātrum is the genitive plural form of frāter, frātris (3m): brother. Quoque (adv.): too, as well; even. Grātia, grātiae (1f): favor, kindness, goodwill, friendship, amity; popularity; grace; charm, attraction, agreeableness; gratitude, thankfulness, (in plural) thanks. Rārus/ rāra /rārum (1/2): loose-knit; sparse; rare. Est: is.

Habēbō is the first person singular future form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have. Apud (prep.): with, among; at, by, near; at the house of; in the writings of; in the eyes of (takes the accusative). Posterōs is the masculine accusative plural form of posterus/postera/posterum (1/2): future, later; following, next (used substantively to mean descendants, posterity). Grātiam is the accusative singular form of grātia, grātiae (1f): favor, kindness, goodwill, friendship, amity; popularity; grace; charm, attraction, agreeableness; gratitude, thankfulness, (in plural) thanks.

Nunc (adv.): now. Grātia, grātiae (1f): favor, kindness, goodwill, friendship, amity; popularity; grace; charm, attraction, agreeableness; gratitude, thankfulness, (in plural) thanks. Ante (prep.): before (takes the accusative). Omnia is the neuter accusative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Est: is. Clāzomeniō is the m/n (here n, referring to wine—vīnum, vīnī (2n)) dative singular form of Clāzomenius/Clāzomenia/Clāzomenium (1/2): Clazomenian, of the town of Clazomenae in Ionia, part of modern-day Turkey.

(i.e., with fortune—fortūna, fortūnae (1f).) Tunc (adv.): then, at that time. Enim (particle): for, indeed. Poteris is the second person singular future form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into, to. Grātiam is the accusative singular form of grātia, grātiae (1f): favor, kindness, goodwill, friendship, amity; popularity; grace; charm, attraction, agreeableness; gratitude, thankfulness, (in plural) thanks. Cum (prep.): with (takes the ablative). Illā is the feminine ablative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it. Redeō, redīre, rediī, reditum (irreg.): to go or come back, return.

Volēbam is the first person singular imperfect form of volō, velle, voluī, — (irreg.): to want, wish. Frātrēs is the accusative plural form of frāter, frātris (3m): brother. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Grātiam is the accusative singular form of grātia, grātiae (1f): favor, kindness, goodwill, friendship, amity; popularity; grace; charm, attraction, agreeableness; gratitude, thankfulness, (in plural) thanks. Redūcō, redūcere, redūxī, reductum (3): to lead back, bring back.

Iūs, iūris (3n): law; right (iūs iūrandum is an idiomatic phrase meaning an oath; it can also be written as one word, though both parts always decline). Iūrandī is the m/n genitive singular form of iūrandus/iūranda/iūrandum (1/2), the gerundive of iūrō, iūrāre, iūrāvī, iūrātum (1): to swear. Volō, velle, voluī, — (irreg.): to want, wish (it can go with a subjunctive clause denoting what one wants to happen). Grātiam is the accusative singular form of grātia, grātiae (1f): favor, kindness, goodwill, friendship, amity; popularity; grace; charm, attraction, agreeableness; gratitude, thankfulness, (in plural) thanks; in some contexts, dispensation given as a favor. Faciās is the second person singular subjunctive form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make.

Exercitātiōne is the ablative singular form of exercitātiō, exercitātiōnis (3f): exercise. Valītūdō, valītūdinis (3f—also valētūdō): health, physical condition (good or bad); (good) health; bad health, illness. Corpus, corporis (3n): body. Grātiaque, grātiae (1f): favor, kindness, goodwill, friendship, amity; popularity; grace; charm, attraction, agreeableness; gratitude, thankfulness, (in plural) thanks (the enclitic conjunction – que adds and). Retinētur is the third person singular passive form of retineō, retinēre, retinuī, retentum (2): to hold back; keep, retain; detain.

Rādīx, rādīcis (3f): root. Odōrātus/ odōrāta /odōrātum (1/2): perfumed, fragrant. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Umbrā is the ablative singular form of umbra, umbrae (1f): shadow; shade. Siccātur is the third person singular passive form of siccō, siccāre, siccāvī, siccātum (1): to dry. Vīnōque is the dative singular form of vīnum, vīnī (2n): wine (the enclitic conjunction – que adds and). Grātiam is the accusative singular form of grātia, grātiae (1f): favor, kindness, goodwill, friendship, amity; popularity; grace; charm, attraction, agreeableness; gratitude, thankfulness, (in plural) thanks. Adicit is the third person singular form of adiciō, adicere, adiēcī, adiectum (3, –iō): to throw (at); attach; add.

Apud (prep.): with, among; at, by, near; at the house of; in the writings of; in the eyes of (takes the accusative). Paucōs is the masculine accusative plural form of paucus/pauca/pacum (1/2): few (usually plural, occasionally singular); (singular, rare) little. Post (prep.): after; behind (takes the accusative). Rem is the accusative singular form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair; fact; deed; circumstance; property. Manet is the third person singular form of maneō, manēre, mānsī, mānsum (2): to stay, remain; endure; wait (for), await. Grātia, grātiae (1f): favor, kindness, goodwill, friendship, amity; popularity; grace; charm, attraction, agreeableness; gratitude, thankfulness, (in plural) thanks.

Dīs is the dative plural form of deus, deī (2m, irreg.): god. Grātiam is the accusative singular form of grātia, grātiae (1f): favor, kindness, goodwill, friendship, amity; popularity; grace; charm, attraction, agreeableness; gratitude, thankfulness, (in plural) thanks. Habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have.

Quod (conj.): that; the fact that; as for the fact that; because. Frequenter (adv.): in large numbers; often, frequently. Mihi is the dative form of ego: I (to me). Scrībis is the second person singular form of scrībō, scrībere, scrīpsī, scrīptum (3): to write. Grātiās is the accusative plural form of grātia, grātiae (1f): favor, kindness, goodwill, friendship, amity; popularity; grace; charm, attraction, agreeableness; gratitude, thankfulness, (in plural) thanks. Agō, agere, ēgī, āctum (3): to drive, put in motion; do, perform, deal with, engage in; act.

In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into; at. Aliquō is the m/n ablative singular form of aliquī/aliqua/aliquod (adj.): some, a certain, a(n). Tibi is the dative form of tū: you. Grātiam is the accusative singular form of grātia, grātiae (1f): favor, kindness, goodwill, friendship, amity; popularity; grace; charm, attraction, agreeableness; gratitude, thankfulness, (in plural) thanks. Referam is the first person singular future form of referō, referre, rettulī, relatum (3, irreg.): to bring back; give back, return; report, relate, mention. Locō is the ablative singular form of locus, locī (2m): place; occasion; point.

Advehitur is the third person singular passive form of advehō, advehere, advēxī, advectum (3): to convey (to a place), bring; import. Odor, odōris (3m): smell, perfume, odor. Grātiā is the ablative singular form of grātia, grātiae (1f): favor, kindness, goodwill, friendship, amity; popularity; grace; charm, attraction, agreeableness; gratitude, thankfulness, (in plural) thanks; (in ablative singular) for the sake (of), for the purpose (of), on account (of).

Tunc (adv.): then, at that time or moment. Cōnsōlandī is the genitive gerund of cōnsōlor, cōnsōlārī, cōnsōlātus sum (1, deponent): to comfort, console. Grātiā is the ablative singular form of grātia, grātiae (1f): favor, kindness, goodwill, friendship, amity; popularity; grace; charm, attraction, agreeableness; gratitude, thankfulness, (in plural) thanks; (in ablative singular) for the sake (of), for the purpose (of), on account (of). Dīxit is the third person singular perfect form of dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say. Dea, deae (1f): goddess.

