Nouns: Second Declension

(Why he can’t sleep and complains of hearing sounds that don’t exist.) Animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit; attitude, disposition, inclination; intention; courage, morale; pride, haughtiness, arrogance; anger, animosity. Illī is the m/f/n dative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it. Obstrepit is the third person singular form of obstrepō, obstrepere, obstrepuī, obstrepitum (3): to make a louder noise in opposition (to, with dative); make a loud noise or noises (at, with dative); clamor (at, with dative).

Rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair; fact; circumstance; property. Ipse/ipsa/ipsum (adj.): himself/herself/itself/myself/etc. ; in person; the very. Parvus/parva/parvum (1/2): small, little; unimportant. Sed (conj.): but. Animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit; attitude, disposition, inclination; intention; courage, morale; pride, haughtiness, arrogance; anger, animosity. Meī is the m/n genitive singular form of meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine. Dolor, dolōris (3m): pain; sorrow. Magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): big, large, great; important. Est: is.

Tālem is the m/f accusative singular form of tālis/tālis/tāle (3): such, like this/that, of such a quality. Animum is the accusative singular form of animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit (heart sometimes works as a less literal translation); attitude, disposition, inclination; intention; courage, morale; pride, haughtiness, arrogance; anger, animosity. Esse: to be. Nostrum is the m/n accusative singular form of noster/nostra/nostrum (1/2): our, ours. Volō, velle, voluī, — (irreg.): to want, wish.

Dormientium is the m/f/n (here m) genitive plural form of dormiēns, dormientis (3), the present active participle of dormiō, dormīre, dormīvī/dormiī, dormītum (4): to sleep. Animī is the nominative plural form of animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit; attitude, disposition, inclination; intention; courage, morale; pride, haughtiness, arrogance; anger, animosity. Maximē (adv.): most; very much. Dēclārant is the third person plural form of dēclārō, dēclārāre, dēclārāvī, dēclārātum (1): to announce, declare; show, reveal. Dīvīnitātem is the accusative singular form of dīvīnitās, dīvīnitātis (3f): divine nature, divinity; faculty of divining. Suam: their (own)—the feminine accusative singular form of suus/sua/suum (1/2).

(He’s speaking of wisdom—sapientia, sapientiae (1f).) Animōrum is the genitive plural form of animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit; attitude, disposition, inclination; intention; courage, morale; pride, haughtiness, arrogance; anger, animosity. Magistra, magistrae (1f): (female) teacher, mistress. Est: it is.

(Speaking of philosophy.) Medētur is the third person singular form of medeor, medērī, —, — (2, deponent): to cure, heal (takes a dative object). Animīs is the dative plural form of animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit; attitude, disposition, inclination; intention; courage, morale; pride, haughtiness, arrogance; anger, animosity.

Temptō, temptāre, temptāvī, temptātum (1—also tentō): to test; try, attempt. Enim (particle): for, indeed. Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Quō is the m/n ablative singular form of quī/quae/quod (interrog. adj.): which. . . ? what. . . ? Animō is the ablative singular form of animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit; attitude, disposition, inclination; intention; courage, morale; pride, haughtiness, arrogance; anger, animosity. Accipiās is the second person singular subjunctive form of accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptum (3, –iō): to receive, accept, take (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect question).

Nōn: not. Inquit is the third person singular form of inquam (irreg. and defective): to say (inquit = he/she says or said). Hōc is the m/n ablative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Animō is the ablative singular form of animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit; attitude, disposition, inclination; intention; courage, morale; pride, haughtiness, arrogance; anger, animosity. Faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Ut (conj. , with subjunctive): so, so that, in order that. Vim is the accusative singular form of vīs, vīs (3f, irreg.): force, power, energy; violence; strength. Facerem is the first person singular imperfect subjunctive form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make.

Animum is the accusative singular form of animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit; attitude, disposition, inclination; intention; courage, morale; pride, haughtiness, arrogance; anger, animosity. Resūmpsit is the third person singular perfect form of resūmō, resūmere, resūmpsī, resūmptum (3): to pick up again; regain, recover; resume.

Refectī sunt is the third person masculine plural perfect passive form of reficiō, reficere, refēcī, refectum (3, –iō): to restore; refresh, revive. Mīlitum is the genitive plural form of mīles, mīlitis (3m): soldier. Animī is the nominative plural form of animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit; attitude, disposition, inclination; intention; courage, morale; pride, haughtiness, arrogance; anger, animosity.

Nōrātis is the second person plural pluperfect form of nōscō, nōscere, nōvī, nōtum (3): (in present-stem forms) to get to know; (in perfect-stem forms) know (perfect forms are translated as know and pluperfect forms as knew). Animōs is the accusative plural form of animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit; attitude, disposition, inclination; intention; courage, morale; pride, haughtiness, arrogance; anger, animosity. Eius is the m/f/n genitive singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Atque/ac (conj.): and. Spīritūs is the accusative plural form of spīritus, spīritūs (4m): breath; spirit; disposition; pride, haughtiness, arrogance. Tribūniciōs is the masculine accusative plural form of tribūnicius/tribūnicia/tribūnicium (1/2): tribunician, belonging to or characteristic of a tribune.

Vince is the singular imperative form of vincō, vincere, vīcī, victum (3): to conquer, defeat, overcome; win, be victorious. Animōs is the accusative plural form of animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit (or various feelings, attitudes, etc. originating in the mind); attitude, disposition, inclination; intention; courage, morale; pride, haughtiness, arrogance; anger, animosity. Īramque: īram is the accusative singular form of īra, īrae (1f): anger; the enclitic conjunction –que adds and. Tuam is the feminine accusative singular form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours. Quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Cētera is the neuter accusative plural form of cēterus/cētera/cēterum (1/2): (all) (the) other(s), the rest (of). Vincis is the second person singular indicative form of vincō, vincere, vīcī, victum (3): to conquer, defeat, overcome; win, be victorious.

Nōn: not. Faciet is the third person singular future form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Bonum is the m/n accusative singular form of bonus/bona/bonum (1/2): good. Animum is the accusative singular form of animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit; attitude, disposition, inclination; intention; courage, morale; pride, haughtiness, arrogance; anger, animosity. Habē is the singular imperative form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have.

Bonō is the m/n ablative singular form of bonus/bona/bonum (1/2): good. Animō is the ablative singular form of animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit; attitude, disposition, inclination; intention; courage, morale; pride, haughtiness, arrogance; anger, animosity. Es is the singular imperative form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be (this fairly rare imperative form looks identical to the second person singular indicative meaning you are, but is differentiated by context; bonō animō es didn’t cause confusion because it’s a set expression). Līberābit is the third person singular future form of līberō, līberāre, līberāvī, līberātum (1): to free, liberate. Ille/illa/illud (adj.): that. Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Homō, hominis (3m): man, human.

Parcō, parcere, pepercī/parsī, parsum (3): to spare, be lenient, be merciful; refrain, forbear (with a dative object). Victīs is the m/f/n (here m) dative plural form of victus/victa/victum (1/2), the perfect passive participle of vincō, vincere, vīcī, victum (3): to conquer, defeat, overcome; win, be victorious. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Animō is the ablative singular form of animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit; attitude, disposition, inclination; intention; courage, morale; pride, haughtiness, arrogance; anger, animosity. Habēbat is the third person singular imperfect form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have.

Mihi is the dative form of ego: I (to/for me). In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Animō is the ablative singular form of animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit; attitude, disposition, inclination; intention; courage, morale; pride, haughtiness, arrogance; anger, animosity. Est: it is. Lēgum is the genitive plural form of lēx, lēgis (3f): law. Lātiōnem is the accusative singular form of lātiō, lātiōnis (3f): proposal (of a law). Exspectō, exspectāre, exspectāvī, exspectātum (1—also expectō): to wait (for/until), await; expect; look forward to.

Dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say (it’s in the historical present). Mē is the accusative form of ego: I (me, myself). Illō (adv.): there (with motion), thither, to that place. Advēnisse is the perfect infinitive form of adveniō, advenīre, advēnī, adventum (4): to come (to a destination), arrive. Animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit; attitude, disposition, inclination; intention; courage, morale; pride, haughtiness, arrogance; anger, animosity. Causā is the ablative singular form of causa, causae (1f): case; cause, reason; (in abl. sg. after a genitive word) for the sake (of).

Anime is the vocative singular form of animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit; attitude, disposition, inclination; intention; courage, morale; pride, haughtiness, arrogance; anger, animosity. Mī is the masculine vocative singular form of meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine. Menaechme is the vocative singular form of Menaechmus, Menaechmī (2m). Salvē is the singular imperative form of salveō, salvēre, —, — (2, defective): to be well, be in good health; it’s mostly used in the imperative as a greeting (hello, hi).

Anime is the vocative singular form of animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit; attitude, disposition, inclination; intention; courage, morale; pride, haughtiness, arrogance; anger, animosity. Quid (interrog. adv.): why? Mortem is the accusative singular form of mors, mortis (3f): death. Timēs is the second person singular form of timeō, timēre, timuī, — (2): to fear, be afraid.

(The result is produced by external conditions such as the quality of the weather, etc. —not intrinsic ones, such as the soil.) Annus, annī (2m): year. Prōdūcit is the third person singular form of prōdūcō, prōdūcere, prōdūxī, prōductum (3): to lead or bring forward; produce, bring forth; rear, educate; lengthen, extend. Nōn: not. Ager, agrī (2m): field.

(He’s talking about ancient philosophers and the safety of spending time with them by studying their works.) Hōrum is the m/n (here m) genitive plural form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it (of these). Nēmō, nēminis (3m): no one. Annōs is the accusative plural form of annus, annī (2m): year. Tuōs is the accusative plural form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours. Conteret is the third person singular future form of conterō, conterere, contrīvī, contrītum (3): to grind, crush; wear out; consume, waste.

(. . . and you will see that he lived long enough.) Incipe is the singular imperative form of incipiō, incipere, incēpī, inceptum (3, –iō; forms based on the perfect stem are rare and usually replaced by forms of coepī): to begin, start. Virtūtibus is the ablative plural form of virtūs, virtūtis (3f): virtue, merit, good quality; courage, valor. Illum is the masculine accusative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it. Nōn: not. Annīs is the ablative plural form of annus, annī (2m): year. Aestimō, aestimāre, aestimāvī, aestimātum (1): to estimate, assess; consider, regard as.

(Note that the Romans counted inclusively; so here Cicero was probably including the year of life that the person was in at the time, meaning the person was in his nineteenth year—what we would call eighteen years old, because we only count completed years when we say n years old.) Ūndēvīgintī (indeclinable): nineteen. Annōs is the accusative plural form of annus, annī (2m): year (an accusative of duration/length of time). Nātus/nāta/nātum (1/2): (having been) born—the perfect active participle of nāscor, nāscī, nātus sum (3, deponent): to be born. Erat is the third person singular imperfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Eō is the m/n ablative singular form of is/ea/id (adj.): this, that (the is sometimes a sufficient translation). Tempore is the ablative singular form of tempus, temporis (3n): time.

(Note that the Romans counted inclusively; so here Livy was probably including the year of life that the person was estimated to be in at the time, meaning the person was estimated to be in his thirty-third year—what we would call thirty-two years old, because we only count completed years when we said n years old.) Erat is the third person singular imperfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Trium is the m/f/n genitive form of trēs/trēs/tria (3): three. Fermē (adv. —also ferē): approximately, about, roughly; almost; usually, generally. Et (conj.): and. Trīgintā (indeclinable): thirty. Annōrum is the genitive plural form of annus, annī (2m): year.

Nōnāgēsimum id the m/n accusative singular form of nōnāgēsimus/nōnāgēsima/nōnāgēsimum (1/2): ninetieth. Et (conj.): and. Quīntum is the m/n accusative singular form of quīntus/quīnta/quīntum (1/2): fifth. Annum is the accusative singular form of annus, annī (2m): year. Agēbat is the third person singular imperfect form of agō, agere, ēgī, āctum (3): to drive, cause to move; do, perform, conduct, deal with; act; spend (time or life), live.

Ubi (interrog. adv.): where? Sunt: are (they). Arma, armōrum (2n, plural only): arms, weapons.

Statim (adv.): straightway, at once, immediately. Arma is the accusative form of arma, armōrum (2n, plural only): arms, weapons. Summittet is the third person singular future form of summittō, summittere, summīsī, summissum (3—also submittō): to let grow; send as assistance; send secretly; lower, drop, lay down; place under; make subject or subordinate (to).

(It = your fatherland.) Fulgentēs is the m/f accusative plural form of fulgēns, fulgentis (3), the present active participle of fulgeō, fulgēre, fulsī, — (2): to shine brightly, flash, glitter. Procul (adv.): far (away); in the distance; from a distance. Armīs is the ablative form of arma, armōrum (2n, plural only): arms, weapons. Catervās is the accusative plural form of caterva, catervae (1f): band, company; squadron; crowd. Vīdit is the third person singular perfect form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see.

Hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it. Fīnis, fīnis (3m): end. Arma, armōrum (2n, plural only): arms, weapons; (by metonymy) war (or wars). Cīvīlium is the m/f/n genitive plural form of cīvīlis/cīvīlis/cīvīle (3): civil, belonging to citizens. (The verb is implied.)

(On people being transformed into lions.) Ex/ē (prep.): out of, from (takes the ablative). Umerīs is the ablative plural form of umerus, umerī (2m—also humerus): shoulder. Armī is the nominative plural form of armus, armī (2m): fore-quarter, shoulder (usually of an animal, occasionally of a person). Fīunt is the third person plural form of fīō, fierī, —, — (irreg.): to be done; be made; happen; become (it’s in the historical present).

Ubicumque (rel. adv.): wherever. Homō, hominis (3m): man, human being. Est: (there) is. Ibi (adv.): there. Beneficium, beneficī (2n): a kindness, service, favor, benefit. Locus, locī (2m): place; opportunity.

Nūllum is the m/n accusative singular form of nūllus/nūlla/nūllum (1/2, irreg.): no, not any. Beneficium is the accusative singular form of beneficium, beneficiī (2n): a kindness, service, favor, benefit. Dabō is the first person singular future form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give. Quod is the neuter accusative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Turpiter (adv.): shamefully, disgracefully. Peterem is the first person singular imperfect subjunctive form of petō, petere, petīvī/petiī, petītum (3): to direct one’s course to, make for; aim at; go for; attack; seek; ask for, request (imperfect subjunctive because it’s present contrary to fact).

(When someone is mad at you.) Tū: you. Contrā (adv.): in front of one; against one; to the contrary; conversely; on the other hand; in return; in response. Beneficiīs is the ablative plural form of beneficium, beneficiī (2n): a kindness, service, favor, benefit. Prōvocā is the singular imperative form of prōvocō, prōvocāre, prōvocāvī, prōvocātum (1): to call forth; challenge; provoke.

Cāram is the feminine accusative singular form of cārus/cāra/cārum (1/2): dear; expensive. Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Vīta is the vocative singular form of vīta, vītae (1f): life. Beneficiō is the ablative singular form of beneficium, beneficiī (2n): a kindness, service, favor, benefit. Mors, mortis (3f): death. Habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have; hold.

(The words of someone asking for a reward.) Meō is the m/n ablative singular form of meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine. Enim (particle): for, indeed. Beneficiō is the ablative singular form of beneficium, beneficiī (2n): a kindness, service, favor, benefit. Et (adv.): also. Sacrilegium, sacrilegiī (2n): robbery of sacred property; sacrilege. Ille/illa/illud (adj.): that. Inventum est is the third person neuter singular perfect passive form of inveniō, invenīre, invēnī, inventum (4): to find; discover; invent.

