Nouns: Fourth Declension

(Talking about anger.) Nūllī is the m/f/n dative singular form of nūllus/nūlla/nūllum (1/2, irreg.): no, not any. Certē (adv.): certainly; at any rate, at least. Adfectuī is the dative singular form of adfectus, adfectūs (4m—also affectus): emotion, feeling, mood, mental or emotional state; the way one feels about someone/something; disposition, attitude; intention; affection; state. Peior/peior/peius (3): worse—the comparative form of malus/mala/malum (1/2): bad. Est: there is. Vultus, vultūs (4m): countenance; facial expression; face.

Indicābō is the first person singular future form of indicō, indicāre, indicāvī, indicātum (1): to point out; show, indicate, reveal, disclose. Tibi is the dative form of tū: you. Affectum is the accusative singular form of affectus, affectūs (4m—also adfectus): emotion, feeling, mood, mental or emotional state; the way one feels about someone/something; disposition, attitude; intention; affection; state. Meum is the m/n accusative singular form of meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine.

Nōn: not. Faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make; act. Ratiōne is the ablative singular form of ratiō, ratiōnis (3f): calculation; reasoning, rationale; reason; method; the way a thing is done or structured. Adfectū is the ablative singular form of adfectus, adfectūs (4m—also affectus): emotion, feeling, mood, mental or emotional state; the way one feels about someone/something; disposition, attitude; intention; affection; state. Victus sum is the first person masculine singular perfect passive form of vincō, vincere, vīcī, victum (3): to conquer, beat, defeat, overcome; win, be victorious.

Ergō (particle): therefore, then. Inmoderātī is the masculine nominative plural form of inmoderātus/inmoderāta/inmoderātum (1/2—also immoderātus): unrestrained, immoderate, excessive. Sunt: (they) are. Et (adv.): also; even. Adfectūs is the nominative plural form of adfectus, adfectūs (4m—also affectus): emotion, feeling, mood, mental or emotional state; the way one feels about someone/something; disposition, attitude; intention; affection; state.

Nōscō, nōscere, nōvī, nōtum (3): (in present-stem forms) to get to know; (in perfect-stem forms, referring to a present state, translated like present-stem forms of other verbs) know. Frātrum is the genitive plural form of frāter, frātris (3m): brother. Meōrum is the m/n genitive plural form of meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine. Intimōs is the masculine accusative plural form of intimus/intima/intimum (1/2): inmost; (most) intimate. Adfectūs is the accusative plural form of adfectus, adfectūs (4m—also affectus): emotion, feeling, mood, mental or emotional state; the way one feels about someone/something; disposition, attitude; intention; affection; state.

Fūrtum, fūrtī (2n): theft. Enim (particle): for, indeed. Sine (prep.): without (takes the ablative). Affectū is the ablative singular form of affectus, affectūs (4m—also adfectus): emotion, feeling, mood, mental or emotional state; the way one feels about someone/something; disposition, attitude; intention; affection; state. Fūrandī is the genitive gerund of fūror, fūrārī, fūrātus sum (1, deponent): to steal. Nōn: not. Committitur is the third person singular passive form of committō, committere, commīsī, commissum (3): to bring into contact, join, connect; commit, entrust; bring about, commit, perpetrate.

(People who neglect their friends when they’re alive and mourn them after they’re dead.) Sēra is the neuter accusative plural form of sērus/sēra/sērum (1/2): (too) late, belated. Indicia is the accusative plural form of indicium, indiciī (2n): disclosure; sign, indication; (piece of) evidence. Adfectus, adfectūs (4m—also affectus): emotion, feeling, mood, mental or emotional state; the way one feels about someone/something; disposition, attitude; intention; affection; state. Suī: (of) their (own)—the m/n genitive singular form of suus/sua/suum (1/2). Quaerunt is the third person plural form of quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī/quaesiī, quaesītum (3): to seek, look for; ask, seek to know; seek to bring about.

(A mother hesitating which of her two sons to hug first.) In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on (denoting position in a place or on an object); (with acc.) into, onto (or in or on with motion; denoting motion toward a place/object). Utramque is the feminine accusative singular form of uterque/utraque/utrumque (1/2, irreg.): each of two, either; it can often be translated less literally as both. Partem is the accusative singular form of pars, partis (3f): part; side; direction; party; role. Dūcor is the first person singular passive form of dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductum (3): to lead; draw. Affectū is the ablative singular form of affectus, affectūs (4m—also adfectus): emotion, feeling, mood, mental or emotional state; the way one feels about someone/something; disposition, attitude; intention; affection; state. Parī is the m/f/n ablative singular form of pār, paris (3, adj.): equal.

Neque/nec: (as conj.) and not, nor; (as adv.) neither, not either, not even. Angētur is the third person singular future passive form of angō, angere, ānxī, ānctum (3): to throttle, strangle; distress, afflict. Cārissimīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of cārissimus/cārissima/cārissimum (1/2): very dear/dearest; very/most expensive—the superlative form of cārus/cāra/cārum (1/2): dear; expensive. Orbātus/orbāta/orbātum (1/2) is the perfect passive participle of orbō, orbāre, orbāvī, orbātum (1): to bereave, deprive, rob (of = abl.). Adfectibus is the ablative plural form of adfectus, adfectūs (4m—also affectus): emotion, feeling, mood, mental or emotional state; the way one feels about someone/something; disposition, attitude; intention; affection; state.

Maximīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of maximus/maxima/maximum (1/2): very big/biggest, very large/largest, very great/greatest—the superlative form of magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): big, large, great. Enim (particle): for, indeed. Damnīs is the ablative plural form of damnum, damnī (2n): loss, harm, damage. Adfectus est is the third person masculine singular perfect passive form of adficiō, adficere, adfēcī, adfectum (3, –iō—also afficiō): to do something to (acc.), cause (acc.) to feel or experience (abl.), affect, visit (acc.) with (abl.), bestow (abl.) upon (acc.).

Exprimō, exprimere, expressī, expressum (3): to squeeze or force out; elicit; depict; express, describe. Nōn: not. Possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can. Quantō is the m/n ablative singular form of quantus/quanta/quantum (1/2, interrog. adj.): how great? what great? how much? Sim: see adfectus. Gaudiō is the ablative singular form of gaudium, gaudiī (2n): joy. Adfectus (sim) is the first person masculine singular perfect passive subjunctive form of adficiō, adficere, adfēcī, adfectum (3, –iō—also afficiō): to do something to (acc.), cause (acc.) to feel or experience (abl.), affect, visit (acc.) with (abl.), bestow (abl.) upon (acc.) (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect question).

Probās is the second person singular form of probō, probāre, probāvī, probātum (1): to test; approve (of); prove, demonstrate. Igitur (conj.): therefore, so, then. Animum is the accusative singular form of animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit. Ita (adv.): thus, so, in this/that way. Adfectum is the m/n accusative singular form of adfectus/adfecta/adfectum (1/2), the perfect passive participle of adficiō, adficere, adfēcī, adfectum (3, –iō—also afficiō): to do something to (acc.), cause (acc.) to feel or experience (abl.), affect, visit (acc.) with (abl.), bestow (abl.) upon (acc.); the perfect passive participle can mean disposed (when talking about attitude and the like).

Stīlicidium, stīlicidī (2n—also stīllicidium, stīlicidiī): the fall of a liquid in drops, drip; dripping liquid; drop (of a liquid). Cāsus, cāsūs (4m): fall; chance; accident; event, occurrence; misfortune, disaster; situation, state of affairs, case; outcome, issue; danger, risk, hazard; eventuality; occasion, opportunity; ending (of a word); grammatical case. Lapidem is the accusative singular form of lapis, lapidis (3m): stone. Cavat is the third person singular form of cavō, cavāre, cavāvī, cavātum (1): to hollow out. (Lucretius’s phrase is arguably pleonastic, at least from an etymological perspective. The word stī(l)licidium is formed from stī(l)la, stī(l)lae (1f): drop (of a liquid), and a suffix based on the verb cadō, cadere, cecidī, cāsum (3): to fall—the noun cāsus is also derived from that verb. So stīlicidium is already, literally, the fall of a drop or drops.)