Etiam (particle): still; even; also; it can add emphasis to a question. Audēs is the second person singular form of audeō, audēre, ausus sum (2, semi-deponent): to intend, be prepared (to); dare. Meā is the feminine ablative singular form of meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine. Revortor, revortī, revorsus sum (3, deponent—also revertor): to return, go or come back. Grātiā is the ablative singular form of grātia, grātiae (1f): favor, kindness, goodwill, friendship, amity; popularity; grace; charm, attraction, agreeableness; gratitude, thankfulness, (in plural) thanks; (in ablative singular) for the sake (of), for the purpose (of), on account (of).

Eā is the feminine ablative singular form of is/ea/id (adj.): this, that. Grātiā is the ablative singular form of grātia, grātiae (1f): favor, kindness, goodwill, friendship, amity; popularity; grace; charm, attraction, agreeableness; gratitude, thankfulness, (in plural) thanks; (in ablative singular) for the sake (of), for the purpose (of), on account (of)—or for (this/that/etc.) purpose, etc. Domō is the ablative singular form of domus, domūs (2/4f): house, home. Profecta est is the third person feminine singular perfect form of proficīscor, proficīscī, profectus sum (3, deponent): to set out, depart.

Nōn: not. Pergō, pergere, perrēxī, perrēctum (3): to make one’s way, move onward, go on, proceed, continue. Hercle is an interjection used in asseverations: by Hercules! Nisi (conj.): unless, if not; except. Sciō, scīre, scīvī/sciī, scītum (4): to know. Quā is the feminine ablative singular form of quī/quae/quod (interrog. adj.): which. . . ? what. . . ? Grātiā is the ablative singular form of grātia, grātiae (1f): favor, kindness, goodwill, friendship, amity; popularity; grace; charm, attraction, agreeableness; gratitude, thankfulness, (in plural) thanks; (in ablative singular) for the sake (of), for the purpose (of), on account (of)—or for (this/that/etc.) purpose, etc.

(More literally: It is right for me to be just for free.) Mē is the accusative form of ego: I (me). Iūstum is the m/n accusative singular form of iūstus/iūsta/iūstum (1/2): just, fair; righteous, upright. Esse: to be. Grātīs: for free—an idiomatic use of the ablative plural form of grātia, grātiae (1f): favor, kindness, goodwill, friendship, amity; popularity; grace; charm, attraction, agreeableness; gratitude, thankfulness, (in plural) thanks. Oportet, oportēre, oportuit, — (2, impersonal): it is right, proper or necessary (it can go with an accusative-and-infinitive clause).

Hic/ haec /hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Nōn: not. Est: is. Īra, īrae (1f): anger. Feritās, feritātis (3f): wildness; ferocity; savagery, brutality. Est: it is.

Tumet is the third person singular form of tumeō, tumēre, tumuī, — (2): to swell, be swollen. Animus, animi (2m): soul, spirit. Īrā is the ablative singular form of īra, īrae (1f): anger.

(Internal heat.) Vīnum, vīnī (2n): wine. Incendit is the third person singular form of incendō, incendere, incendī, incēnsum (3): to set on fire, kindle, inflame. Īrās is the accusative plural form of īra, īrae (1f): anger (or an instance thereof). Quia (conj.): because; that. Calōrem is the accusative singular form of calor, calōris (3m): heat. Auget is the third person singular form of augeō, augēre, auxī, auctum (2): to make bigger, more numerous or more intense, increase; enhance, strengthen, advance; equip, provide, bless (with).

Inter (prep.): among; between (takes the accusative). Vitia is the accusative plural form of vitium, vitiī (2n): vice, fault, flaw, defect. Segetum is the genitive plural form of seges, segetis (3f): crop. Et (adv.): also; even. Luxuria, luxuriae (1f): immoderate growth (of plants), rankness, luxuriance; luxury, extravagance, excess, overindulgence; unruly behavior, licentiousness, disregard for moral restraints. Est: is.

(On the lentil.) In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Flōre is the ablative singular form of flōs, flōris (3m): flower, blossom, bloom; the finest, the pick; the best condition ever attained by a person or thing, the best period, peak, heyday. Facile (adv.): easily. Luxuriā is the ablative singular form of luxuria, luxuriae (1f): immoderate growth (of plants), rankness, luxuriance; luxury, extravagance, excess, overindulgence; unruly behavior, licentiousness, disregard for moral restraints. Et (conj.): and. Hūmōre is the ablative singular form of hūmor, hūmōris (3m—also ūmor): moisture; fluid, liquid. Corrumpitur is the third person singular passive form of corrumpō, corrumpere, corrūpī, corruptum (3): to spoil, ruin, destroy; corrupt.

Ab/ ā (prep.): from; by (takes ablative). Nātūrā is the ablative singular form of nātūra, nātūrae (1f): nature. Luxuria, luxuriae (1f): immoderate growth (of plants), rankness, luxuriance; luxury, extravagance, excess, overindulgence; unruly behavior, licentiousness, disregard for moral restraints. Dēscīvit is the third person singular perfect form of dēscīscō, dēscīscere, dēscīvī/dēsciī, dēscītum (3): to defect, revolt, desert, turn away (from).

Quid (interrog. adv.): what for? why? Aliōs is the masculine accusative plural form of alius/alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): other, another. Referam is the first person singular subjunctive form of referō, referre, rettulī, relatum (3, irreg.): to bring back; give back, return; report, relate, mention (subjunctive in a deliberative question). Innumerābilēs is the m/f accusative plural form of innumerābilis/innumerābilis/innumerābile (3): countless, innumerable. Morbōs is the accusative plural form of morbus, morbī (2m): disease, illness. Supplicia is the accusative plural form of supplicium, suppliciī (2n): propitiatory offering; punishment; torment. Luxuria, luxuriae (1f): immoderate growth (of plants), rankness, luxuriance; luxury, extravagance, excess, overindulgence; unruly behavior, licentiousness, disregard for moral restraints.

Quid is the neuter accusative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Mihi is the dative form of ego: I (to/for/against me). Obicis is the second person singular form of obiciō, obicere, obiēcī, obiectum (3, –iō): to throw (to), throw in the way; expose; throw against, bring up as a charge (against someone in the dative). Putō, putāre, putāvī, putātum (1): to think, suppose. Luxuriam is the accusative singular form of luxuria, luxuriae (1f): immoderate growth (of plants), rankness, luxuriance; luxury, extravagance, excess, overindulgence; unruly behavior, licentiousness, disregard for moral restraints.

Nōn: not. Ego: I. Aes is the accusative singular form of aes, aeris (3n): copper, bronze or brass; money (aes aliēnum = debt). Aliēnum is the m/n accusative singular form of aliēnus/aliēna/aliēnum (1/2): of another, belonging to another or others, not one’s own; alien, foreign, unfamiliar; out-of-place, unsuitable; harmful; hostile. Luxuriā is the ablative singular form of luxuria, luxuriae (1f): immoderate growth (of plants), rankness, luxuriance; luxury, extravagance, excess, self-indulgence; unruly behavior, licentiousness, disregard for moral restraints. Contrahō, contrahere, contrāxī, contractum (3): to draw together, assemble; contract; compress; bring about; incur.

At (conj.): but. Meus/ mea /meum (1/2): my, mine. Luxuriā is the ablative singular form of luxuria, luxuriae (1f): immoderate growth (of plants), rankness, luxuriance; luxury, extravagance, excess, self-indulgence; unruly behavior, licentiousness, disregard for moral restraints. Pāgina, pāginae (1f): page. Nūllus/ nūlla /nūllum (1/2, irreg.): no, not any. Vacat is the third person singular form of vacō, vacāre, vacāvī, vacātum (1): to be empty, be vacant; be free from, be without (something in the ablative); have time, have leisure.