Prīncipum is the genitive plural form of prīnceps, prīncipis (3m/f): leader, ruler, prince, emperor. Saevitia, saevitiae (1f): savagery; cruelty. Bellum, bellī (2n): war. Est: is.

Bona is the accusative plural form of bonum, bonī (2n): a good thing, a good, a blessing, a boon; (in pl.) possessions, property. Bellō is the ablative singular form of bellum, bellī (2n): war. Perdō, perdere, perdidī, perditum (3): to destroy; waste; lose.

Bella is the accusative plural form of bellum, bellī (2n): war (it could also refer to a single war if it’s in the poetic plural). Tēlemachō is the dative singular form of Tēlemachus, Tēlemachī (2m): the son of Odysseus and Penelope. Parās is the second person singular form of parō, parāre, parāvī, parātum (1): to make available, furnish, supply; produce, bring about; get, obtain, acquire; buy; prepare.

(When taken individually; but when they’re put together, there’s redundancy. He’s talking about expressions used by an orator.) Nihil (n. , indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here nom.): nothing, none (when talking about things). Nōn: not. Ex/ē (prep.): from, out of (takes ablative). Eīs is the m/f/n (here n) ablative plural form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this (one), that (one). Bellus/bella/bellum (1/2): pretty, handsome; fine, excellent. Est: is.

Caelum, caelī (2n): sky, heaven, the heavens; weather, climate; clime, region. Tonitrū is the ablative singular form of tonitrus, tonitrūs (4m): thunder. Contremit is the third person singular form of contremō, contremere, —, — (3): to tremble violently.

Cōgitātiō, cōgitātiōnis (3f): thought. Noster/nostra/nostrum (1/2): our, ours. Caelum, caelī (2n): sky, heaven, the heavens; weather, climate; clime, region. Mūnīmenta is the accusative plural form of mūnīmentum, mūnīmentī (2n): fortification, rampart, bulwark. Perrumpit is the third person singular form of perrumpō, perrumpere, perrūpī, perruptum (3): to cause to burst apart; break through.

Nox, noctis (3f): night. Prīmus/prīma/prīmum (1/2): frontmost; first; earliest; foremost (it sometimes refers to the frontmost/first/earliest part of; here the first/earliest part of the night, which can be translated as early night). Caelum is the accusative singular form of caelum, caelī (2n): sky, heaven, the heavens; weather, climate; clime, region. Sparserat is the third person singular pluperfect form of spargō, spargere, sparsī, sparsum (3): to sprinkle, scatter. Stēllīs is the ablative plural form of stēlla, stēllae (1f): star.

Nīmīrum (particle): naturally, of course, presumably. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Caelō is the ablative singular form of caelum, caelī (2n): sky, heaven, the heavens; weather, climate; clime, region. Sēcum: with himself (sē = himself; cum = with). Rīdet is the third person singular form of rīdeō, rīdēre, rīsī, rīsum (2): to laugh. Iuppiter, Iovis (3m): Jupiter, Jove.

Dominus, dominī (2m): lord, master. Autem (particle): on the other hand, but, however; and, moreover; for my, your, his, etc. part. Caelōs is the accusative plural form of caelum, caelī (2n, but m in the plural): sky, heaven, the heavens; weather, climate; clime, region. Fēcit is the third person singular perfect form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make.

Pater is the vocative singular form of pater, patris (3m): father. Noster is the masculine vocative singular form of noster/nostra/nostrum (1/2): our, ours. Quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Es: (you) are, (thou) art. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Caelīs is the ablative plural form of caelum, caelī (2n, but m in the plural): sky, heaven, the heavens; weather, climate; clime, region.

Pīsōnem is the accusative singular form of Pīsō, Pīsōnis (3m). Ferēbat is the third person singular imperfect form of ferō, ferre, tulī, lātum (3, irreg.): to carry, bear; endure; bring forth, produce; tell, narrate, say. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Caelum is the accusative singular form of caelum, caelī (2n): sky, heaven, the heavens; weather, climate; clime, region. Ferre in caelum = to praise to the skies.

Intemperiēs, intemperiēī (5f): intemperateness, immoderateness. Caelum, caelī (2n): sky, heaven, the heavens; weather, climate; clime, region. Valītūdinem is the accusative singular form of valītūdō, valītūdinis (3f—also valētūdō): health (whether good or bad), state of health; good health; ill health, sickness. Temptat is the third person singular form of temptō, temptāre, temptāvī, temptātum (1): to test; try, attempt; attack; trouble, harass.

Ipse/ipsa/ipsum (adj.): himself/herself/itself/myself/etc. ; in person; the very. Hominum is the genitive plural form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human, person. Color, colōris (3m): color. Ab/ā (prep.): from; by (take the ablative). Aliō is the m/n ablative singular form of alius/alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): other, another; different. Veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come. Caelō is the ablative singular form of caelum, caelī (2n): sky, heaven, the heavens; weather, climate; clime, region. Fatēbātur is the third person singular imperfect form of fateor, fatērī, fassus sum (2, deponent): to admit, confess, acknowledge; declare.

Quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Ergō (particle): therefore, so, then. Intererat is the third person singular imperfect form of intersum, interesse, interfuī, interfutūrus (irreg.): to be between or among; take part in (with dative); constitute a difference; (impersonal) to matter, make a difference. Vestrīs is the m/f/n dative plural form of vester/vestra/vestrum (1/2): your, yours (with reference to a plural you). Cōnsiliīs is the dative plural form of cōnsilium, cōnsiliī (2n): counsel, deliberation, discussion, consultation; council, meeting; counsel, advice (or piece of advice); counsel, plan, intention, purpose, design; choice, decision; counsel, (capacity or exercise of) judgment, discernment, intelligence.

Cōnsilium is the accusative singular form of cōnsilium, cōnsiliī (2n): counsel, deliberation, discussion, consultation; council, meeting; counsel, advice (or piece of advice); counsel, plan, intention, purpose, design; choice, decision; counsel, (capacity or exercise of) judgment, discernment, intelligence. Dīmīsit is the third person singular perfect form of dīmittō, dīmittere, dīmīsī, dīmissum (3): to send away, let go, dismiss, release.

Philosophia, philosophiae (1f): philosophy. Bonus/bona/bonum (1/2): good. Cōnsilium, cōnsiliī (2n): counsel, deliberation, discussion, consultation; council, meeting; counsel, advice (or piece of advice); counsel, plan, intention, purpose, design; choice, decision; counsel, (capacity or exercise of) judgment, discernment, intelligence. Est: is.

Cōnsilium is the accusative singular form of cōnsilium, cōnsiliī (2n): counsel, deliberation, discussion, consultation; council, meeting; counsel, advice (or piece of advice); counsel, plan, intention, purpose, design; choice, decision; counsel, (capacity or exercise of) judgment, discernment, intelligence. Nēmō, nēminis (3m): no one. Clārē (adv.): loudly, out loud; clearly; with distinction. Dat is the third person singular form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give.

(He’s talking about the god who dwells in every good person.) Ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it. Dat is the third person singular form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give. Cōnsilia is the accusative plural form of cōnsilium, cōnsiliī (2n): counsel, deliberation, discussion, consultation; council, meeting; counsel, advice (or piece of advice); counsel, plan, intention, purpose, design; choice, decision; counsel, (capacity or exercise of) judgment, discernment, intelligence. Magnifica is the neuter accusative plural form of magnificus/magnifica/magnificum (1/2): magnificent, splendid, noble, excellent; sumptuous, luxurious; proud, boastful. Et (conj.): and. Ērēcta is the neuter accusative plural form of ērēctus/ērēcta/ērēctum (1/2): upright, erect; confident; noble, aspiring—originally the perfect passive participle (having been raised) of ērigō, ērigere, ērēxī, ērēctum (3): to raise, erect.