Dedit is the third person singular perfect form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give. Tempus is the accusative singular form of tempus, temporis (3n): time. Locumque: locum is the accusative singular form of locus, locī (2m): place; the enclitic conjunction –que adds and. Cāsus, cāsūs (4m): fall; chance; accident; event, occurrence; misfortune, disaster; situation, state of affairs, case; outcome, issue; danger, risk, hazard; eventuality; occasion, opportunity; ending (of a word); grammatical case.

Caecus/caeca/caecum (1/2): blind. Est: it is. Temeritās, temeritātis (3f): rashness, recklessness, temerity; randomness. Quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Petit is the third person singular form of petō, petere, petīvī/petiī, petītum (3): to direct one’s course to, make for; aim at; go for; attack; seek; ask for. Cāsum is the accusative singular form of cāsus, cāsūs (4m): fall; chance; accident; event, occurrence; misfortune, disaster; situation, state of affairs, case; outcome, issue; danger, risk, hazard; eventuality; occasion, opportunity; ending (of a word); grammatical case. Ducem is the accusative singular form of dux, ducis (3m/f): guide; leader; commander, general.

Nōn: not. Est: is. Ars, artis (3f): art, craft, skill, technique. Quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Ad (prep.): to, toward (takes the accusative). Effectum is the accusative singular form of effectus, effectūs (4m): accomplishment; result, outcome, effect. Cāsū is the ablative singular form of cāsus, cāsūs (4m): fall; chance; accident; event, occurrence; misfortune, disaster; situation, state of affairs, case; outcome, issue; danger, risk, hazard; eventuality; occasion, opportunity; ending (of a word); grammatical case. Venit is the third person singular form of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come.

Ad (prep.): to, toward; for (takes the accusative). Utrōsque is the masculine accusative plural form of uterque/utraque/utrumque (1/2): each of two, either; often translated less literally as both; singular forms refer to each of two things/individuals, whereas plural forms typically refer to each of two sets of things/individuals. Cāsūs is the accusative plural form of cāsus, cāsūs (4m): fall; chance; accident; event, occurrence; misfortune, disaster; situation, state of affairs, case; outcome, issue; danger, risk, hazard; eventuality; occasion, opportunity; ending (of a word); grammatical case. Aptātus/aptāta/aptātum (1/2) is the perfect passive participle of aptō, aptāre, aptāvī, aptātum (1): to fix, fasten; apply; prepare; adapt. Est: he is.

(By dying.) Omnēs is the m/f accusative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Effūgistī is the second person singular perfect form of effugiō, effugere, effūgī, — (3, –iō): to escape. Cāsūs is the accusative plural form of cāsus, cāsūs (4m): fall; chance; accident; event, occurrence; misfortune, disaster; situation, state of affairs, case; outcome, issue; danger, risk, hazard; eventuality; occasion, opportunity; ending (of a word); grammatical case. Līvōrem is the accusative singular form of līvor, līvōris (3m): bluish discoloration; envy, jealousy. Morbum is the accusative singular form of morbus, morbī (2m): disease, illness, sickness.

Adversus (prep.): facing; toward; against (takes accusative). Hōs is the masculine accusative plural form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this (these). Cāsūs is the accusative plural form of cāsus, cāsūs (4m): fall; chance; accident; event, occurrence; misfortune, disaster; situation, state of affairs, case; outcome, issue; danger, risk, hazard; eventuality; occasion, opportunity; ending (of a word); grammatical case. Mūniendī is the masculine nominative plural form of mūniendus/mūnienda/mūniendum (1/2), the gerundive of mūniō, mūnīre, mūnīvī/mūniī, mūnītum (4): to fortify; safeguard. Sumus: we are. Mūniendī sumus is the passive periphrastic: we are to be fortified, we must/should/need to be fortified.

Flētē is the plural imperative form of fleō, flēre, flēvī, flētum (2): to cry, weep (for/over, with accusative). Meōs is the masculine accusative plural form of meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine. Cāsūs is the accusative plural form of cāsus, cāsūs (4m): fall; chance; accident; event, occurrence; misfortune, disaster; situation, state of affairs, case; outcome, issue; danger, risk, hazard; eventuality; occasion, opportunity; ending (of a word); grammatical case.

Parī is the m/f/n ablative singular form of pār, paris (3, adj.): equal, similar, comparable. Fuistis is the second person plural perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Cāsū is the ablative singular form of cāsus, cāsūs (4m): fall; chance; accident; event, occurrence; misfortune, disaster; situation, state of affairs, case; outcome, issue; danger, risk, hazard; eventuality; occasion, opportunity; ending (of a word); grammatical case.

(From a letter by someone else.) Sī (conj.): if. Melior/melior/melius (3): better—the comparative form of bonus/bona/bonum (1/2): good. Cāsus, cāsūs (4m): fall; chance; accident; event, occurrence; misfortune, disaster; situation, state of affairs, case; outcome, issue; danger, risk, hazard; eventuality; occasion, opportunity; ending (of a word); grammatical case. Fuerit is the third person singular future perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Revertēmur is the first person plural future form of revertor, revertī, reversus sum (3, deponent): to return, go back. Rōmam is the accusative singular form of Rōma, Rōmae (1f): Rome (the accusative of end of motion/place to which—without a preposition because it’s the name of a city).

Cāsūs is the accusative plural form of cāsus, cāsūs (4m): fall; chance; accident; event, occurrence; misfortune, disaster; situation, state of affairs, case; outcome, issue; danger, risk, hazard; eventuality; occasion, opportunity; ending (of a word); grammatical case. Superāvimus is the first person plural perfect form of superō, superāre, superāvī, superātum (1): to climb over; overcome; surpass; be present in excess; abound; survive. Omnīs is the m/f accusative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every.

Cāsus, cāsūs (4m): fall; chance; accident; event, occurrence; misfortune, disaster; situation, state of affairs, case; outcome, issue; danger, risk, hazard; eventuality; occasion, opportunity; ending (of a word); grammatical case. Mithridātī is the dative singular form of Mithridātēs, Mithridātis (3m): a name borne by several kings of Pontus. Datus est is the third person masculine singular perfect passive form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give. Occupandī is the genitive gerund of occupō, occupāre, occupāvī, occupātum (1): to seize, take possession of; occupy. Armeniam is the accusative singular form of Armenia, Armeniae (1f): Armenia.

(That is, in the line that Porphyrio is commenting on.) Amāta is the feminine vocative singular form of amātus/amāta/amātum (1/2): (having been) loved—the perfect passive participle of amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum (1): to love. Vocātīvī is the m/n genitive singular form of vocātīvus/vocātīva/vocātīvum (1/2): vocative. Cāsus, cāsūs (4m): fall; chance; accident; event, occurrence; misfortune, disaster; situation, state of affairs, case; outcome, issue; danger, risk, hazard; eventuality; occasion, opportunity; ending (of a word); grammatical case. Est: is.

(So someone who prevents a house form collapsing does a service to the owner, not to the house.) Ipse/ipsa/ipsum (adj.): himself/herself/itself/etc. ; in person; the very. Enim (particle): for, indeed. Domus, domūs (2/4f): house, home; household; family. Sine (prep.): without (takes the ablative). Sēnsū is the ablative singular form of sēnsus, sēnsūs (4m): sense; perception, feeling, consciousness; meaning. Est: is.