(. . . from which avarice then springs.) In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Urbe is the ablative singular form of urbs, urbis (3f): city. Luxuriēs, luxuriēī (5f): immoderate growth (of plants), rankness, luxuriance; luxury, extravagance, excess, overindulgence; unruly behavior, licentiousness, disregard for moral restraints. Creātur is the third person singular passive form of creō, creāre, creāvī, creātum (1): to procreate, beget; create; elect, appoint.

(Talking about ships—nāvis, nāvis (3f).) Ex /ē (prep.): from, out of (takes the ablative). Viridī is the m/f/n ablative singular form of viridis/viridis/viride (3): green. Māteriā is the ablative singular form of māteria, māteriae (1f): timber; material, matter, substance; subject matter, topic; object (of study, of an action, feeling, etc.); cause, source, means, occasion. Raptim (adv.): hurriedly, hastily. Factae erant is the third person feminine plural pluperfect passive form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make

(So there’s little risk of a fire.) Sine (prep.): without (takes the ablative). Contignātiōne is the ablative singular form of contignātiō, contignātiōnis (3f): flooring made of boards; story (“floor”) in a dwelling. Atque/ ac (conj.): and. Māteriā is the ablative singular form of māteria, māteriae (1f): timber; material, matter, substance; subject matter, topic; object (of study, of an action, feeling, etc.); cause, source, means, occasion. Sunt: (they) are. Aedificia is the nominative plural form of aedificium, aedificiī (2n): building, edifice.

(On the ash tree.) Māteriēs, māteriēī (5f): timber; material, matter, substance; subject matter, topic; object (of study, of an action, feeling, etc.); cause, source, means, occasion. Est: is. Ad (prep.): to, toward; for (takes the accusative). Plūrima is the neuter accusative plural form of plūrimus/plūrima/plūrimum (1/2): most; very much, very many, a great many (a great many things). Ūtilis/ ūtilis /ūtile (3): useful.

In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Statuā is the ablative singular form of statua, statuae (1f): statue. Māteria, māteriae (1f): timber; material, matter, substance; subject matter, topic; object (of study, of an action, feeling, etc.); cause, source, means, occasion. Aes, aeris (3n): copper, bronze or brass; money. Fuit is the third person singular perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Causa, causae (1f): trial; case; cause, reason. Opifex, opificis (3m): craftsman.

Nōn: not. Potest is the third person singular form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can. Artifex, artificis (3m): artisan, craftsman, artist. Mūtō, mūtāre, mūtāvī, mūtātum (1): to change, transform. Māteriam is the accusative singular form of māteria, māteriae (1f): timber; material, matter, substance; subject matter, topic; object (of study, of an action, feeling, etc.); cause, source, means, occasion.

Ūniversa is the neuter nominative plural form of ūniversus/ūniversa/ūniversum (1/2): all, entire, all taken collectively; general, universal (n. pl. used substantively to mean all things). Ex /ē (prep.): from, out of (takes the ablative). Māteriā is the ablative singular form of māteria, māteriae (1f): timber; material, matter, substance; subject matter, topic; object (of study, of an action, feeling, etc.); cause, source, means, occasion. Et (conj.): and. Deō is the ablative singular form of deus, deī (2m, irreg.): god. Cōnstant is the third person plural form of cōnstō, cōnstāre, cōnstitī, cōnstātūrus (1): to stand together; be consistent; (with ablative, with or without preposition) consist of, be made of; (with ablative of price) cost; (impersonal) be established as a fact, be well-known, be agreed.

Māteriam is the accusative singular form of māteria, māteriae (1f): timber; material, matter, substance; subject matter, topic; object (of study, of an action, feeling, etc.); cause, source, means, occasion. Ex /ē (prep.): from, out of (takes the ablative). Titulō is the ablative singular form of titulus, titulī (2m): an inscribed tablet, label, or the like; inscription; title; title of honor; claim to fame. Cognōscēs is the second person singular future form of cognōscō, cognōscere, cognōvī, cognitum (3): to get to know, learn.

Aliae is the feminine nominative plural form of alius/alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): other, another. Quoque (adv.): too, as well. Artēs is the nominative plural form of ars, artis (3f): craft, art, skill, technique. Minōrēs is the m/f nominative plural form of minor/minor/minus (3): smaller, lesser; less important; minor—the comparative form of parvus/parva/parvum (1/2): small, little; unimportant. Habent is the third person plural form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have. Multiplicem is the m/f accusative singular form of multiplex, multiplicis (3, adj.): having many folds, layers, elements, etc. ; manifold, multiple. Māteriam is the accusative singular form of māteria, māteriae (1f): timber; material, matter, substance; subject matter, topic; object (of study, of an action, feeling, etc.); cause, source, means, occasion.

(Talking about Fortune.) Eat is the third person singular subjunctive form of eō, īre, iī/īvī, itum (irreg.): to go. Nunc (adv.): now. Et (conj.): and. Crūdēlitātī is the dative singular form of crūdēlitās, crūdēlitātis (3f): cruelty. Suae: (for) her (own)—the feminine (because it modifies the feminine noun crūdēlitātī; the gender of the owner is irrelevant) dative singular form of suus/sua/suum (1/2). Māteriem is the accusative singular form of māteriēs, māteriēī (5f): timber; material, matter, substance; subject matter, topic; object (of study, of an action, feeling, etc.); cause, source, means, occasion. Quaerat is the third person singular subjunctive form of quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī/quaesiī, quaesītum (3): to seek; ask. Aliam is the feminine accusative singular form of alius/alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): other, another. (The verbs are jussive subjunctive.)

Ego: I. Enim (particle): for, indeed. Omnium is the m/f/n genitive plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Scelerum is the genitive plural form of scelus, sceleris (3n): crime, evil act; misfortune, affliction. Māteria, māteriae (1f): timber; material, matter, substance; subject matter, topic; object (of study, of an action, feeling, etc.); cause, source, means, occasion. Causa, causae (1f): trial; case; cause, reason. Sum: I am.

(In things that they’re neither required nor forbidden by law to do.) In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Iīs is the m/f/n (here n) ablative plural form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Servus, servī (2m): slave. Māteriam is the accusative singular form of māteria, māteriae (1f): timber; material, matter, substance; subject matter, topic; object (of study, of an action, feeling, etc.); cause, source, means, occasion. Beneficium, beneficiī (2n): a good action, kindness, service, benefit. Habet is the third person singular form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have.

Undique (adv.): from everywhere, from all directions, from every place or source. Māteriam is the accusative singular form of māteria, māteriae (1f): timber; material, matter, substance; subject matter, topic; object (of study, of an action, feeling, etc.); cause, source, means, occasion. Excitandī is the m/n genitive singular form of excitandus/excitanda/excitandum (1/2), the gerundive of excitō, excitāre, excitāvī, excitātum (1): to rouse, awaken; stir up. Bellum, bellī (2n): war. Quaerēbat is the third person singular imperfect form of quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī/quaesiī, quaesītum (3): to seek; ask.

Nātūra, nātūrae (1f): nature. Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here acc.): nothing. Frūstrā (adv.): in vain, uselessly, for nothing; for no reason or purpose; in error, mistakenly. Facit is the third person singular form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make.