Malus/mala/malum (1/2): bad; evil. Est: is. Cōnsilium, cōnsiliī (2n): counsel, deliberation, discussion, consultation; council, meeting; counsel, advice (or piece of advice); counsel, plan, intention, purpose, design; choice, decision; counsel, (capacity or exercise of) judgment, discernment, intelligence. Quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Mūtārī is the passive infinitive form of mūtō, mūtāre, mūtāvī, mūtātum (1): to change. Nōn: not. Potest is the third person singular form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can.

Facta is the nominative plural form of factum, factī (2n): deed, action, act; event, occurrence; fact. Et (conj.): and. Ēventūs is the nominative plural form of ēventus, ēventūs (4m): outcome, result; event, occurrence. Aut (conj.): or (aut. . . aut = either. . . or). Cōnsilium, cōnsiliī (2n): counsel, deliberation, discussion, consultation; council, meeting; counsel, advice (or piece of advice); counsel, plan, intention, purpose, design; choice, decision; counsel, (capacity or exercise of) judgment, discernment, intelligence. Sunt: (they) are. Aut (conj.): or. Imprūdentia, imprūdentiae (1f): ignorance; inadvertency, the fact of doing something by accident; imprudence.

Vēlōx is the neuter accusative singular form of vēlōx, vēlōcis (3, adj.): quick, fast, swift. Cōnsilium is the accusative singular form of cōnsilium, cōnsiliī (2n): counsel, deliberation, discussion, consultation; council, meeting; counsel, advice (or piece of advice); counsel, plan, intention, purpose, design; choice, decision; counsel, (capacity or exercise of) judgment, discernment, intelligence. Sequitur is the third person singular form of sequor, sequī, secūtus sum (3, deponent): to follow. Poenitentia, poenitentiae (1f—more often paenitentia): regret (for one’s actions), repentance.

Cōnsilium is the accusative singular form of cōnsilium, cōnsiliī (2n): counsel, deliberation, discussion, consultation; council, meeting; counsel, advice (or piece of advice); counsel, plan, intention, purpose, design; choice, decision; counsel, (capacity or exercise of) judgment, discernment, intelligence. Rērum is the genitive plural form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair; fact; act, action, deed; event; circumstance; property. Omnium is the m/f/n genitive plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Sapiēns, sapientis (3m): wise man, sage. Nōn: not. Exitum is the accusative singular form of exitus, exitūs (4m): the act of going out; way out; conclusion, end; outcome, result. Spectat is the third person singular form of spectō, spectāre, spectāvī, spectātum (1): to watch, look at; consider; aim at; pertain to, be about, have to do with.

Sapienter (adv.): wisely. Haec is the neuter accusative plural form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it (these things). Relīquistī is the second person singular perfect form of relinquō, relinquere, relīquī, relictum (3): to leave, leave behind, relinquish, abandon; leave out, omit; ignore, disregard. Sī (conj.): if. Cōnsiliō is the ablative singular form of cōnsilium, cōnsiliī (2n): counsel, deliberation, discussion, consultation; council, meeting; counsel, advice (or piece of advice); counsel, plan, intention, purpose, design; choice, decision; counsel, (capacity or exercise of) judgment, discernment, intelligence. Fēlīciter (adv.): with good fortune, luckily, fortunately; successfully. Cāsū is the ablative singular form of cāsus, cāsūs (4m): fall; chance; accident; misfortune.

Haec is the neuter accusative plural form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it (these things/matters). Ego: I. Nōn: not. Eō is the m/n ablative singular form of is/ea/id (adj.): this, that; it can sometimes simply be translated as the. Cōnsiliō is the ablative singular form of cōnsilium, cōnsiliī (2n): counsel, deliberation, discussion, consultation; council, meeting; counsel, advice (or piece of advice); counsel, plan, intention, purpose, design; choice, decision; counsel, (capacity or exercise of) judgment, discernment, intelligence. Disputō, disputāre, disputāvī, disputātum (1): to argue a point, debate, discuss, dispute. Ut (conj. , with subjunctive): that, so that. Hominēs is the accusative plural form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human, person; (in pl.) people. Ērudītōs is the masculine accusative plural form of ērudītus/ērudīta/ērudītum (1/2): learned, erudite, accomplished. Redarguam is the first person singular subjunctive form of redarguō, redarguere, redarguī, — (3): to prove wrong, refute.

Pugnant is the third person plural form of pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātum (1) to fight; be contradictory, be incompatible, clash. Vōta is the nominative plural form of vōtum, vōtī (2n) vow; prayer; wish; Nostra is the neuter nominative plural form of noster/nostra/nostrum (1/2): our, ours. Cum (prep.): with (takes the ablative). Vōtīs is the ablative plural form of vōtum, vōtī (2n) vow; prayer; wish. Cōnsilia is the nominative plural form of cōnsilium, cōnsiliī (2n): counsel, deliberation, discussion, consultation; council, meeting; counsel, advice (or piece of advice); counsel, plan, intention, purpose, design; choice, decision; counsel, (capacity or exercise of) judgment, discernment, intelligence. Cōnsiliīs is the ablative plural form of cōnsilium, cōnsiliī (2n).

(If you don’t get mad at animals because their lack of discernment means it makes no sense to get mad at them, then you should apply the same rule to humans who lack discernment.) Eōdem is the m/n ablative singular form of īdem/eadem/idem (adj.): the same. Locō is the ablative singular form of locus, locī (2m): place, position. Tibi is the dative form of tū: you. Sit is the third person singular subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be (a jussive subjunctive). Quisquis/quicquid (rel. pron. ; the neuter form is also spelled quidquid): whoever, whatever. Cōnsiliō is the ablative singular form of cōnsilium, cōnsiliī (2n): counsel, deliberation, discussion, consultation; council, meeting; counsel, advice (or piece of advice); counsel, plan, intention, purpose, design; choice, decision; counsel, (capacity or exercise of) judgment, discernment, intelligence. Caret is the third person singular form of careō, carēre, caruī, caritum (2): to lack, not have, be without (usually takes an ablative object).

Cōnsilium is the accusative singular form of cōnsilium, cōnsiliī (2n): counsel, deliberation, discussion, consultation; council, meeting; counsel, advice (or piece of advice); counsel, plan, intention, purpose, design; choice, decision; counsel, (capacity or exercise of) judgment, discernment, intelligence. Capiunt is the third person plural form of capiō, capere, cēpī, captum (3, –iō): to take, seize, capture (it’s in the historical present). Ut (conj. , with subjunctive): that, so that. Ad (prep.): to (takes the accusative). Servōs is the accusative plural form of servus, servī (2m): slave. M. is short for the name Mārcus, Mārcī (2m; here it would be genitive, Mārcī). Tullī is the m/n (here m) genitive singular form of the family name Tullius/Tullia/Tullium (1/2). Veniant is the third person plural subjunctive form of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come.

Occīdendī is the m/n genitive singular form of occīdendus/occīdenda/occīdendum (1/2), the gerundive of occīdō, occīdere, occīdī, occīsum (3): to kill. Suī: of him(self)—the genitive form of the reflexive pronoun. Cōnsilium is the accusative singular form of cōnsilium, cōnsiliī (2n): counsel, deliberation, discussion, consultation; council, meeting; counsel, advice (or piece of advice); counsel, plan, intention, purpose, design; choice, decision; counsel, (capacity or exercise of) judgment, discernment, intelligence. Inīsse is the perfect infinitive form of ineō, inīre, iniī, initum (irreg.): to go into, enter; enter upon, begin; form (a plan or plot, often with cōnsilium as the direct object). Mē is the accusative form of ego: I (me). Vidērī is the passive infinitive form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see; (in the passive) seem. Vult is the third person singular form of volō, velle, voluī, — (irreg.): to want, wish.

Haec is the neuter nominative plural form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it (these things). In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Conciliō is the ablative singular form of concilium, conciliī (2n): assembly, meeting, gathering, council; band, company. Aetōlōrum is the m/n (here m) genitive plural form of Aetōlus/Aetōla/Aetōlum (1/2): Aetolian (of Aetolia, a region of Greece). Ācta is the neuter nominative plural form of āctus/ācta/āctum (1/2), the perfect passive participle of agō, agere, ēgī, āctum (3): to drive, cause to move; do, perform, achieve, transact, manage, conduct, deal with; act, behave; spend (time or life); discuss, talk (about); plead (sunt is implied; ācta sunt is the third person neuter plural perfect passive form).