(From an imagined speech by Stilpo, an undaunted Stoic philosopher.) Ērēpō, ērēpere, ērēpsī, — (3): to crawl out. Modo (adv.): just, only. Ex/ē (prep.): out of, from (takes the ablative). Ruīnīs is the ablative plural from of ruīnā, ruīnae (1f): fall, collapse; headlong rush; ruin. Domus, domūs (2/4f): house, home; household; family.

Domum is the accusative singular form of domus, domūs (2/4f): house, home; household; family. Illam is the feminine accusative singular form of ille/illa/illud (adj.): that. Splendidam is the feminine accusative singular form of splendidus/splendida/splendidum (1/2): bright, shining; splendid, superb, brilliant. Mālō, mālle, māluī, — (irreg.): to prefer. Quam (rel. adv.): than; as. Pontem is the accusative singular form of pōns, pontis (3m): bridge.

Quid (interrog. adv.): what for? why? Loquar is the first person singular subjunctive form of loquor, loquī, locūtus sum (3, deponent): to speak, talk (of) (subjunctive in a deliberative question). Marmora is the accusative plural form of marmor, marmoris (3n): marble; a piece of marble or something made of marble. Quibus is the m/f/n ablative plural form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Templa is the nominative plural form of templum, templī (2n): a piece of consecrated ground; temple; zone, space, region. Domūs is the nominative plural form of domus, domūs (2/4f): house, home; household; family. Fulgent is the third person plural form of fulgeō, fulgere, fulsī, — (2): to shine brightly, flash, glitter.

Dēdecus is the accusative singular form of dēdecus, dēdecoris (3n): disgrace, dishonor. Nostrae is the feminine genitive singular form of noster/nostra/nostrum (1/2): our, ours. Domus, domūs (2/4f): house, home; household; family. Asportā is the singular imperative form of asportō, asportāre, asportāvī, asportātum (1): to carry off, take away. Ab/ā (prep.): (away) from; by (takes the ablative). Oculīs is the ablative plural form of oculus, oculī (2m): eye.

Quī/quae/quod (interrog. adj.): which. . . ? what. . . ? Domum is the accusative singular form of domus, domūs (2/4f): house, home; household; family. Clādēs, clādis (3f): disaster, calamity. Gravat is the third person singular form of gravō, gravāre, gravāvī, gravātum (1): to load, burden, weigh down; oppress.

Quīdam is the masculine nominative plural form of quīdam/quaedam/quiddam (pron.): a certain one, someone, something; (in pl.) some, some people, some things. Sē: themselves—the accusative form of the reflexive pronoun. Domī is the locative singular form of domus, domūs (2/4f): house, home; household; family. Contrahunt is the third person plural form of contrahō, contrahere, contrāxī, contractum (3): to draw together, draw in, contract; restrict, restrain, curtail; collect, assemble.

Semel (adv.): once, a single time. Eum is the masculine accusative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this (one), that (one). Omnīnō (adv.): entirely; in all, in total; at all. Domī is the locative singular form of domus, domūs (2/4f): house, home; household; family. Meae is the feminine locative singular form of meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine (adjectives don’t usually have locative forms, but possessive adjectives can modify the locative domī; the form of the adjective is then the same as the genitive form). Videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see.

(What should happen after someone listens to a philosopher.) Aut (conj.): or (aut. . . aut = either. . . or). Sānior/sānior/sānius (3): healthier; saner, more sensible—the comparative form of sānus/sāna/sānum (1/2): healthy; sane, sensible. Domum is the accusative singular form of domus, domūs (2/4f): house, home; household; family (the accusative of end of motion/place to which). Redeat is the third person singular subjunctive form of redeō, redīre, rediī, reditum (irreg.): to go back, return (a jussive subjunctive). Aut (conj.): or. Sānābilior/sānābilior/sānābilius (3): more curable—the comparative form of sānābilis/sānābilis/sānābile (3): curable.

Multa is the neuter accusative plural form of multus/multa/multum (1/2): much, many (many things). Palam (adv.): openly, overtly, publicly. Domum is the accusative singular form of domus, domūs (2/4f): house, home; household; family (the accusative of end of motion/place to which). Suam: his (own)—the feminine accusative singular form of suus/sua/suum (1/2). Auferēbat is the third person singular imperfect form of auferō, auferre, abstulī, ablātum (3, irreg.): to carry off, take away.

Domōs is the accusative plural form of domus, domūs (2/4f): house, home; household; family (the accusative of end of motion/place to which). Abeāmus is the first person plural subjunctive form of abeō, abīre, abiī, abitum (irreg.): to go away, depart (subjunctive because it’s hortatory). Nostrās is the feminine accusative plural form of noster/nostra/nostrum (1/2): our, ours. Sultis: if you please (addressing a plural you)—a contraction of sī (if) and vultis (you want/wish/please). Nunciam (adv.): right now, this very instant.

Biennium, bienniī (2n): a period of two years. Iam (adv.): already; now; soon. Factum est is the third person neuter singular perfect passive form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Postquam (conj.): after; since (post = later; quam = than). Abeō, abīre, abiī, abitum (irreg.): to go away, depart. Domō is the ablative singular form of domus, domūs (2/4f): house, home; household; family.

Paucōrum is the m/n (here m) genitive plural form of paucus/pauca/paucum (1/2): few (the usual meaning; usually plural, occasionally singular); (sg. , rare) little. Arbitriō is the ablative singular form of arbitrium, arbitriī (2n): arbitration; judgment, decision, choice, discretion, wish, desire, inclination. Bellī is the locative singular form of bellum, bellī (2n): war. Domīque: domī is the locative singular form of domus, domūs (2/4f): house, home; household; family; the enclitic conjunction –que adds and. Agitābātur is the third person singular imperfect passive form of agitō, agitāre, agitāvī, agitātum (1): to put in motion (esp. repeatedly or vigorously), move, stir, shake, agitate; rouse, excite; take action (about), busy oneself (with), deal with, manage, engage in; spend (time); plan, intend; ponder (it’s in the impersonal passive).

Ūnā (adv.): together. Semper (adv.): always. Mīlitiae is the locative singular form of mīlitia, mīlitiae (1f): the fact of being a soldier, military service; military campaign. Et (conj.): and. Domī is the locative singular form of domus, domūs (2/4f): house, home; household; family. Fuimus is the first person plural perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

Eādem is the feminine ablative singular form of īdem/eadem/idem (adj.): the same. Nocte is the ablative singular form of nox, noctis (3f): night. Strepitus, strepitūs (4m): noise. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Domō is the ablative singular form of domus, domūs (2/4f): house, home; household; family. Fuit is the third person singular perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

Vix (adv.): hardly, barely, scarcely; with difficulty. Fīnieram is the first person singular pluperfect form of fīniō, fīnīre, fīnīvī/fīniī, fīnītum (4): to mark out the boundaries of; draw; prescribe (a limit or similar); end, finish, put an end to; define. Et (conj.): and. Īlicō (adv. —also illicō): immediately, at once, on the spot. Mē is the accusative form of ego: I (me). Perdūcit is the third person singular form of perdūcō, perdūcere, perdūxī, perductum (3): to lead (all the way to a place), take (to a place) (it’s in the historical present). Ad (prep.): to (takes the accusative). Domum is the accusative singular form of domus, domūs (2/4f): house, home; household; family. Quampiam is the feminine accusative singular form of quispiam/quaepiam/quodpiam (adj.): some, a certain.

Ūnā is the feminine ablative singular form of ūnus/ūna/ūnum (1/2, irreg.): one; (one and) the same. Ex/ē (prep.): out of, from (takes the ablative). Domō is the ablative singular form of domus, domūs (2/4f): house, home; household; family. Prōdeunt is the third person plural form of prōdeō, prōdīre, prōdiī, prōditum (irreg.): to go or come forth/out/forward.