Quī/quae/ quod (pron.): who, which, that, what. Nātūrae is the dative singular form of nātūra, nātūrae (1f): nature. Satis (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here nom.): a sufficient thing or amount, enough. Est: is. Hominī is the dative singular form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human. Nōn: not. Est: is.

(Quoting Epicurus.) Sī (conj.): if. Ad (prep.): to; according to (takes accusative). Nātūram is the accusative singular form of nātūra, nātūrae (1f): nature. Vīvēs is the second person singular future form of vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctum (3): to live. Numquam (adv.): never. Eris is the second person singular future form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Pauper, pauperis (3, adj.): poor.

Admittit is the third person singular form of admittō, admittere, admīsī, admissum (3): to allow to approach, receive, admit, let in; permit, allow (for); commit; let go, release. Hūmānus/ hūmāna /hūmānum (1/2): human, belonging to human beings. Nātūra, nātūrae (1f): nature. Quod is the neuter accusative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Suādeō, suādēre, suāsī, suāsum (2): to recommend, advise, urge, suggest.

(Animals.) Nunc (adv.): now; as it is. Moventur is the third person plural passive form of moveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtum (2): to move (the reflexive passive). Secundum (prep.): following, after; along; next to; according to. Nātūram is the accusative singular form of nātūra, nātūrae (1f): nature. Suam: their (own)—the feminine accusative singular form of suus/sua/suum (1/2).

Nātūrā is the ablative singular form of nātūra, nātūrae (1f): nature. Enim (particle): for, indeed. Homō, hominis (3m): man, human. Mundus/munda/ mundum (1/2): clean; elegant, refined. Et (conj.): and. Ēlegāns, ēlegantis (3, adj.): elegant. Animal, animālis (3n): living being, animal. Est: is.

Hoc is the neuter accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Flūmen is the accusative singular form of flūmen, flūminis (3n): river. Āvertō, āvertere, āvertī, āversum (3): to turn aside or away, divert or avert. Nātūra, nātūrae (1f): nature. Locus, locī (2m): place, location. Prohibēbat is the third person singular imperfect form of prohibeō, prohibēre, prohibuī, prohibitum (2): to keep off; prevent; forbid.

Quid (interrog. adv.): why? Dē (prep.): from, down from; of; about, concerning (takes ablative). Rērum is the genitive plural form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair; fact; event; circumstance; property. Nātūrā is the ablative singular form of nātūra, nātūrae (1f): nature. Querimur is the first person plural form of queror, querī, questus sum (3, deponent): to complain.

(If you believe some philosophers.) Tōtus/ tōta /tōtum (1/2, irreg.): whole, entire, all. Rērum is the genitive plural form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair; fact; event; circumstance; property. Nātūra, nātūrae (1f): nature. Umbra, umbrae (1f): shadow; shade. Est: is. Aut (conj.): or (aut. . . aut: either. . . or). Inānis/ inānis /ināne (3): empty; insubstantial; illusory; frivolous, inane. Aut (conj.): or. Fallāx, fallācis (3, adj.): deceitful, deceptive, false.

Avidīs is the m/f/n (here m) dative plural form of avidus/avida/avidum (1/2): greedy; eager, avid. Avidīs is the m/f/n (here m) dative plural form of avidus/avida/avidum (1/2): greedy; eager, avid. Nātūra, nātūrae (1f): nature; world, universe. Parum (n, nom. or acc. only—here nom.): an insufficient or (very) small thing or amount, (too) little, not enough. Est: is.

(Talking about sows in heat.) Rabiēs, rabiēī (5f): savageness, ferocity; frenzy, madness; rabies. Is/ ea /id (adj.): this, that. Acētō is the ablative singular form of acētum, acētī (2n): vinegar. Mītigātur is the third person singular passive form of mītigō, mītigāre, mītigāvī, mītigātum (1): to soften, lighten, alleviate, mitigate. Nātūrae is the dative singular form of nātūra, nātūrae (1f): nature; private parts, genitals. Adspersō is the m/n ablative singular form of adspersus/adspersa/adspersum (1/2), the perfect passive participle of adspergō, adspergere, adspersī, adspersum (3—also aspergō): to sprinkle; bespatter (the thing that something is sprinkled on can go in the dative).

Imitātur is the third person singular form of imitor, imitārī, imitātus sum (1, deponent): to imitate, copy; look like, resemble. Neglegentia, neglegentiae (1f): carelessness, negligence, neglect. Facilitātem is the accusative singular form of facilitās, facilitātis (3f): ease, facility, readiness.

(Likening the son to his father.) Istā is the feminine ablative singular form of iste/ista/istud (adj.): that (of yours). Neglegentiā is the ablative singular form of neglegentia, neglegentiae (1f): carelessness, negligence, neglect. Pater, patris (3m): father. Tuus /tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours. Exercitum is the accusative singular form of exercitus, exercitūs (4m): army. Perdidit is the third person singular perfect form of perdō, perdere, perdidī, perditum (3): to destroy; waste, squander; lose.

Neque/ nec: (as conj.) and not, nor; (as adv.) neither, not either, not even. Potest is the third person singular form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can. Mihi is the dative form of ego: I (to/for/against me). Obicī is the passive infinitive form of obiciō, obicere, obiēcī, obiectum (3, –iō): to throw (to), throw in the way; throw against, bring up as a charge or reproach (against someone in the dative). Neglegentia, neglegentiae (1f): carelessness, negligence, neglect. Quaestiō, quaestiōnis (3f): search; investigation; interrogation (esp. under torture); question, issue.

Numquam (adv.): never. Inūtilis/ inūtilis /inūtile (3): useless, unprofitable. Est: is. Opera, operae (1f): work, effort; attention; service; assistance. Cīvis, cīvis (3m/f): citizen. Bonī is the m/n genitive singular form of bonus/bona/bonum (1/2): good.

Multum is the accusative form of multum, multī (2n): a large amount, much, a lot. Enim (particle): for, indeed, because. Opera, operae (1f): work, effort; attention; service; assistance. Dīligentia, dīligentiae (1f): diligence, care, attentiveness. Poscit is the third person singular form of poscō, poscere, poposcī, — (3): to ask (esp. authoritatively or insistently), demand.

(A murder.) Ad (prep.): to, toward; for the purpose of (takes the accusative). Eam is the feminine accusative singular form of is/ea/id (adj.): this, that. Rem is the accusative singular form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair; fact; act, deed; circumstance; property. Operam is the accusative singular form of opera, operae (1f): work, effort; attention; service; assistance. Suam: their (own)—the feminine accusative singular form of suus/sua/suum (1/2). Pollicentur is the third person plural form of polliceor, pollicērī, pollicitus sum (2, deponent): to promise (it’s in the historical present).

(Complaining about being given too much to carry.) Homō, hominis (3m): man, human being. Operās is the accusative plural form of opera, operae (1f): work, effort; attention; service; assistance. Locō, locāre, locāvī, locātum (1): to place; contract for (work); hire out; lease. Nōn: not. Caballus, caballī (2m): horse (especially an inferior one).

(Out of a mine, when he sees that the mine is about to collapse.) Hic /haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it. Vōce is the ablative singular form of vōx, vōcis (3f): voice; utterance; saying; word. Nūtū is the ablative singular form of nūtus, nūtūs (4m): a nod of the head (especially as conveying assent or command); beckoning; will. Ēvocārī is the passive infinitive form of ēvocō, ēvocāre, ēvocāvī, ēvocātum (1): to call out; summon; provoke. Iubet is the third person singular form of iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussum (2): to order, command. Operās is the accusative plural form of opera, operae (1f): work, effort; attention; service; assistance; (by metonymy) laborer.