Deō is the dative singular form of deus, deī (2m, irreg.): god. Pāreō, pārēre, pāruī, pāritum (2): to submit (to), obey, comply (with) (takes a dative object). Lībertās, lībertātis (3f): freedom, liberty. Est: is.

Multa is the neuter accusative plural form of multus/multa/multum (1/2): much, many. Dīxit is the third person singular perfect form of dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say. Dē (prep.): from, down from; about, concerning (takes the ablative). Magnitūdine is the ablative singular form of magnitūdō, magnitūdinis (3f): size, greatness, magnitude. Deōrum is the genitive plural form of deus, deī (2m, irreg.): god.

Quid (interrog. adv.): what for? why? Rogās is the second person singular form of rogō, rogāre, rogāvī, rogātum (1): to ask (it can take a double accusative). Tēlum is the accusative singular form of tēlum, tēlī (2n): spear; missile weapon; weapon. Deōs is the accusative plural form of deus, deī (2m, irreg.): god.

Dī is the vocative plural form of deus, deī (2m, irreg.): god. Bonī is the masculine vocative plural form of bonus/bona/bonum (1/2): good.

Dī is the vocative plural form of deus, deī (2m, irreg.): god. Immortālēs is the m/f vocative plural form of immortālis/immortālis/immortāle (3): immortal.

Prō (interjection): expresses grief, disapproval, exasperation, etc. : oh! ah! alas! and the like, usually followed by a phrase (prō is often a preposition meaning instead of, for, etc. —but not here). Deum is an older genitive plural form of deus, deī (2m, irreg.): god. Hominumque: hominum is the genitive plural form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human being; the enclitic conjunction –que adds and. Fidem is the accusative singular form of fidēs, fideī (5f): trust; faith; honesty; honor; credit; credence; loyalty; promise; protection (probably the direct object of a vaguely implied verb along the lines of I implore).

Miserēre is the singular passive imperative form of misereō, miserēre, miseruī (or impers. miseritum est) (2): (impersonal) something causes someone to feel pity or sympathy, pity or sympathy is felt, one feels pity or sympathy (the person experiencing the feeling goes in the accusative); (in the passive) feel pity for, have mercy on (the object of compassion goes in the genitive); (active and personal, rare) feel pity for, have mercy on (with genitive). Meī is the genitive form of ego: I (of/on me). Deus, deī (2m, irreg.): god (nominative used instead of the missing vocative). Secundum (prep.): along; next to; following, after; according to (takes the accusative). Magnam is the feminine accusative singular form of magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): big, large, great. Misericordiam is the accusative singular form of misericordia, misericordiae (1f): mercy, compassion. Tuam is the feminine accusative singular form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours (or, in archaic English: thy, thine).

Dī is the nominative plural form of deus, deī (2m, irreg.): god. Deaeque: deae is the nominative plural form of dea, deae (1f): goddess; the enclitic conjunction –que adds and. Vōbīs is the dative form of vōs: you (pl.). Multa is the neuter accusative plural form of multus/multa/multum (1/2): much, many. Bona is the accusative plural form of bonum, bonī (2n): a good thing, a good, a blessing, a boon. Dent is the third person plural subjunctive form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give (subjunctive because it’s a wish).

Exemplum is the accusative singular form of exemplum, exemplī (2n): example, instance; sample, specimen; a warning example, exemplary punishment, a “lesson” to others; precedent; parallel; pattern; manner; copy. Epicūrus, Epicūrī (2m): Epicurus. Referam is the first person singular future form of referō, referre, rettulī, relātum (3, irreg.): to bring back; give back, return; report, register, record; mention, recount, relate.

Sed (conj.): but. Contentus/contenta/contentum (1/2): content, satisfied. Nostrae is the feminine genitive singular form of noster/nostra/nostrum (1/2): our, ours, our own. Domus, domūs (2/4f): house, home; household; family. Exemplīs is the ablative plural form of exemplum, exemplī (2n): example, instance; sample, specimen; a warning example, exemplary punishment, a “lesson” to others; precedent; parallel; pattern; manner; copy. Erō is the first person singular future form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

(. . . and are led astray by convention.) Vīvimus is the first person plural form of vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctum (3): to live. Ad (prep.): to, toward; according to (takes accusative). Exempla is the accusative plural form of exemplum, exemplī (2n): example, instance; sample, specimen; a warning example, exemplary punishment, a “lesson” to others; precedent; parallel; pattern; manner; copy.

Aliēnīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of aliēnus/aliēna/aliēnum (1/2): belonging to another or others, not one’s own; alien, foreign, unfamiliar; irrelevant, unsuitable. Perīmus is the first person plural form of pereō, perīre, periī, peritum (irreg.): to disappear; be destroyed, perish, die. Exemplīs is the ablative plural form of exemplum, exemplī (2n): example, instance; sample, specimen; a warning example, exemplary punishment, a “lesson” to others; precedent; parallel; pattern; manner; copy.

Ad (prep.): to, toward; according to (takes accusative). Exemplum is the accusative singular form of exemplum, exemplī (2n): example, instance; sample, specimen; a warning example, exemplary punishment, a “lesson” to others; precedent; parallel; pattern; manner; copy. Sē: himself—the accusative form of the reflexive pronoun. Modestia, modestiae (1f): restraint; respect for decency, modesty. Tuae is the feminine genitive singular form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours. Fōrmāverat is the third person singular pluperfect form of fōrmō, fōrmāre, fōrmāvī, fōrmātum (1): to mold, shape, form, fashion, model.

Nūllus/nūlla/nūllum (1/2, irreg.): no, not any. Caruit is the third person singular perfect form of careō, carēre, caruī, caritum (2): to lack, not have, be without (usually takes an ablative object). Exemplō is the ablative singular form of exemplum, exemplī (2n): example, instance; sample, specimen; a warning example, exemplary punishment, a “lesson” to others; precedent; parallel; pattern; manner; copy. Nefās (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here nom.): sacrilege; a sacrilegious or heinous act, crime.

(Talking about a painter and his works.) Sunt: there are. Et (adv.): also. Alia is the neuter nominative plural form of alius/alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): other, another; different. Ingenium, ingeniī (2n): innate character, nature; talent, genius; intellect. Eius is the m/f/n genitive singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Exempla is the nominative plural form of exemplum, exemplī (2n): example, instance; sample, specimen; a warning example, exemplary punishment, a “lesson” to others; precedent; parallel; pattern; manner; copy.

In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into; toward; for; against. Quem is the masculine accusative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Exempla is the nominative plural form of exemplum, exemplī (2n): example, instance; sample, specimen; a warning example, exemplary punishment, a “lesson” to others; precedent; parallel; pattern; manner; copy. Fīent is the third person plural future form of fīō, fierī, —, — (irreg.): to be done; be made: happen; become.

Quī/quae/quod (interrog. adj. or pron.): which? what? Est: is (there). Huiusce: huius is the m/f/n genitive singular form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this; the enclitic particle –ce adds emphasis to a demonstrative word. Rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair; fact; deed; event; circumstance; property. Iūs, iūris (3n): right; law. Quī/quae/quod (interrog. adj. or pron.): which? what? Cōnsuētūdō, cōnsuētūdinis (3f): custom, habit. Exemplum, exemplī (2n): example, instance; sample, specimen; a warning example, exemplary punishment, a “lesson” to others; precedent; parallel; pattern; manner; copy.

Omnibus is the m/f/n ablative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Exemplīs is the ablative plural form of exemplum, exemplī (2n): example, instance; sample, specimen; a warning example, exemplary punishment, a “lesson” to others; precedent; parallel; pattern; manner; copy. Excrucior is the first person singular passive form of excruciō, excruciāre, excruciāvī, excruciātum (1): to torture, torment.