Patet is the third person singular form of pateō, patēre, patuī, — (2): to be open, accessible, available, exposed or obvious. Exitus, exitūs (4m): the act of going out or a means of going out: egress, exit, way out, outlet; conclusion, end, ending; a person’s end, death; result, outcome.

Septem (indeclinable): seven. Exitūs is the accusative plural form of exitus, exitūs (4m): the act of going out or a means of going out: egress, exit, way out, outlet; conclusion, end, ending; a person’s end, death; result, outcome. Ex/ē (prep.): out of, from (takes the ablative). Domō is the ablative singular form of domus, domūs (2/4f): house, home; household; family. Fēcerat is the third person singular pluperfect form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make.

(Talking about food: a good way not to care for dainty dishes is to consider what all eaten food becomes in the end—or exit.) Exitum is the accusative singular form of exitus, exitūs (4m): the act of going out or a means of going out: egress, exit, way out, outlet; conclusion, end, ending; a person’s end, death; (end) result, outcome. Spectā is the singular imperative form of sectō, spectāre, spectāvī, spectātum (1): to watch, look at, observe.

(From a letter written to Cicero by a friend.) Nunc (adv.): now. Exitus, exitūs (4m): the act of going out or a means of going out: egress, exit, way out, outlet; conclusion, end, ending; a person’s end, death; result, outcome. Est: it is. Annus, annī (2m): year.

In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Exitū is the ablative singular form of exitus, exitūs (4m): the act of going out or a means of going out; egress, exit, way out, outlet; conclusion, end, ending; a person’s end, death; result, outcome. Iam (adv.): already; now; soon. Est: is. Meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine. Cōnsulātus, cōnsulātūs (4m): consulship.

Nūllus/nūlla/nūllum (1/2, irreg.): no, not any. Sine (prep.): without (takes the ablative). Exitū is the ablative singular form of exitus, exitūs (4m): the act of going out or a means of going out; exit, way out, outlet; conclusion, end, ending; a person’s end, death; result, outcome. Iter, itineris (3n): journey; route, way. Est: is.

Hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it. Exitus, exitūs (4m): the act of going out or a means of going out: egress, exit, way out, outlet; conclusion, end, ending; a person’s end, death; result, outcome. Parmeniōn, Parmeniōnis (3m): a general of Alexander the Great’s. Fuit is the third person singular perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

(Motto of George Washington’s family.) Exitus, exitūs (4m): the act of going out or a means of going out: egress, exit, way out, outlet; conclusion, end, ending; a person’s end, death; result, outcome. Ācta is the accusative plural form of āctum, āctī (2n): act, action, deed—originally the neuter perfect passive participle of agō, agere, ēgī, āctum (3): to drive, cause to move; do, perform, deal with, engage in; act. Probat is the third person singular form of probō, probāre, probāvī, probātum (1): to test; approve; justify; prove.

Exitus, exitūs (4m): the act of going out or a means of going out: egress, exit, way out, outlet; conclusion, end, ending; a person’s end, death; result, outcome. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Dīs is the ablative plural form of deus, deī (2m, irreg.): god. Est: is.

Numquam (adv.): never. Mēns, mentis (3f): mind; attitude, frame of mind; intention. Exitū is the ablative singular form of exitus, exitūs (4m): the act of going out or a means of going out: egress, exit, way out, outlet; conclusion, end, ending; a person’s end, death; result, outcome. Aestimandus/aestimanda/aestimandum (1/2) is the gerundive of aestimō, aestimāre, aestimāvī, aestimātum (1): to estimate, rate, assess, judge. Est: is. Aestimanda est is the passive periphrastic: is to be judged, must/should be judged.

Impetus, impetūs (4m): a rushing or violent onward motion; impulse, impetus; attack, charge, assault; violence; force, vigor, ardor. Aquārum is the genitive plural form of aqua, aquae (1f): water. Prōluit is the third person singular form of prōluō, prōluere, prōluī, prōlūtum (3): to wash away; wash clean. Terram is the accusative singular form of terra, terrae (1f): land; earth; soil; ground.

(One of three opponents in a fight to the death.) In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on, at (denoting position); (with acc.) into; toward; against; on; at (denoting direction). Eum is the masculine accusative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this (one), that (one). Magnō is the m/n ablative singular form of magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): big, large, great. Impetū is the ablative singular form of impetus, impetūs (4m): a rushing or violent onward motion; impulse, impetus; attack, charge, assault; violence; force, vigor, ardor. Rediit is the third person singular perfect from of redeō, redīre, rediī, reditum (irreg.): to go or come back, return.

Currus, currūs (4m): chariot. Effrēnō is the m/n ablative singular form of effrēnus/effrēna/effrēnum (1/2): unreined, unbridled, unrestrained. Impetū is the ablative singular form of impetus, impetūs (4m): a rushing or violent onward motion; impulse, impetus; attack, charge, assault; violence; force, vigor, ardor. Effūgit is the third person singular perfect form of effugiō, effugere, effūgī, — (3, –iō): to flee from (usually with success), escape. Aciem is the accusative singular form of aciēs, aciēī (5f): sharp edge; blade; (eye)sight; glance; army in battle formation; army engaged in battle; rank, line (of an army); battle.

Subitō (adv.): suddenly. Ad (prep.): to (takes the accusative). Ruīnam is the accusative singular form of ruīna, ruīnae (1f): fall, collapse; headlong rush; ruin. Tōtō is the m/n ablative singular form of tōtus/tōta/tōtum (1/2, irreg.): whole, entire, total, all, full. Impetū is the ablative singular form of impetus, impetūs (4m): a rushing or violent onward motion; impulse, impetus; attack, charge, assault; violence; force, vigor, ardor. Venit is the third person singular form of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come.

(But they don’t have anger.) Impetūs is the accusative plural form of impetus, impetūs (4m): a rushing or violent onward motion; impulse, impetus; attack, charge, assault; violence; force, vigor, ardor. Habent is the third person plural form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have. Ferae is the nominative plural form of fera, ferae (1f): wild animal (a substantive use of ferus/fera/ferum (1/2): wild, fierce, savage, ferocious—the feminine form is used because the noun bēstia, bēstiae (1f, meaning beast) was originally implied).

(But then so do animals. So what’s unique about people?) Habet is the third person singular form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have. Impetum is the accusative singular form of impetus, impetūs (4m): a rushing or violent onward motion; impulse, impetus; attack, charge, assault; violence; force, vigor, ardor. Atque/ac (conj.): and. Mōtum is the accusative singular form of mōtus, mōtūs (4m): a moving, movement, motion. Voluntārium is the m/n accusative singular form of voluntārius/voluntāria/voluntārium (1/2): voluntary.

Hominī is the dative singular form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human being. Prō (prep.): in front of; for; instead of, in place of; in the capacity of; on behalf of; in defense of (takes ablative). Impetū is the ablative singular form of impetus, impetūs (4m): a rushing or violent onward motion; impulse, impetus; attack, charge, assault; violence; force, vigor, ardor. Ratiō, ratiōnis (3f): calculation; reasoning; reason; method; the way a thing is done or structured. Est: is.

Nōn: not. Nātūrā is the ablative singular form of nātūra, nātūrae (1f): nature. Ista is the neuter nominative plural form of iste/ista/istud (1/2): that (one), this (one); he, she, it (those/these things). Sed (conj.): but. Impetū is the ablative singular form of impetus, impetūs (4m): a rushing or violent onward motion; impulse, impetus; attack, charge, assault; violence; force, vigor, ardor. Distant is the third person plural form of distō, distāre, —, — (1): to stand apart, be distant; differ.