Eī is the m/f/n dative singular form of is/ea/id (adj.): this, that. Reī is the dative singular form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair; fact; act, deed; circumstance; property. Operam is the accusative singular form of opera, operae (1f): work, effort; attention; service; assistance. Dabō is the first person singular future form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give.

Dā is the singular imperative form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give. Mī is a contracted form of mihi, the dative form of ego: I (to me). Igitur (conj.): so, then, therefore. Operam is the accusative singular form of opera, operae (1f): work, effort; attention; service; assistance.

Amīcē (adv.): in a friendly manner. Amīcō is the dative singular form of amīcus, amīcī (2m): friend. Operam is the accusative singular form of opera, operae (1f): work, effort; attention; service; assistance. Dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give.

Dā is the singular imperative form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give. Operam is the accusative singular form of opera, operae (1f): work, effort; attention; service; assistance. Ut (conj. , with subjunctive): that, so that. Frātrēs is the nominative plural form of frāter, frātris (3m): brother. Tuī is the masculine nominative plural form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours. Tē is the accusative singular form of tū: you. Imitentur is the third person plural subjunctive form of imitor, imitārī, imitātus sum (1, deponent): to imitate.

(He’s talking about a friend who wants to run in an election.) Nāvābō is the first-person singular future form of nāvō, nāvāre, nāvāvī, nāvātum (1): to devote oneself to, do or perform diligently, with zeal or enthusiasm. Operam is the accusative singular form of opera, operae (1f): work, effort; attention; service; assistance.

Quid (interrog. adv.): what for? why? Perdis is the second person singular form of perdō, perdere, perdidī, perditum (3): to destroy; waste, squander; lose. Operam is the accusative singular form of opera, operae (1f): work, effort; attention; service; assistance.

Oleum is the accusative singular form of oleum, oleī (2n): oil. Et (conj.): and. Operam is the accusative singular form of opera, operae (1f): work, effort; attention; service; assistance. Perdō, perdere, perdidī, perditum (3): to destroy; waste, squander; lose.

Ariobarzānēs, Ariobarzānis (3m): a king of Cappadocia (in central Anatolia, part of modern-day Turkey). Operā is the ablative singular form of opera, operae (1f): work, effort; attention; service; assistance. Meā is the feminine ablative singular form of meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine. Vīvit is the third person singular form of vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctum (3): to live, be alive. Rēgnat is the third person singular form of rēgnō, rēgnāre, rēgnāvī, rēgnātum (1): to reign.

Eius is the m/f/n genitive singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this (one), that (one). Operā is the ablative singular form of opera, operae (1f): work, effort; attention; service; assistance. Ab /ā (prep.): (away) from; by (takes the ablative). Omnī is the m/f/n ablative singular form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Perīculō is the ablative singular form of perīculum, perīculī (2n): test, trial; danger, risk, peril. Līberātus est is the third person masculine singular perfect passive form of līberō, līberāre, līberāvī, līberātum (3): to free, liberate.

Quī/quae/ quod (interrog. pron.): which? what? Inquis is the second person singular form of inquam (irreg. and defective): to say. Erit is the third person singular future form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Pretium, pretiī (2n): reward; price; value. Opera, operae (1f): work, effort; attention; service; assistance.

Opera, operae (1f): work, effort; attention; service; assistance. Pretium, pretiī (2n): reward; price; value (operae pretium = a reward for one’s work; something worthwhile). Est: is. Lēgem is the accusative singular form of lēx, lēgis (3m): law. Ipsam is the feminine accusative singular form of ipse/ipsa/ipsum (adj.): himself/herself/itself/myself/etc. ; in person; the very; the actual. Cognōscō, cognōscere, cognōvī, cognitum (3): to get to know, learn, become acquainted with.

Hāc is the feminine ablative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Ēmptiōne is the ablative singular form of ēmptiō, ēmptiōnis (3f): the act of buying or a thing bought, purchase. Factā is the feminine ablative singular form of factus/facta/factum (1/2), the perfect passive participle of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Pecūnia, pecūniae (1f): money; wealth, property. Solvitur is the third person singular passive form of solvō, solvere, solvī, solūtum (3): to loosen, untie, release; dissolve; pay; solve (the historical present). Ab/ ā (prep.): from; by (takes the ablative). Caesenniā is the feminine ablative singular form of the family name Caesennius/Caesennia/Caesennium (1/2).

Nēminem is the accusative form of nēmō, nēminis (3m): no man, no one. Pecūnia, pecūniae (1f): money; wealth, property. Dīvitem is the m/f accusative singular form of dīves, dīvitis (3, adj.): rich, wealthy. Fēcit is the third person singular perfect form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make.

Quid is the neuter accusative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? (Quid sibi vult is an expression: what does it mean? ) Sibi: to/for itself—the dative form of the reflexive pronoun. Vult is the third person singular form of volō, velle, voluī, — (irreg.): to want, wish. Iste/ ista /istud (adj.): that. Pecūnia, pecūniae (1f): money; wealth, property. Pompa, pompae (1f): procession, parade; ostentation, display.

Pecūniam is the accusative singular form of pecūnia, pecūniae (1f): money; wealth, property. Minōrem is the accusative singular form of minor/minor/minus (3): smaller, lesser, less; less important—the comparative form of parvus/parva/parvum (1/2): small, little; unimportant. Habēbis is the second person singular future form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have. Nempe (particle): indeed, certainly, to be sure, why, clearly. Et (adv.): also. Molestiam is the accusative singular form of molestia, molestiae (1f): trouble, annoyance.

(A statement that Cicero rightly considers insufficient as a definition of inheritance; you have to be more specific.) Hērēditās, hērēditātis (3f): inheritance. Est: is. Pecūnia, pecūniae (1f): money; wealth, property.

Eāmus is the first person plural subjunctive form of eō, īre, iī/īvī, itum (irreg.): to go. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into (sometimes can be translated simply as to). Forum is the accusative singular form of forum, forī (2n): forum, marketplace. Et (conj.): and. Pecūniās is the accusative plural form of pecūnia, pecūniae (1f): money; wealth, property. Mūtuēmur is the first person plural subjunctive form of mūtuor, mūtuārī, mūtuātus sum (1, deponent): to borrow (the two verbs are subjunctive because they’re hortatory).

Pecūniīs is the ablative plural form of pecūnia, pecūniae (1f): money; wealth, property. Igitur (conj.): so, then, therefore. Raptim (adv.): hurriedly, hastily. Exāctīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of exāctus/exācta/exāctum (1/2), the perfect passive participle of exigō, exigere, exēgī, exāctum (3): to drive out; demand, require, exact; complete; spend, pass (time); inquire into, examine. Ad (prep.): to, toward (takes the accusative). Hibērum is the accusative singular form of Hibērus, Hibērī (2m): a Spanish river, today called the Ebro. Dēscendit is the third person singular perfect (or maybe it’s in the historical present) form of dēscendō, dēscendere, dēscendī, dēscēnsum (3): to go down, descend.

Platōnem is the accusative singular form of Platō, Platōnis (3m): Plato. Nōn: not. Accēpit is the third person singular perfect form of accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptum (3, –iō): to receive, accept, take. Nōbilem is the m/f accusative singular form of nōbilis/nōbilis/nōbile (3): renowned, famous, celebrated, distinguished, illustrious; noble. Philosophia, philosophiae (1f): philosophy. Sed (conj.): but. Fēcit is the third person singular perfect form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make.