Mittō, mittere, mīsī, missum (3): to send. Ad (prep.): to, toward (takes the accusative). Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Exemplum is the accusative singular form of exemplum, exemplī (2n): example, instance; sample, specimen; a warning example, exemplary punishment, a “lesson” to others; precedent; parallel; pattern; manner; copy. Epistula, epistulae (1f): letter.

(And so can die in peace.) Exemplar is the accusative singular form of exemplar, exemplāris (3n): example; pattern, model; copy. Bonī is the m/n genitive singular form of bonus/bona/bonum (1/2): good. Vir, virī (2m): man. Posuit is the third person singular perfect form of pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positum (3): to put, place, set; set up, erect; put down, lay down; set before one, supply, provide.

(All kinds of lettuce.) Stomachō is the dative singular form of stomachus, stomachī (2m): stomach; displeasure, vexation. Fastīdium is the accusative singular form of fastīdium, fastīdiī (2n): aversion to food, lack of appetite; squeamishness; fastidiousness (the quality of being difficult to please); weariness (the fact of having had enough of something); disgust, aversion; disdain; haughtiness, pride. Auferunt is the third person plural form of auferō, auferre, abstulī, ablātum (3, irreg.): to take away, remove (from = often dative).

Quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Autem (particle): on the other hand, but, however; and, moreover; for my, your, his, etc. part. Ferat is the third person singular subjunctive form of ferō, ferre, tulī, lātum (3, irreg.): to carry, bear; endure (a potential subjunctive). In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.): into. Egestāte is the ablative singular form of egestās, egestātis (3f): indigence, poverty. Fastīdium is the accusative singular form of fastīdium, fastīdiī (2n): aversion to food, lack of appetite; squeamishness; fastidiousness (the quality of being difficult to please); weariness (the fact of having had enough of something); disgust, aversion; disdain; haughtiness, pride.

Nūllus/nūlla/nūllum (1/2, irreg.): no, not any. Est: there is. Voluptās, voluptātis (3f): pleasure, delight. Quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Nōn: not. Adsiduitāte is the ablative singular form of adsiduitās, adsiduitātis (3f—also assiduitās): constant presence; diligence, assiduity; constant repetition, frequency, recurrence, persistency. Fastīdium is the accusative singular form of fastīdium, fastīdiī (2n): aversion to food, lack of appetite; squeamishness; fastidiousness (the quality of being difficult to please); weariness (the fact of having had enough of something); disgust, aversion; disdain; haughtiness, pride. Pariat is the third person singular subjunctive form of pariō, parere, peperī, partum (3, –iō): to give birth to; cause, engender, beget; get, acquire (subjunctive because it’s in a relative clause of characteristic).

(He’s talking about how throughout history peoples have left their own countries to settle elsewhere.) Hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it; the one (with ille = the other). Concupīvit is the third person singular perfect form of concupīscō, concupīscere, concupīvī/concupiī, concupītum (3): to covet, desire ardently; conceive a strong desire for. Quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Illī is the m/f/n dative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it; the other (with hic = the one). Fastīdiō is the dative singular form of fastīdium, fastīdiī (2n): aversion to food, lack of appetite; squeamishness; fastidiousness (the quality of being difficult to please); weariness (the fact of having had enough of something); disgust, aversion; disdain; haughtiness, pride. Illī fastīdiō is a double-dative construction. Fuit is the third person singular perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

(The belly—venter, ventris (3m).) Sine (prep.): without (takes the ablative). Fastīdiō is the ablative singular form of fastīdium, fastīdiī (2n): aversion to food, lack of appetite; squeamishness; fastidiousness (the quality of being difficult to please); weariness (the fact of having had enough of something); disgust, aversion; disdain; haughtiness, pride. Implendus/implenda/implendum (1/2) is the gerundive of impleō, implēre, implēvī, implētum (2): to fill; fulfill; carry out (completely). Est: it is. Implendus est is the passive periphrastic: it is to be filled, it should be filled.

(People whom fortune has favored.) Itaque (adv.): (and) so, therefore. Efferuntur is the third person plural passive form of efferō, efferre, extulī, ēlātum (3, irreg.): to bring out; lift, raise; (of an emotion or sim.) transport, carry away. Ferē (adv. —also fermē): roughly, about, approximately; nearly, almost, virtually; usually, in general. Fastīdiō is the ablative singular form of fastīdium, fastīdiī (2n): aversion to food, lack of appetite; squeamishness; fastidiousness (the quality of being difficult to please); weariness (the fact of having had enough of something); disgust, aversion; disdain; haughtiness, pride. Et (conj.): and. Contumāciā is the ablative singular form of contumācia, contumāciae (1f): stubbornness, obstinacy; arrogance; contumacy, disobedience to authority.

(You can’t climb down; addressing Nero on his status as emperor.) Fastīgiō is the dative singular form of fastīgium, fastīgiī (2n): sharp point, tip, apex; slope; pointed roof; top, peak, summit; height; high rank, exalted position. Tuō is the m/n dative singular form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours. Adfīxus/adfīxa/adfīxum (1/2) is the perfect passive participle (fastened) of adfīgō, adfīgere, adfīxī, adfīxum (3—also affīgō): to nail, fix, fasten, attach. Es: you are.

Dēsine is the singular imperative form of dēsinō, dēsinere, dēsiī/dēsīvī, dēsitum (3): to stop, cease. Fāta is the accusative plural form of fātum, fātī (2n): prophetic utterance; decree of fate or of the gods; fate, destiny; doom, death, destruction. Deum is an alternative genitive plural form of deus, deī (2m, irreg.): god. Flectī is the passive infinitive form of flectō, flectere, flexī, flexum (3): to bend; deflect; change; avert. Spērō, spērāre, spērāvī, spērātum (1): to hope (for). Precandō is the ablative gerund of precor, precārī, precātus sum (1, deponent): to pray; beg.

Quid is the neuter accusative singular form of quis/quis/quid (pron.): who? what? —neuter accusative singular used adverbially: in what respect? to what extent? how? why? what for? Mihi is the dative form of ego: I (to me). Prōdest is the third person singular form of prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuī, prōfutūrus (irreg.): to benefit, be useful, be helpful, avail (takes the dative). Philosophia, philosophiae (1f): philosophy. Sī (conj.): if. Fātum, fātī (2n): prophetic utterance; decree of fate or of the gods; fate, destiny; doom, death, destruction. Est: (there) is, exists.

Praebeō, praebēre, praebuī, praebitum (2): to put forward, present, offer; provide, supply; show, display, exhibit; cause, produce; make (so and so), render, cause to be (a certain way). Sē: himself—the accusative form of the reflexive pronoun. Fātō is the dative singular form of fātum, fātī (2n): prophetic utterance; decree of fate or of the gods; fate, destiny; doom, death, destruction.

Agunt is the third person plural form of agō, agere, ēgī, āctum (3): to drive, cause to move; do, perform, carry out, deal with; act. Opus is the accusative singular form of opus, operis (3n): work. Suum: their (own)—the m/n accusative singular form of suus/sua/suum (1/2). Fāta is the nominative plural form of fātum, fātī (2n): prophetic utterance; decree of fate or of the gods; fate, destiny; doom, death, destruction.

Sed (conj.): but. Fuit is the third person singular perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Fātīs is the ablative plural form of fātum, fātī (2n): prophetic utterance; decree of fate or of the gods; fate, destiny; doom, death, destruction. Hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it. Quoque (adv.): too, as well. Crēdō, crēdere, crēdidī, crēditum (3): to entrust; lend (money); trust; believe. Meīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine.

Dēcrēta (est) is the third person feminine singular perfect passive form of dēcernō, dēcernere, dēcrēvī, dēcrētum (2): to decide, determine, decree. Mors, mortis (3f): death. Est: see dēcrēta above. Quaeritur is the third person singular passive form of quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī/quaesiī, quaesītum (3): to seek; ask (for/about). Fātum, fātī (2n): prophetic utterance; decree of fate or of the gods; fate, destiny; doom, death, destruction. Genus, generis (3n): kind, type, sort; race; descent.