(Talking about an orator and his style.) Impetū is the ablative singular form of impetus, impetūs (4m): a rushing or violent onward motion; impulse, impetus; attack, charge, assault; violence; force, vigor, ardor. Magis (adv.): more; rather. Quam (rel. adv.): than; as. Cūrā is the ablative singular form of cūra, cūrae (1f): care; worry. Vigēbat is the third person singular imperfect form of vigeō, vigēre, viguī, — (2): to be active or vigorous; thrive, flourish; excel.

Ultrō (adv.): beyond, to the farther side; away; in addition; spontaneously, of one’s own accord. Ūniversī is the masculine nominative plural form of ūniversus/ūniversa/ūniversum (1/2): whole, entire, all (esp. all at once, all together); as a whole; general, universal. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on (denoting position); (with acc.) into, onto (or on denoting direction). Hostēs is the accusative plural form of hostis, hostis (3m/f): enemy, foe. Impetum is the accusative singular form of impetus, impetūs (4m): a rushing or violent onward motion; impulse, impetus; attack, charge, assault; violence; force, vigor, ardor. Fēcērunt is the third person plural perfect form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make.

(That is, one someone else’s possessions.) In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on (denoting position); (with acc.) into, onto (or on denoting direction). Bona is the accusative plural form of bonum, bonī (2n): a good thing, a good, a blessing, a boon; (in pl.) possessions, property. Eius is the m/f/n genitive singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this (one), that (one). Impetum is the accusative singular form of impetus, impetūs (4m): a rushing or violent onward motion; impulse, impetus; attack, charge, assault; violence; force, vigor, ardor. Fēcit is the third person singular perfect form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make.

Statim (adv.): on the spot, immediately, at once. Moriendī is the genitive gerund of morior, morī, mortuus sum (3, –ior, deponent): to die. Impetum is the accusative singular form of impetus, impetūs (4m): a rushing or violent onward motion; impulse, impetus; attack, charge, assault; violence; force, vigor, ardor. Cēpit is the third person singular perfect form of capiō, capere, cēpī, captum (3, –iō): to take, seize, capture; (of mental operations) form, conceive.

(When hunger calls.) Ad (prep.): to, toward (takes accusative). Proxima is the neuter accusative plural form of proximus/proxima/proximum (1/2): nearest, closest; next; last, most recent—the superlative form of propinquus/propinqua/propinquum (1/2): near, close. Quaeque is the neuter accusative plural form of quisque/quaeque/quodque (adj.) or quisque/quaeque/quidque (pron.): each, every single, any single; whoever or whatever it be. Porrigātur is the third person singular passive subjunctive form of porrigō, porrigere, porrēxī, porrēctum (3): to stretch out, extend; hold out, offer, present (subjunctive because it’s jussive). Manus, manūs (4f): hand; band, troop, group.

Cedo: give (me), bring (me), tell (me)—an irregular verb found only in the imperative (not to be confused with cēdō, cēdere, cessī, cessum (3): to go, move; go away, withdraw, retreat; yield, submit; result, turn out). Manum is the accusative singular form of manus, manūs (4f): hand; band, troop, group.

Haec is the neuter accusative plural form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it (these things/words) (it’s probably the direct object of an implied verb like scrībō, I’m writing, or scrīpsī, I wrote; it could also be nominative if the implied verb were passive—scrībuntur, are being written or scrīpta sunt, were written—but this seems less likely). Ad (prep.): to, toward (takes accusative). Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Meā is the feminine ablative singular form of meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine, my own. Manū is the ablative singular form of manus, manūs (4f): hand; band, troop, group.

Nōlunt is the third person plural form of nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, — (irreg.): to refuse, not want, be unwilling. Manūs is the nominative plural form of manus, manūs (4f): hand; band, troop, group. Pāreō, pārēre, pāruī, pāritum (2): to comply with, obey (takes a dative object).

(No need to seek things far away.) Ad (prep.): to, toward; at, near (takes accusative). Manum is the accusative singular form of manus, manūs (4f): hand; band, troop, group. Est: is. Quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Sat is another form of satis (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here nom.): a sufficient thing or amount, enough. Est: is.

Manus, manūs (4f): hand; band, troop, group. Extrēmus/extrēma/extrēmum (1/2): situated at the end or edge; last; extreme. Manus extrēma = the finishing touch. Nōn: not. Accessit is the third person singular perfect form of accēdō, accēdere, accessī, accessum (3): to come (to or toward someone/something), approach; be added; join; agree (it can take a dative object). Operibus is the dative plural form of opus, operis (3n): work. Eius is the m/f/n genitive singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this (one), that (one).

Dignus/digna/dignum (1/2): worthy (what one is worthy of can be conveyed by a relative clause with the subjunctive). Est: she is. Cui is the m/f/n dative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Manum is the accusative singular form of manus, manūs (4f): hand; band, troop, group. Commodēs is the second person singular subjunctive form of commodō, commodāre, commodāvī, commodātum (1): to lend; supply; be accommodating; adapt.

In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Vestrā is the feminine ablative singular form of vester/vestra/vestrum (1/2): your, yours (addressing a plural you). Manū is the ablative singular form of manus, manūs (4f): hand; band, troop, group. Est: it is. Utrum is the m/n (here n) accusative singular form of uter/utra/utrum (interrog. pron. , 1/2, irreg.): which, which one (out of two). Velītis is the second person plural subjunctive form of volō, velle, voluī, — (irreg.): to want, wish (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect question—which also happens to be deliberative).

Vīvus/vīva/vīvum (1/2): alive, living. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Manūs is the accusative plural form of manus, manūs (4f): hand; band, troop, group. Hostium is the genitive plural form of hostis, hostis (3m/f): enemy, foe. Vēnit is the third person singular perfect form (or it could be venit, the present-tense form, used as a historical present) of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come. Fortissimus/fortissima/fortissimum (1/2): very brave/bravest, very/most valiant; very strong/strongest—the superlative form of fortis/fortis/forte (3): brave, valiant; strong. Imperātor, imperātōris (3): commander, general; emperor.

Manū is the ablative singular form of manus, manūs (4f): hand; band, troop, group. Mīsit is the third person singular perfect form of mittō, mittere, mīsī, missum (3): to release, let go; send; throw. Manū mittere (also written as one word, manūmittere) = to manumit, free (a slave), release (a slave) from one’s “hand”—i.e., one’s power or possession. Utrumque is the m/n (here m) accusative singular form of uterque/utraque/utrumque (1/2, irreg.): each of two, either; it can often be translated less literally as both. Ē vestīgiō: on the spot (idiomatic)—ex/ē (prep.): from, out of (takes ablative); vestīgiō is the ablative singular form of vestīgium, vestīgiī (2n): footprint; footing; the place where one stands; sole of the foot; step; trace. Ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it.

Gravis/gravis/grave (3): heavy; grave, serious; hard, troublesome, painful, grievous, severe, terrible. Est: it is. Manūs is the accusative plural form of manus, manūs (4f): hand; band, troop, group. Sibi: to/for/on oneself—the dative form of the reflexive pronoun. Adferō, adferre, adtulī, adlātum (3, irreg. —also afferō, afferre, attulī, allātum): to bring (manūs afferre + dative = to lay violent hands on; with a reflexive object like sibi, it typically refers to suicide).

Nēmō, nēminis (3m): no man, no one, nobody. Manum is the accusative singular form of manus, manūs (4f): hand; band, troop, group. Cōnserit is the third person singular form of cōnserō, cōnserere, cōnseruī, cōnsertum (3): to join, connect, fasten together, bring into contact. Manum or manūs cōnserere = to join battle or join in close combat; the opponent is expressed with the ablative after cum. Cum (prep.): with (takes the ablative). Recēdente is the m/f/n (here m) ablative singular form of recēdēns, recēdentis (3), the present active participle of recēdō, recēdere, recessī, recessum (3): to move back, draw back, recede, retreat, withdraw.