(They both cure and prevent the illnesses of the mind.) Utrumque is the m/n (here n) accusative singular form of uterque/utraque/utrumque (1/2, irreg.): each of two, either; it can often be translated as both. Dēcrēta is the nominative plural form of dēcrētum, dēcrētī (2n): principle; decision, decree (a substantive use of dēcrētus/dēcrēta/dēcrētum (1/2), the perfect passive participle of dēcernō, dēcernere, dēcrēvī, dēcrētum (3): to decide, decree). Philosophia, philosophiae (1f): philosophy. Faciunt is the third person plural form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make.

(He’s comparing philosophy to medicine. Doctors used to know only simple remedies; but now that excesses have given rise to many complicated conditions, doctors have developed more complex techniques. Philosophy likewise used to be simpler when there weren’t as many moral faults to cure.) Idem is the neuter accusative singular form of īdem/eadem/idem (pron.): the same. Tibi is the dative form of tū: you (to you). Dē (prep.): from, down from; about, concerning (takes ablative). Philosophiā is the ablative singular form of philosophia, philosophiae (1f): philosophy. Dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say.

Venia, veniae (1f): a favor, kindness; permission, leave; indulgence; forgiveness, pardon. Est: is. Poena, poenae (1f): penalty, punishment; compensation; revenge; torment, suffering. Meritae is the feminine genitive singular form of meritus/merita/meritum (1/2): deserved—the perfect passive participle of mereō, merēre, meruī, meritum (2): to earn; deserve. Remissiō, remissiōnis (3f): the act of sending back or releasing; relaxation; remission.

Quam is the feminine accusative singular form of quī/quae/quod (interrog. adj.): which. . . ? what. . . ? Deinde (adv.): then, next, after that. Poenam is the accusative singular form of poena, poenae (1f): penalty, punishment; compensation; revenge; torment, suffering. Ingrātīs is the m/f/n (here m) dative plural form of ingrātus/ingrāta/ingrātum (1/2): ungrateful; unwelcome; unpleasant, disagreeable. Cōnstituimus is the first person plural form of cōnstituō, cōnstituere, cōnstituī, cōnstitūtum (3): to set up; establish; fix, set, decide, determine.

Forsitan (adv.): perhaps, maybe. Poenās is the accusative plural form of poena, poenae (1f): penalty, punishment; compensation; revenge; torment, suffering. Petet is the third person singular future form of petō, petere, petīvī/petiī, petītum (3): to direct one’s course to, make for; seek; ask for; aim at; aspire at; attack. Īrātus/ īrāta /īrātum (1/2): angry—originally the perfect active participle of īrāscor, īrāscī, īrātus sum (3, deponent): to be or become angry. Iūnō, Iūnōnis (3f): Juno, queen of the gods, wife and sister of Jupiter.

Persequitur is the third person singular form of persequor, persequī, persecūtus sum (3, deponent): to follow persistently or to the end; catch up with; pursue; seek requital for. Poenīs is the ablative plural form of poena, poenae (1f): penalty, punishment; compensation; revenge; torment, suffering. Trīstia is the neuter accusative plural form of trīstis/trīstis/trīste (3): gloomy, sad; harsh, bitter, distressing, curel; grim, dreadful, forbidding; stern, austere. Facta is the accusative plural form of factum, factī (2n): deed, act, action (a substantive use of factus/facta/factum (1/2), the perfect passive participle of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make). Venus, Veneris (3f): Venus, the goddess of love.

(So the guilty are always punished in a way even when they aren’t caught.) Dat is the third person singular form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give. Poenās is the accusative plural form of poena, poenae (1f): penalty, punishment; compensation; revenge; torment, suffering. Quisquis /quicquid (rel. pron. ; the neuter form is also spelled quidquid): whoever, whatever. Expectat is the third person singular form of expectō, expectāre, expectāvī, expectātum (1—also exspectō): to wait (for), await; expect; look forward to.

Multō is the m/n ablative singular form of multus/multa/multum (1/2): much, many. Sanguine is the ablative singular form of sanguis, sanguinis (3m): blood. Atque/ ac (conj.): and. Volneribus is the ablative plural form of volnus, volneris (3n—also vulnus): wound. Is/ ea /id (adj.): this, that. Poenīs is the m/f/n (here m) dative plural form of Poenus/Poena/Poenum (1/2): Phoenician; Carthaginian. Victōria, victōriae (1f): victory. Stetit is the third person singular perfect form of stō, stāre, stetī, statum (1): to stand; stand at a price, cost (with ablative of price and dative of the person paying it).

Salvēte is the plural imperative form of salveō, salvēre, —, — (2, defective): to be well, be in good health; it’s mostly used in the imperative as a greeting (hi, hello). Puellae is the vocative plural form of puella, puellae (1f): girl.

Huic is the m/f/n dative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (pron. or adj.): this, this one; he, she, it. Miserō is the m/n dative singular form of miser/misera/miserum (1/2): miserable, wretched, unfortunate. Fātum, fātī (2n): fate; doom, death, demise. Dūrus/ dūra /dūrum (1/2): hard; harsh, pitiless. Puella, puellae (1f): girl. Fuit is the third person singular perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

Dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductum (3): to lead, bring, take (to a place); bring home as a wife, marry. Puellam is the accusative singular form of puella, puellae (1f): girl. Honestam is the feminine accusative singular form of honestus/honesta/honestum (1/2): honorable, respectable. Locuplētem is the m/f accusative singular form of locuplēs, locuplētis (3, adj.): rich, wealthy.

Puellīs is the dative plural form of puella, puellae (1f): girl. Ut (conj. , with subjunctive): that, so that. Saltem (adv.): at least. Parcerent is the third person plural imperfect subjunctive form of parcō, parcere, pepercī/parsī, parsum (3): to spare, be lenient, be merciful; refrain, forbear. Ōrō, ōrāre, ōrāvī, ōrātum (1): to plead, beg; pray. Īnstitit is the third person singular perfect form of īnsistō, īnsistere, īnstitī, — (3): to stand on; tread on; set about, proceed (esp. with urgency); press on (with a task or the like); halt.

Passer, passeris (3m): a sparrow or other small bird. Mortuus est is the third person singular perfect form of morior, morī, mortuus sum (3, –ior, deponent): to die (mortuus can also be used as an adjective meaning dead, so you could also analyze mortuus est as is dead; there’s no material difference between the two interpretations in this context). #has dead# Meae is the feminine genitive singular form of meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine. Puella, puellae (1f): girl; girlfriend.

Sapientia, sapientiae (1f): wisdom. Ars, artis (3f): craft, art, skill. Est: is.

Fac is the singular imperative form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Participēs is the accusative plural form of particeps, participis (3m/f and adj.): sharer, participant; having a share, participating (in, often with the genitive). Nōs is the accusative form of nōs: we (us). Tuae is the feminine genitive singular form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours. Sapientia, sapientiae (1f): wisdom.

(He’s talking about the Stoics.) Sapientiam is the accusative singular form of sapientia, sapientiae (1f): wisdom. Bonum is the accusative singular form of bonum, bonī (2n): a good, a blessing, a boon. Esse: to be. Dīcunt is the third person plural form of dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say.

Nōn: not. Est: is. Ūnīus is the m/f/n (here m) genitive singular form of ūnus/ūna/ūnum (1/2, irreg.): one; alone; only, sole, single. Ūnus/ ūna /ūnum (1/2, irreg.): one; alone; only, sole, single. Sententia, sententiae (1f): opinion, thought, idea, sentiment; vote; decision, decree, sentence, judgment; purpose, intention; meaning; maxim, epigram; sentence or clause (group of words).