Ruit is the third person singular form of ruō, ruere, ruī, ruitūrus (3): to fall, collapse; rush. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into; toward. Miserae is the feminine genitive singular form of miser/misera/miserum (1/2): wretched, unfortunate. Fāta is the accusative plural form of fātum, fātī (2n): prophetic utterance; decree of fate or of the gods; fate, destiny; doom, death, destruction. Parēns, parentis (3m/f): parent (singular forms can be translated as father or mother; the gender of the word adapts accordingly).

Exībit is the third person singular future form of exeō, exīre, exīvī/exiī, exitum (irreg.): to go out, exit, depart (from inside a place). Gaudium, gaudiī (2n): joy. Quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Intrāvit is the third person singular perfect form of intrō, intrāre, intrāvī, intrātum (1): to enter, go into, go or come in; penetrate, pierce.

Sapiēns, sapientis (3m): wise man, sage. Ille/illa/illud (adj.): that. Plēnus/plēna/plēnum (1/2): full (of = ablative or genitive). Est: is. Gaudiō is the ablative singular form of gaudium, gaudiī (2n): joy.

(Words of a sage.) Mālō, mālle, māluī, — (irreg.): to prefer. Gaudia is the accusative plural form of gaudium, gaudiī (2n): joy. Temperō, temperāre, temperāvī, termperātum (1): to restrain, temper, moderate; behave with moderation. Quam (adv.): than. Dolōrēs is the accusative plural form of dolor, dolōris (3m): pain; sorrow. Compescō, compescere, compescuī, — (3): to suppress, stifle, restrain.

Eī is the m/f/n dative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this (one), that (one). Quoque (adv.): too, as well. Enim (particle): for, indeed. Prōrogātum (est) is the third person neuter singular perfect passive form of prōrogō, prōrogāre, prōrogāvī, prōrogātum (1): to prolong, extend; put off, postpone. Imperium, imperiī (2n): (supreme) power, authority, rule, sway, command, dominion, or a position involving such power (often a military command); command, order; empire. Est: see prōrogātum above.

Sōlus/sōla/sōlum (1/2, irreg.): alone; sole, only. Hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it. Dētrectābat is the third person singular imperfect form of dētrectō, dētrectāre, dētrectāvī, dētrectātum (1—also dētractō): to refuse to undertake, refuse to submit to (something), decline, evade; disparage. Imperium is the accusative singular form of imperium, imperiī (2n): (supreme) power, authority, rule, sway, command, dominion, or a position involving such power (often a military command); command, order; empire.

(As when you accept a favor and lose your liberty for it; derived from Plautus.) Argentum is the accusative singular form of argentum, argentī (2n): silver; money. Accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptum (3, –iō): to take, receive, accept. Imperium is the accusative singular form of imperium, imperiī (2n): (supreme) power, authority, rule, sway, command, dominion, or a position involving such power (often a military command); command, order; empire. Vēndō, vēndere, vēndidī, vēnditum (3): to sell.

Nē (conj. , with subjunctive): lest, that not. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Ūnīus is the m/f/n (here m) genitive singular form of ūnus/ūna/ūnum (1/2, irreg.): one. Imperium is the accusative singular form of imperium, imperiī (2n): (supreme) power, authority, rule, sway, command, dominion, or a position involving such power (often a military command); command, order; empire. Rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair; fact; event; circumstance; property; interest; affairs of state, body politic, republic. Recidat is the third person singular subjunctive form of recidō, recidere, recidī, — (3, also reccidō): to fall back; fall, pass (into a status, someone’s possession, etc.). Admonēmur is the first person plural passive form of admoneō, admonēre, admonuī, admonitum (2): to remind; advise; warn.

Is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this (one), that (one). Cum (prep.): with (takes the ablative). Imperiō is the ablative singular form of imperium, imperiī (2n): (supreme, often political or military) power, authority, rule, sway, command, dominion, or a position involving such power (often a military command); command, order; empire. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into, to. Siciliam is the accusative singular form of Sicilia, Siciliae (1f): Sicily. Praemittitur is the third person singular passive form of praemittō, praemittere, praemīsī, praemissum (3): to send ahead.

Gerant is the third person plural subjunctive form of gerō, gerere, gessī, gestum (3): to bear, carry; carry on, transact, conduct, do, accomplish; wage (war). Habeantque: habeant is the third person plural subjunctive form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have; hold; the enclitic conjunction –que adds and. Suō: (in) their (own)—the m/n ablative singular form of suus/sua/suum (1/2). Modō is the ablative singular form of modus, modī (2m): measure; limit; way, manner. Imperia is the accusative plural form of imperium, imperiī (2n): (supreme) power, authority, rule, sway, command, dominion, or a position involving such power (often a military command); command, order; empire. (The verbs are subjunctive because they’re commands.)

Sī (conj.): if. Imperiō is the ablative singular form of imperium, imperiī (2n): (supreme) power, authority, rule, sway, command, dominion, or a position involving such power (often a military command); command, order; empire. Prōficitur is the third person singular passive form of prōficiō, prōficere, prōfēcī, prōfectum (3, –iō): to advance, progress; achieve something; be useful, profit, benefit (used here in the impersonal passive). Et (adv.): also; even. Admonitiōne is the ablative singular form of admonitiō, admonitiōnis (3f): reminder; advice; warning; instruction.

Nōn: not. Omnibus is the m/f/n dative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Imperiīs is the dative plural form of imperium, imperiī (2n): (supreme) power, authority, rule, sway, command, dominion, or a position involving such power (often a military command); command, order; empire. Pater, patris (3m): father. Pārendum is the gerundive of pāreō, pārēre, pāruī, pāritum (2): to submit (to), obey, comply (with) (takes a dative object). Est: it is. Pārendum est is an impersonal passive periphrastic construction.

Laetus/laeta/laetum (1/2): (of plants) flourishing, luxuriant; (of soil) fertile; joyous, cheerful, glad, happy. Imperia is the accusative plural form of imperium, imperiī (2n): (supreme) power, authority, rule, sway, command, dominion, or a position involving such power (often a military command); command, order; empire. Excipit is the third person singular form of excipiō, excipere, excēpī, exceptum (3, –iō): to take out; exclude, except; receive; sustain; catch, intercept.

Ab/ā (prep.): from; by (takes the ablative). Eō is the m/n ablative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this (one), that (one). Tum maxime (idiomatic): just then, precisely then, at that very moment—tum (adv.): then, at that time, at that moment; maximē (adv.): most; very much. Fīnibus is the ablative plural form of fīnis, fīnis (3m): end; limit, bound, boundary; (in pl.) territory. Imperium, imperiī (2n): (supreme) power, authority, rule, sway, command, dominion, or a position involving such power (often a military command); command, order; empire. Pellēbātur is the third person singular imperfect passive form of pellō, pellere, pepulī, pulsum (3): to push; strike, beat; drive away, expel.

Ita (adv.): thus, so, this/that way. Ingenium, ingeniī (2n): natural disposition, innate character, nature, temperament; mental powers, intellect, mind; talent; cleverness, ingenuity. Meumst is a contraction of meum est: meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine; est: is.

Fit is the third person singular form of fīō, fierī, —, — (irreg.): to be done; be made; happen; become (it’s in the historical present). Magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): big, large, great. Mūtātiō, mūtātiōnis (3f): change. Locus, locī (2m): place, location. Nōn: not. Ingenium, ingenī (or ingeniī) (2n): natural disposition, innate character, nature, temperament; mental powers, intellect, mind; talent; cleverness, ingenuity.