(From a letter of Marcus Aurelius to Fronto.) Manūs is the accusative plural form of manus, manūs (4f): hand; band, troop, group. Dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give. Manūs dare = to surrender. Vīcistī is the second person singular perfect form of vincō, vincere, vīcī, victus (3): to conquer, beat, defeat, vanquish, overcome; win, be victorious.

Manus, manūs (4f): hand; band, troop, group. Ad (prep.): to, toward; for (takes the accusative). Quirīnālia is the accusative form of Quirīnālia, Quirīnālium (3n, plural only): the Quirinal festival, festival of Quirinus (a deity with a previous history but ultimately assimilated to the deified Romulus)—a substantive use of the neuter plural form of the adjective Quirīnālis/Quirīnālis/Quirīnāle (3): Quirinal, belonging to Quirinus. Parātur is the third person singular passive form of parō, parāre, parāvī, parātum (1): to make available, furnish, supply; get, obtain, acquire; buy; prepare; raise (troops), gather.

Eā is the feminine ablative singular form of is/ea/id (adj.): this, that. Tam (adv.): so (much), to such a degree. Exiguā is the feminine ablative singular form of exiguus/exigua/exiguum (1/2): small, scanty. Manū is the ablative singular form of manus, manūs (4f): hand; band, troop, group. Oppida is the accusative plural form of oppidum, oppidī (2n): town. Aliquot (indeclinable adj.): some, several, a few, a number of. Cēpit is the third person singular perfect form of capiō, capere, cēpī, captum (3, –iō): to take, seize, capture.

(Whenever he came across the tombs of illustrious men.) Īnferiās is the accusative form of īnferiae, īnferiārum (1f, plural only): offerings to the dead. Mānibus is the dative form of mānēs, mānium (3m, plural only): the spirits of the dead; the spirit of a dead person; a ghost or ghosts. Dabat is the third person singular imperfect form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give.

Dīs is the dative plural form of deus, deī (2m, irreg.): god. Mānibus is the dative form of mānēs, mānium (3m, plural only;): the spirits of the dead; the spirit of a dead person; a ghost or ghosts. Dī mānēs = the spirits of the dead, regarded as minor deities. Sacer/sacra/sacrum (1/2): sacred; cursed (sacrum here can be nominative or accusative depending on context).

(The verb est is borrowed from earlier in the sentence.) Metus, metūs (4m): fear, dread. Opīniō, opīniōnis (3f): opinion, belief. Impendēns, impendentis (3) is the present active participle (threatening, impending) of impendeō, impendēre, —, — (2): to hang over; threaten, impend. Malum, malī (2n): a bad thing; evil; trouble, misfortune; disease; misdeed.

Per (prep.): through (takes the accusative). Vim is the accusative singular form of vīs, vīs (3f, irreg.): force, power, energy; violence; constraint, compulsion; strength. Metumque: metum is the accusative singular form of metus, metūs (4m): fear, dread; the enclitic conjunction –que adds and. Gesta is the neuter nominative plural form gestus/gesta/gestum (1/2), the perfect passive participle (performed) of gerō, gerere, gessī, gestum (3): to bear, carry; carry on, transact, conduct, perform, do, accomplish. Nē (adv.): not (in wishes, commands and purposes). Sint is the third person plural subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be (subjunctive because it’s a command—a negative one, also called prohibition). Rata is the neuter nominative plural form of ratus/rata/ratum (1/2): fixed, established; (regarded as) valid—originally the perfect participle of reor, rērī, ratus sum (2, deponent): to reckon, think, judge (since the verb is deponent, the perfect participle usually has an active meaning; but its meaning is passive when it’s used in this way as an adjective).

(Wrongdoers live in fear of being caught even if they never are.) Multōs is the masculine accusative plural form of multus/multa/multum (1/2): much, many. Fortūna, fortūnae (1f): fortune, chance, luck. Līberat is the third person singular form of līberō, līberāre, līberāvī, līberātum (1): to free, liberate. Poenā is the ablative singular form of poena, poenae (1f): punishment, penalty. Metū is the ablative singular form of metus, metūs (4m): fear, dread. Nēminem is the accusative form of nēmō, nēminis (3m): no man, no one, nobody.

Paelex, paelicis (3f): a mistress of a married man; a female rival for the love of a man. Careō, carēre, caruī, caritum (2): to lack, not have, be without, be free from (usually takes its object in the ablative case). Metū is the ablative singular form of metus, metūs (4m): fear, dread.

(Even if you suffer from no other misfortune, there’s always that fear to spoil your happiness a little.) Certē (adv.): certainly; at any rate, at least. Nē (conj. , with subjunctive): lest, that not; (when introducing a fear clause) that. Lassēscat is the third person singular subjunctive form of lassēscō, lassēscere, —, — (3): to grow tired; flag; fail. Fortūna, fortūnae (1f): fortune, chance, luck. Metus, metūs (4m): fear, dread. Est: there is.

Namque (conj.): certainly, to be sure, yes; for. Id is the neuter accusative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Metuō, metuere, metuī, metūtum (3): to fear, be afraid of, dread.

Māluit is the third person singular perfect form of mālō, mālle, māluī, — (irreg.): to prefer. Sē: himself—the accusative form of the reflexive pronoun. Dīligī is the passive infinitive form of dīligō, dīligere, dīlēxī, dīlēctum (3): to love, hold dear or in high regard. Quam (rel. adv.): than; as. Metuī is the passive infinitive form of metuō, metuere, metuī, metūtum (3): to fear, be afraid of, dread.

Quīnque (indeclinable): five. Enim (particle): for, indeed. Sēnsuum is the genitive plural form of sēnsus, sēnsūs (4m): sense; sensation, perception, feeling, consciousness, awareness; judgment, understanding, thought, idea, opinion, sentiment; meaning; sentence or clause (group of words). Maximus/maxima/maximum (1/2): very big/biggest, very large/largest, very great/greatest (occasionally it can be translated as strongest or the like, when what is meant is greatest in power)—the superlative form of magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): big, large, great. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Oculīs is the ablative plural form of oculus, oculī (2m): eye. (The verb is implied.)

Dē (prep.): from, down from; about, concerning (takes ablative). Bonīs is the ablative plural form of bonum, bonī (2n): a good, any good thing (a blessing, a boon, etc.). Atque/ac (conj.): and. Malīs is the ablative plural form of malum, malī (2n): an evil or any bad thing (disaster, calamity, misfortune, ill, disease, etc.). Sēnsus, sēnsūs (4m): sense; sensation, perception, feeling, consciousness, awareness; judgment, understanding, thought, idea, opinion, sentiment; meaning; sentence or clause (group of words). Nōn: not. Iūdicat is the third person singular form of iūdicō, iūdicāre, iūdicāvī, iūdicātum (1): to judge, pass judgment, make a judgment.

Fallet is the third person singular future form of fallō, fallere, fefellī, falsum (3): to deceive. Igitur (conj.): therefore, so, then. Sēnsum is the accusative singular form of sēnsus, sēnsūs (4m): sense; sensation, perception, feeling, consciousness, awareness; judgment, understanding, thought, idea, opinion, sentiment; meaning; sentence or clause (group of words).

(Speaking of the fates.) Nōbīs is the dative form of nōs: we (to/for/from us). Sēnsum is the accusative singular form of sēnsus, sēnsūs (4m): sense; sensation, perception, feeling, consciousness, awareness; judgment, understanding, thought, idea, opinion, sentiment; meaning; sentence or clause (group of words). Nostrae is the feminine genitive singular form of noster/nostra/nostrum (1/2): our, ours. Nex, necis (3f): murder, killing; death. Auferunt is the third person plural form of auferō, auferre, abstulī, ablātum (3, irreg.): to take away (the person whom something is taken away from often goes in the dative).