Nōn: not. Mūtō, mūtāre, mūtāvī, mūtātum (1): to change, transform. Sententiam is the accusative singular form of sententia, sententiae (1f): opinion, thought, idea, sentiment; vote; decision, decree, sentence, judgment; purpose, intention; meaning; maxim, epigram; sentence or clause (group of words) (mūtāre sententiam can also often be translated as to change one’s mind).

In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Eādem is the feminine ablative singular form of īdem/eadem/idem (adj.): the same. Sententiā is the ablative singular form of sententia, sententiae (1f): opinion, thought, idea, sentiment; vote; decision, decree, sentence, judgment; purpose, intention; meaning; maxim, epigram; sentence or clause (group of words). Et (adv.): also. Mētrodōrus, Mētrodōrī (2m). Fuit is the third person singular perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

Multīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of multus/multa/multum (1/2): much, many. Iam (adv.): already; now; soon. Sententiīs is the ablative plural form of sententia, sententiae (1f): opinion, thought, idea, sentiment; vote; decision, decree, sentence, judgment; purpose, intention; meaning; maxim, epigram; sentence or clause (group of words); Sententiam is the accusative singular form of the same. Dictīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of dictus/dicta/dictum (1/2), the perfect passive participle of dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say, speak, declare (sententiam dīcere and sententiam rogāre are typical phrases describing customary actions in the Senate). Rogātus sum is the first person masculine singular perfect passive form of rogō, rogāre, rogāvī, rogātum (1): to ask (it can take a double accusative—the person asked and the thing asked for—and when that construction is turned passive, the person asked becomes the subject while the thing asked for stays in the accusative).

Omnibus is the m/f/n ablative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Sententiīs is the ablative plural form of sententia, sententiae (1f): opinion, thought, idea, sentiment; vote; decision, decree, sentence, judgment; purpose, intention; meaning; maxim, epigram; sentence or clause (group of words). Absolūtus est is the third person masculine singular perfect passive form of absolvō, absolvere, absolvī, absolūtum (3): to release; acquit; pay off; finish, complete.

Sententiae is the dative singular form of sententia, sententiae (1f): opinion, thought, idea, sentiment; vote; decision, decree, sentence, judgment; purpose, intention; meaning; maxim, epigram; sentence or clause (group of words). Iūdicum is the genitive plural form of iūdex, iūdicis (3m/f): judge, juror. Repugnāstī is the second person singular perfect form of repugnō, repugnāre, repugnāvī, repugnātum (1): to fight back (against), offer resistance (to); be inconsistent (with) (takes a dative object).

Stat is the third person singular form of stō, stāre, stetī, statum (1): to stand; be fixed, be determined (it’s in the historical present). Sententia, sententiae (1f): opinion, thought, idea, sentiment; vote; decision, decree, sentence, judgment; purpose, intention; meaning; maxim, epigram; sentence or clause (group of words). Nōn: not. Minuō, minuere, minuī, minūtum (3): to make smaller, diminish. Cōpiās is the accusative plural from of cōpia, cōpiae (1): supply; means, possibility, opportunity; (in pl.) resources; (in pl.) troops.

Necessāriō (adv.): necessarily, unavoidably, of necessity. Sententiā is the ablative singular form of sententia, sententiae (1f): opinion, thought, idea, sentiment; vote; decision, decree, sentence, judgment; purpose, intention; meaning; maxim, epigram; sentence or clause (group of words). Dēsistunt is the third person plural form of dēsistō, dēsistere, dēstitī, — (3): to leave off, cease, desist (it’s in the historical present).

(Referring to a letter—litterae, litterārum (1f; in this sense it’s plural only).) Eārum is the feminine genitive plural form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Sententia, sententiae (1f): opinion, thought, idea, sentiment; vote; decision, decree, sentence, judgment; purpose, intention; meaning; maxim, epigram; sentence or clause (group of words). Hic/ haec /hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Erat is the third person singular imperfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

Sententiās is the accusative plural form of sententia, sententiae (1f): opinion, thought, idea, sentiment; vote; decision, decree, sentence, judgment; purpose, intention; meaning; maxim, epigram; sentence or clause (group of words). Interpōnī is the passive infinitive form of interpōnō, interpōnere, interposuī, interpositum (3): to place between or among: interpose, intersperse, insert, include. Rārō (adv.): seldom, rarely. Convenit is the third person singular form of conveniō, convenīre, convēnī, conventum (4): to come together, meet; be agreed; be suitable, fitting, appropriate (it can go with an accusative-and-infinitive clause).

Mōre is the ablative singular form of mōs, mōris (3m): custom, habit, (habitual) manner; (in pl.) manners, morals, character. Hic/haec/ hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it. Fit is the third person singular form of fīō, fierī, —, — (irreg.): to be done; be made; happen; come into being; become. Atque /ac (conj.): and. Stultē (adv.): foolishly, stupidly. Meā is the feminine ablative singular form of meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine. Sententiā is the ablative singular form of sententia, sententiae (1f): opinion, thought, idea, sentiment; vote; decision, decree, sentence, judgment; purpose, intention; meaning; maxim, epigram; sentence or clause (group of words).

Uterque/utraque/ utrumque (1/2, irreg.): each of two, either; it can often be translated as both. Ex /ē (prep.): from, out of; according to (takes the ablative). Sententiā is the ablative singular form of sententia, sententiae (1f): opinion, thought, idea, sentiment; vote; decision, decree, sentence, judgment; purpose, intention; meaning; maxim, epigram; sentence or clause (group of words). Cessit is the third person singular perfect form of cēdō, cēdere, cessī, cessum (3): to go, proceed; go away, withdraw; yield; turn out.

Dē (prep.): from, down from; about, concerning; according to (takes the ablative). Amīcōrum is the genitive plural form of amīcus, amīcī (2m): friend. Sententiā is the ablative singular form of sententia, sententiae (1f): opinion, thought, idea, sentiment; vote; decision, decree, sentence, judgment; purpose, intention; meaning; maxim, epigram; sentence or clause (group of words). Rem is the accusative singular form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair; fact; event; circumstance; property. Dēfert is the third person singular form of dēferō, dēferre, dētulī, dēlātum (3, irreg.): to carry down, convey down; carry, convey; transfer; report; denounce; entrust; grant, confer (it’s in the historical present). Ad (prep.) to (takes the accusative). Senātum is the accusative singular form of senātus, senātūs (4m): senate.

Omnēs is the m/f nominative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Eam is the feminine accusative singular form of is/ea/id (adj.): this, that. Sententiam is the accusative singular form of sententia, sententiae (1f): opinion, thought, idea, sentiment; vote; decision, decree, sentence, judgment; purpose, intention; meaning; maxim, epigram; sentence or clause (group of words). Iērunt is the third person plural perfect form of eō, īre, iī/īvī, itum (irreg.): to go.

Pedibus is the ablative plural form of pēs, pedis (3m): foot. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Hanc is the feminine accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Sententiam is the accusative singular form of sententia, sententiae (1f): opinion, thought, idea, sentiment; vote; decision, decree, sentence, judgment; purpose, intention; meaning; maxim, epigram; sentence or clause (group of words). Itum est is the (impersonal) third person singular perfect passive form of eō, īre, iī/īvī, itum (irreg.): to go.

Ecce (interjection): behold, look. Autem (particle): on the other hand, but, however; and, moreover; for my, your, his, etc. part. Novus/ nova /novum (1/2): new. Turba, turbae (1f): commotion, turmoil, disturbance, disorder; crowd, throng; group of people with common interests or characteristics. Atque /ac (conj.): and. Rixa, rixae (1f): brawl, fight, violent altercation.

Quās is the feminine accusative plural form of quī/quae/quod (interrog. adj.): which. . . ? what. . . ? —here used in an exclamatory way. Ego: I. Hīc (adv.): here. Turbās is the accusative plural form of turba, turbae (1f): commotion, turmoil, disturbance, disorder; crowd, throng; group of people with common interests or characteristics. Dabō is the first person singular future form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give; cause, produce.

Ingemuit is the third person singular perfect form of ingemēscō, ingemēscere, ingemuī, — (3—also ingemīscō): to moan, groan. Omnis/ omnis /omne (3): all; every. Turba, turbae (1f): commotion, turmoil, disturbance, disorder; crowd, throng; group of people with common interests or characteristics.

Odium is the accusative singular form of odium, odiī (2n): hatred, odium. Turba, turbae (1f): commotion, turmoil, disturbance, disorder; crowd, throng; group of people with common interests or characteristics. Sānābit is the third person singular future form of sānō, sānāre, sānāvī, sānātum (1): to heal, cure. Sōlitūdō, sōlitūdinis (3f): solitude, loneliness; lonely place. Taedium is the accusative singular form of taedium, taediī (2n): weariness; boredom; disgust; loathsomeness; nuisance. Sōlitūdō, sōlitūdinis (3f): solitude, loneliness; lonely place. Turba, turbae (1f): commotion, turmoil, disturbance, disorder; crowd, throng; group of people with common interests or characteristics.

(Whereas the guilty are nervous.) Bonus/ bona /bonum (1/2): good. Cōnscientia, cōnscientiae (1f): the fact of holding knowledge in common with someone; complicity; consciousness (of something one has done); conscience. Turbam is the accusative singular form of turba, turbae (1f): commotion, turmoil, disturbance, disorder; crowd, throng; group of people with common interests or characteristics. Advocat is the third person singular form of advocō, advocāre, advocāvī, advocātum (1): to call, summon.

Is /ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that (one/man/person/thing). Erat is the third person singular imperfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Ex /ē (prep.): from, out of (takes ablative). Hāc is the feminine ablative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Turbā is the ablative singular form of turba, turbae (1f): commotion, turmoil, disturbance, disorder; crowd, throng; group of people with common interests or characteristics. Lūcifugārum is the genitive plural form of lūcifuga, lūcifugae (1m): a light-fleer, light-shunner, one who shuns the light of day.

Longus/ longa /longum (1/2): long; far off, remote. Via, viae (1f): road, path, street, way; journey. Est: is. Neque/ nec: (as conj.) and not, nor; (as adv.) neither, not either, not even. Tempora is the nominative plural form of tempus, temporis (3n): time (a poetic plural). Longa is the neuter nominative plural form of longus/longa/longum (1/2): long; far off, remote. Supersunt is the third person plural form of supersum, superesse, superfuī, superfutūrus (irreg.): to be left, remain; be present in excess, be superfluous; be higher.

Nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, — (irreg.): not to want, be unwilling, refuse (it can be completed by a subjunctive clause). Mē is the accusative form of ego: I (me). In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Viā is the ablative singular form of via, viae (1f): road, path, street, way; journey. Cum (prep.): with (takes the ablative). Hāc is the feminine ablative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Veste is the ablative singular form of vestis, vestis (3f): clothing, dress, garment. Videat is the third person singular subjunctive form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see.

(i.e., to wisdom—sapientia, sapientiae (1f)—the path of reason.) Ūnus/ ūna /ūnum (1/2, irreg.): one. Ad (prep.): to (takes the accusative). Hanc is the feminine accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it. Fert is the third person singular form of ferō, ferre, tulī, lātum (3): to carry, bear, bring, lead. Via, viae (1f): road, path, street, way; journey.

(Speaking of Cato taking his own life with his sword.) Ūnā is the feminine ablative singular form of ūnus/ūna/ūnum (1/2, irreg.): one. Manū is the ablative singular form of manus, manūs (4f): hand. Lātam is the feminine accusative singular form of lātus/lāta/lātum (1/2): wide, broad. Lībertātī is the dative singular form of lībertās, lībertātis (3f): freedom, liberty. Viam is the accusative singular form of via, viae (1f): road, path, street, way; journey. Faciet is the third person singular future form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make.

(He’s just mentioned a few ways in which cities can fall.) Ēnumerō, ēnumerāre, ēnumerāvī, ēnumerātum (1): to reckon up, count up; enumerate. Omnēs is the m/f accusative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Fātōrum is the genitive plural form of fātum, fātī (4n): fate; death, doom, demise. Viās is the accusative plural form of via, viae (1f): road, path, street, way; journey. Longus/longa/ longum (1/2): long; far off, remote. Est: is.

Videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see. Quot (indeclinable interrog. adj.): how many? Diērum is the genitive plural form of diēs, diēī (5m/f): day. Via, viae (1f): road, path, street, way; journey. Sit is the third person singular subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect question).

Quis/quis/ quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Est: is. Beātus/ beāta /beātum (1/2): happy; prosperous. Vīta, vītae (1f): life.

In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Aliquod is the neuter accusative singular form of aliquī/aliqua/aliquod (adj.): some, a certain, a(n). Genus is the accusative singular form of genus, generis (3n): kind, type, sort; race; descent. Vīta, vītae (1f): life. Difficile is the neuter accusative singular form of difficilis/difficilis/difficile (3): difficult. Incidistī is the second person singular perfect form of incidō, incidere, incidī, incāsum (3): to fall (into).

Nōndum (adv.): not yet. Enim (particle): for, indeed. Memnonem is the accusative singular form of Memnōn, Memnonis (3): a personal name, here referring to Memnon of Rhodes, a chief of Greek mercenaries serving the Persians against Alexander. Vītā is the ablative singular form of vīta, vītae (1f): life. Excessisse is the perfect infinitive form of excēdō, excēdere, excessī, excessum (3): to go away, depart, withdraw; go beyond; exceed. Cognōverat is the third person singular pluperfect form of cognōscō, cognōscere, cognōvī, cognitum (3): to get to know, learn, become acquainted with.

Singulōs is the masculine accusative plural form of singulus/singula/singulum (1/2): taken individually, single, separate, individual; (in pl. only) one each, one by one, one at a time, each individually, every single; Diēs is the accusative plural form of diēs, diēī (5m/f): day. Singulās is the feminine accusative plural form of singulus/singula/singulum (1/2): taken individually, single. Vītās is the accusative plural form of vīta, vītae (1f): life. Putā is the singular imperative form of putō, putāre, putāvī, putātum (1): to think, regard as.

Hīs is the m/f/n dative plural form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it. Plērīque is the masculine nominative plural form of plērusque/plēraque/plērumque (1/2): most. Similem is the m/f accusative singular of similis/similis/simile (3): similar. Vītam is the accusative singular form of vīta, vītae (1f): life. Agunt is the third person plural form of agō, agere, ēgī, āctum (3): to drive, put in motion; do, perform, deal with; lead (life), live.

Tantum (adv.): so much; only, just. Periūria is the accusative plural form of periūrium, periūriī (2n—also pēiūrium): false oath, perjury. Vītā is the singular imperative form of vītō, vītāre, vītāvī, vītātum (1): to avoid, shun.

Et (conj.): and. Semper (adv.): always. Vītās is the second person singular form of vītō, vītāre, vītāvī, vītātum (1): to avoid, shun. Commūnia is the neuter accusative plural form of commūnis/commūnis/commūne (3): shared, common. Balnea is the accusative plural form of balneum, balneī (2n—also balineum): bathroom; bath. Nōbīs is the dative form of nōs: we (to/for us).