Sine (prep.): without (takes the ablative). Sēnsū is the ablative singular form of sēnsus, sēnsūs (4m): sense; sensation, perception, feeling, consciousness, awareness; judgment, understanding, thought, idea, opinion, sentiment; meaning; sentence or clause (group of words). Nāscimur is the first person plural form of nāscor, nāscī, nātus sum (3, deponent): to be born.

Recipe is the singular imperative form of recipiō, recipere, recēpī, receptum (3, –iō): to get back, recover; receive; accept. Iam (adv.): already; now; soon. Sēnsūs is the accusative plural form of sēnsus, sēnsūs (4m): sense; sensation, perception, feeling, consciousness, awareness; judgment, understanding, thought, idea, opinion, sentiment; meaning; sentence or clause (group of words). Era is the vocative singular form of era, erae (1f—also hera): mistress (of slaves), lady of the house.

(He’s talking about the constant use of a rhetorical device.) Aufert is the third person singular form of auferō, auferre, abstulī, ablātum (3, irreg.): to take away. Hūmānum is the m/n accusative singular form of hūmānus/hūmāna/hūmānum (1/2): human; civilized; cultured; kind; courteous. Sēnsum is the accusative singular form of sēnsus, sēnsūs (4m): sense; sensation, perception, feeling, consciousness, awareness; judgment, understanding, thought, idea, opinion, sentiment; meaning; sentence or clause (group of words). Audītor, audītōris (3m): listener.

Sed (conj.): but. Angor is the first person singular passive form of angō, angere, ānxī, ānctum (3): to strangle, smother, suffocate; cause pain or anguish to, afflict, distress. Intimīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of intimus/intima/intimum (1/2): inmost; most intimate. Sēnsibus is the ablative plural form of sēnsus, sēnsūs (4m): sense; sensation, perception, feeling, consciousness, awareness; judgment, understanding, thought, idea, opinion, sentiment; meaning; sentence or clause (group of words).

(From a letter written to Cicero.) Nōn: not. Est: is. Ignōtus/ignōta/ignōtum (1/2): unknown, unfamiliar. Mihi is the dative form of ego: I (to me). Sēnsus, sēnsūs (4m): sense; sensation, perception, feeling, consciousness, awareness; judgment, understanding, thought, idea, opinion, sentiment; meaning; sentence or clause. Tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours.

Sēnsus, sēnsūs (4m): sense; sensation, perception, feeling, consciousness, awareness; judgment, understanding, thought, idea, opinion, sentiment; meaning; sentence or clause. Est: is.

(One of the effects of anger.) Concutiētur is the third person singular future passive form of concutiō, concutere, concussī, concussum (3, –iō): to shake, agitate. Crēbrō is the m/n ablative singular form of crēber/crēbra/crēbrum (1/2): placed at frequent intervals or occurring in close succession; dense, tight-packed; frequent, repeated, constant. Spīritū is the ablative singular form of spīritus, spīritūs (4m): breath, breathing; life, the breath of life; air (often air in motion); wind, breeze; spirit; pride, arrogance. Pectus, pectoris (3n): chest, breast.

(Speaking of Theramenes, who drank the poison assigned to him as a political punishment and made a joke and laughed before dying.) Lūsit is the third person singular perfect form of lūdō, lūdere, lūsī, lūsum (3): to play, have fun; jest, joke. Vir, virī (2m): man. Ēgregius/ēgregia/ēgregium (1/2): outstanding, excellent, first-rate, splendid; pre-eminent, distinguished, illustrious. Extrēmō is the m/n ablative singular form of extrēmus/extrēma/extrēmum (1/2): situated at the end or edge; last; extreme. Spīritū is the ablative singular form of spīritus, spīritūs (4m): breath, breathing; life, the breath of life; air (often air in motion); wind, breeze; spirit; pride, arrogance.

Cūr (interrog. adv.): why? Dextra, dextrae (1f—also dextera): right hand. Rēgī is the dative singular form of rēx, rēgis (3m): king. Spīritum is the accusative singular form of spīritus, spīritūs (4m): breath, breathing; life, the breath of life; air (often air in motion); wind, breeze; spirit; pride, arrogance. Ēripuit is the third person singular perfect form of ēripiō, ēripere, ēripuī, ēreptum (3, –iō): to snatch out or away (from = often dative). Tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours.

Ignem is the accusative singular form of ignis, ignis (3m): fire. Spīritus, spīritūs (4m): breath, breathing; life, the breath of life; air (often air in motion); wind, breeze; spirit; pride, arrogance. Concitat is the third person singular form of concitō, concitāre, concitāvī, concitātum (1): to set in rapid motion; spur, urge on; rouse, arouse, stir up, excite, agitate.

Per (prep.): through (takes the accusative). Haec is the neuter accusative plural form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this (these). Intervalla is the accusative plural form of intervallum, intervallī (2n): distance; gap; opening, interstice; interval; break, pause, intermission; difference. Intrat is the third person singular form of intrō, intrāre, intrāvī, intrātum (1): to enter. Spīritus, spīritūs (4m): breath, breathing; life, the breath of life; air (often air in motion); wind, breeze; spirit; pride, arrogance.

(Talking about water.) Aliquandō (adv.): sometimes; someday, sometime; once, at some point in the past; finally, at last. In (prep.): (with abl.) in (denoting position); (with acc.) into (or in denoting direction). Adversum is the m/n accusative singular form of adversus/adversa/adversum (1/2): turned toward, facing, opposite; moving in the opposite direction, (esp. of winds) blowing against one (and thus unfavorable/adverse); (in all sorts of other contexts) opposed, adverse, hostile, unfavorable (here the neuter singular is used substantively to mean the opposite direction). Spīritū is the ablative singular form of spīritus, spīritūs (4m): breath, breathing; life, the breath of life; air (often air in motion); wind, breeze; spirit; pride, arrogance. Impellitur is the third person singular passive form of impellō, impellere, impulī, impulsum (3): to strike against; push, drive forward, propel, impel.

Pater is the vocative singular form of pater, patris (3m): father. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Manūs is the accusative plural form of manus, manūs (4f): hand; band, troop. Tuās is the feminine accusative plural form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours (in archaic English thy, thine). Commendō, commendāre, commendāvī, commendātum (1): to entrust, commend. Spīritum is the accusative singular form of spīritus, spīritūs (4m): breath, breathing; life, the breath of life; air (often air in motion); wind, breeze; spirit; pride, arrogance. Meum is the m/n accusative singular form of meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine.

(The Holy Trinity.) In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Nōmine is the ablative singular form of nōmen, nōminis (3n): name. Pater, patris (3m): father. Et (conj.): and. Fīlius, fīliī (2m): son. Spīritus, spīritūs (4m): breath, breathing; life, the breath of life; air (often air in motion); wind, breeze; spirit; pride, arrogance. Sānctī is the m/n genitive singular form of sānctus/sāncta/sānctum (1/2): holy, sacred; righteous.

(No. The utterance in question is “let them hate, if only they fear”—quoted from a play.) Magnō is the m/n ablative singular form of magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): big, large, great. Hoc is the neuter accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Dictum is the m/n accusative singular form of dictus/dicta/dictum (1/2) the perfect passive participle (said, having been said) of dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say. Spīritū is the ablative singular form of spīritus, spīritūs (4m): breath, breathing; life, the breath of life; air (often air in motion); wind, breeze; spirit; pride, arrogance. Putās is the second person singular form of putō, putāre, putāvī, putātum (1): to think, suppose, regard as.

Īte is the plural imperative form of eō, īre, iī/īvī, itum (irreg.): to go. Alacrēs is the m/f nominative plural form of alacer/alacris/alacre (3): brisk; lively, active; eager, enthusiastic. Et (conj.): and. Spīritus, spīritūs (4m): breath, breathing; life, the breath of life; air (often air in motion); wind, breeze; spirit; pride, arrogance. Plēnī is the masculine nominative plural form of plēnus/plēna/plēnum (1/2): full.

(If I rent a house from you.) Rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair; fact; event; property. Tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours. Est: is. Ūsus, ūsūs (4m): use; utility; usage; practice; experience; habitual dealings (with a person), relationship; need. Rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair; fact; event; property. Tuae is the feminine genitive singular form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours. Meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine.

Quisquis/quidquid (rel. pron. ; the neuter form is also spelled quicquid): whoever, whatever. Ad (prep.): to, toward; at (takes the accusative). Illum is the masculine accusative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it. Pervēnit is the third person singular perfect form of perveniō, pervenīre, pervēnī, perventum (4): to come (all the way to a destination), arrive (it could also be present tense, pervenit; but Latin tends to use the perfect when a verb denotes an action that’s completed before another in a general statement). Is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this (one), that (one). Prāvō is the m/n ablative singular form of prāvus/prāva/prāvum (1/2): crooked, distorted; wicked, depraved; wrong. Ūsū is the ablative singular form of ūsus, ūsūs (4m): use; utility; usage; practice; experience; habitual dealings (with a person), relationship; need. Corrumpitur is the third person singular passive form of corrumpō, corrumpere, corrūpī, corruptum (3): to destroy, spoil, ruin; corrupt.

(Here’s imagining a Peripatetic argument against the Stoics.) Concēditis is the second person plural form of concēdō, concēdere, concessī, concessum (3): to depart, withdraw; give in, submit; concede, grant. Dīvitiās is the accusative form of dīvitiae, dīvitiārum (1f, plural only): wealth, riches. Habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have. Aliquid is the neuter accusative singular form of aliquis/aliqua/aliquid (pron.): someone, something; (in n. sg.) some amount (of). Ūsus, ūsūs (4m): use; utility; usage; practice; experience; habitual dealings (with a person), relationship; need.

Vīvit is the third person singular form of vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctum (3): to live (sometimes implying really, in the true sense of the term). Is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this (one), that (one). Quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Multīs is the m/f/n (here m) dative plural form of multus/multa/multum (1/2): much, many. Ūsuī is the dative singular form of ūsus, ūsūs (4m): use; utility; usage; practice; experience; habitual dealings (with a person), relationship. Multīs ūsuī is a double-dative construction. Est: is.

(He’s describing people on different stages of the path toward wisdom.) Bonum is the accusative singular form of bonum, bonī (2n): a good, a blessing, a boon. Suum: their (own)—the m/n accusative singular form of suus/sua/suum (1/2). Nōndum (adv.): not yet. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Ūsū is the ablative singular form of ūsus, ūsūs (4m): use; utility; usage; practice; experience; habitual dealings (with a person), relationship; need. Habent is the third person plural form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have.

(The work may have been written by Fronto. The author is talking about adverbium, a word that he thinks doesn’t belong in the language.) Tamen (adv.): nevertheless, yet, still. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Ūsum is the accusative singular form of ūsus, ūsūs (4m): use; utility; usage; practice; experience; habitual dealings (with a person), relationship; need. Est receptum is the third person neuter singular perfect passive form of recipiō, recipere, recēpī, receptum (3, –iō): to get back, recover; receive, take in; accept, admit, allow.

(He’s talking about the symptoms of stage fright in orators.) Haec is the neuter accusative plural form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it (these things). Neque/nec (conj. and adv.): and not, nor; neither, not either, not even (nec. . . nec = neither. . . nor). Disciplīna, disciplīnae (1f): teaching, training, instruction; discipline. Neque/nec (conj. and adv.): and not, nor; neither, not either, not even. Ūsus, ūsūs (4m): use; utility; usage; practice; experience; habitual dealings (with a person), relationship; need. Umquam (adv.): ever. Excutit is the third person singular form of excutiō, excutere, excussī, excussum (3, –iō): to shake or knock out or off; cast out, drive away; examine.

Est: is. Rērum is the genitive plural form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair; fact; event; property. Omnium is the m/f/n genitive plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Magister, magistrī (3m): teacher, master. Ūsus, ūsūs (4m): use; utility; usage; practice; experience; habitual dealings (with a person), relationship; need.

In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into; for. Ūsum is the accusative singular form of ūsus, ūsūs (4m): use; utility; usage; practice; experience; habitual dealings (with a person), relationship; need. Novae is the feminine genitive singular form of novus/nova/novum (1/2): new. Classis, classis (3f): fleet. Tēcta is the accusative plural form of tēctum, tēctī (2n): roof; ceiling; shelter; dwelling (a substantive use of tēctus/tēcta/tēctum (1/2), the perfect passive participle of tegō, tegere, tēxī, tectum (3): to cover; protect; hide, conceal). Domuum is the genitive plural form of domus, domūs (2/4f): house, home. Rescidērunt is the third person plural perfect form of rescindō, rescindere, rescidī, rescissum (3): to cut away; tear away; split open; cancel, annul, rescind.

Inter (prep.): among; between (takes the accusative). Nōsmet: nōs is the accusative form of nōs: we (us); the enclitic particle –met adds emphasis to a pronoun. Ipsōs is the masculine accusative plural form of ipse/ipsa/ipsum (adj.): himself/herself/itself/oneself/myself/etc. ; in person; the very. Vetus, veteris (3, adj.): old, ancient; old-standing. Ūsus, ūsūs (4m): use; utility; usage; practice; experience; habitual dealings (with a person), relationship; need. Intercēdit is the third person singular form of intercēdō, intercēdere, intercessī, intercessum (3): to intervene; (of relationships and the like) exist or be contracted (between people).

Ad (prep.): to, toward; for. Eam is the feminine accusative singular form of is/ea/id (adj.): this, that. Rem is the accusative singular form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair; fact; event; property. Ūsus, ūsūs (4m): use; utility; usage; practice; experience; habitual dealings (with a person), relationship; need. Est: there is. Tuā is the feminine ablative singular form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours. Mihi is the dative form of ego: I (to/for me). Operā is the ablative singular form of opera, operae (1f): work, effort; attention; service; assistance.

Nōn: not. Ūsus, ūsūs (4m): use; utility; usage; practice; experience; habitual dealings (with a person), relationship; need. Veniet is the third person singular future form of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come. Spērō, spērāre, spērāvī, spērātum (1): to hope (for).

Nārrā is the singular imperative form of nārrō, nārrāre, nārrāvī, nārrātum (1): to tell, narrate. Illud is the neuter accusative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it. Quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Tibi is the dative form of tū: you. Ūsū is the ablative singular form of ūsus, ūsūs (4m): use; utility; usage; practice; experience; habitual dealings (with a person), relationship; need. Vēnit is the third person singular perfect form of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come. Ūsū venīre + dative = to happen to, be experienced by.

Ūsus, ūsūs (4m): use; utility; usage; practice; experience; habitual dealings (with a person), relationship; need (the thing needed often goes in the ablative). Est: there is. Pecūniā is the ablative singular form of pecūnia, pecūniae (1f): money.

Bene (adv.): well. Ūsus est is the third person masculine singular perfect form of ūtor, ūtī, ūsus sum (3, deponent): to use (takes an ablative object). Vīribus is the ablative plural form of vīs, vīs (3f): force, power, energy; violence; strength (plural forms are often translated with the singular word strength and sometimes power—here it refers to political power). Suīs: his (own)—the m/f/n ablative plural form of suus/sua/suum (1/2).