Nōscō, nōscere, nōvī, nōtum (3): (in present-stem forms) to get to know; (in perfect-stem forms, translated like present-stem forms of other verbs) know. Ego: I. Ingenium is the accusative singular form of ingenium, ingeniī (2n): natural disposition, innate character, nature, temperament; mental powers, intellect, mind; talent; cleverness, ingenuity. Vir, virī (2m): man; husband. Indocile is the neuter accusative singular form of indocilis/indocilis/indocile (3): difficult or impossible to teach; stubborn; uninstructed, ignorant.

Alit is the third person singular form of alō, alere, aluī, altum/alitum (3): to feed, nourish. Lēctiō, lēctiōnis (3f): (the act of) reading. Ingenium is the accusative singular form of ingenium, ingeniī (2n): natural disposition, innate character, nature, temperament; mental powers, intellect, mind; talent; cleverness, ingenuity.

Hebetī is the m/f/n ablative singular form of hebes, hebetis (3, adj.): blunt; dull; dim; sluggish, inert; dull-witted, stupid. Enim (particle): for, indeed. Ingeniō is the ablative singular form of ingenium, ingeniī (2n): natural disposition, innate character, nature, temperament; mental powers, intellect, mind; talent; cleverness, ingenuity. Est: he is. Hebetī ingeniō is an ablative of quality/description.

Tīmanthī is the dative singular form of Tīmanthēs, Tīmanthis (3m): the name of a Greek painter who lived in the 5th and 4th centuries BC. Vel (adv.): even; perhaps, possibly. Plūrimus/plūrima/plūrimum (1/2): most; very much, very many (neuter used substantively to mean a very great deal, a very large amount, or the largest amount). Adfuit is the third person singular perfect form of adsum, adesse, adfuī, adfutūrus (irreg.): to be there, be present. Ingenium, ingeniī (2n): natural disposition, innate character, nature, temperament; mental powers, intellect, mind; talent; cleverness, ingenuity.

(Speaking of a manuscript—liber, librī (2m)—sent to him by his addressee.) Quid is the neuter accusative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron. , here used in an exclamatory way): who? what? Ingenium, ingeniī (2n): natural disposition, innate character, nature, temperament; mental powers, intellect, mind; talent; cleverness, ingenuity. Iste/ista/istud (pron.): that; he, she, it (often with a second-person reference as in that of yours). Habuit is the third person singular perfect form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have. Animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit.

Ingeniō is the ablative singular form of ingenium, ingeniī (2n): natural disposition, innate character, nature, temperament; mental powers, intellect, mind; talent; cleverness, ingenuity. Est: there is. Opus, operis (3n): work; (in the phrase opus est) need (often with ablative of the thing needed).

Haud (adv.): not. Procul (adv.): far (away); in the distance; from a distance. Ab/ā (prep.): from; by (takes the ablative). Gādibus is the ablative form of Gādēs, Gādium (3f, plural only): a town in Spain, modern-day Cadiz. Is/ea/id (adj.): this, that. Locus, locī (2m): place, spot, point (in space or time), position, location, locality; room (for something, for some purpose); occasion, opportunity; passage (of literature, or of a speech); topic, subject, theme; division of a subject. Abest is the third person singular form of absum, abesse, āfuī, āfutūrus (irreg.): to be away, be absent, be distant.

Sed (conj.): but. Locum is the accusative singular form of locus, locī (2m): place, spot, point (in space or time), position, location, locality; room (for something, for some purpose); occasion, opportunity; passage (of literature, or of a speech); topic, subject, theme; division of a subject. Virtūs, virtūtis (3f): virtue, moral excellence or any positive quality; courage, valor. Habet is the third person singular form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have. Inter (prep.): among; between (takes the accusative). Astra is the accusative plural form of astrum, astrī (2n): star.

(It was noisy.) Itaque (adv.): (and) so, therefore, that is why. Ego: I. Ex/ē (prep.): from, out of (takes ablative). Hōc is the m/n ablative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Locō is the ablative singular form of locus, locī (2m): place, spot, point (in space or time), position, location, locality; room (for something, for some purpose); occasion, opportunity; passage (of literature, or of a speech); topic, subject, theme; division of a subject. Migrābō is the first person singular future form of migrō, migrāre, migrāvī, migrātum (1): to migrate, move, change residence.

(Cerberus.) Ecce (interjection): behold! look! see! Lātrātū is the ablative singular form of lātrātus, lātrātūs (4m): barking. Gravī is the m/f/n ablative singular form of gravis/gravis/grave (3): heavy; grave, serious; hard, troublesome, painful, grievous, severe; (of a sound) low, deep. Loca is the accusative plural form of locus, locī (2m, but often n in the plural): place, spot, point (in space or time), position, location, locality; room (for something, for some purpose); occasion, opportunity; passage (of literature, or of a speech); topic, subject, theme; division of a subject. Mūta is the neuter accusative plural form of mūtus/mūta/mūtum (1/2): mute; silent. Terret is the third person singular form of terreō, terrēre, terruī, territum (2): to terrify, terrorize (it’s in the historical present).

Excandēscit is the third person singular form of excandēscō, excandēscere, excanduī, — (3): to catch fire; flare up, burst into a rage (it’s in the historical present). Hōc is the m/n ablative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Locō is the ablative singular form of locus, locī (2m): place, spot, point (in space or time), position, location, locality; room (for something, for some purpose); occasion, opportunity; passage (of literature, or of a speech); topic, subject, theme; division of a subject. Claudius/Claudia/Claudium (1/2): a Roman family name, here of the emperor Claudius.

Fortūna, fortūnae (1f): fortune, chance, luck. Bellum, bellī (2n): war. Semper (adv.): always. Ancipitī is the m/f/n ablative singular form of anceps, ancipitis (3, adj.): facing in two opposite directions; twofold, double; wavering, undecided; ambiguous; doubtful, uncertain; hazardous. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Locō is the ablative singular form of locus, locī (2m): place, spot, point (in space or time), position, location, locality; room (for something, for some purpose); occasion, opportunity; passage (of literature, or of a speech); topic, subject, theme; division of a subject. Est: is.

Istī is the masculine nominative plural form of iste/ista/istud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it. Vērō (particle): truly, in truth, indeed; but, however, on the other hand; for my, your, his, etc. part. Mihi is the dative form of ego: I (to me). Dēfūnctōrum is the m/n (here m) genitive plural form of dēfūnctus/dēfūncta/dēfūnctum (1/2), the perfect active participle of dēfungor, dēfungī, dēfūnctus sum (3, deponent): to bring (a matter) to an end, be done with (takes the ablative); die, pass away. Locō is the ablative singular form of locus, locī (2m): place, spot, point (in space or time), position, location, locality; room (for something, for some purpose); occasion, opportunity; passage (of literature, or of a speech); topic, subject, theme; division of a subject. Sunt: (they) are.

Nam (particle): for, because. Ibi (adv.): there. Nātus est is the third person masculine singular perfect form of nāscor, nāscī, nātus sum (3, deponent): to be born. Locō is the ablative singular form of locus, locī (2m): place, spot, point (in space or time), position, location, locality; room (for something, for some purpose); occasion, opportunity; passage (of literature, or of a speech); topic, subject, theme; division of a subject. Nōbilī is the m/f/n ablative singular form of nōbilis/nōbilis/nōbile (3): well-known, famous, renowned, celebrated, distinguished, illustrious; noble.

(Talking about pleasure.) Nōn: not. Multum is the accusative form of multum, multī (2n): a large amount, much. Locus, locī (2m): place, spot, point (in space or time), position, location, locality; room (for something, for some purpose); occasion, opportunity; passage (of literature, or of a speech); topic, subject, theme; division of a subject. Habet is the third person singular form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have.

Nōn: not. Est: there is. Iam (adv.): already; now; soon; with a negative word (such as nōn), it can mean no longer or not anymore. Lēnitātī is the dative singular form of lēnitās, lēnitātis (3f): lenity, mildness, clemency. Locus, locī (2m): place, spot, point (in space or time), position, location, locality; room (for something, for some purpose); occasion, opportunity; passage (of literature, or of a speech); topic, subject, theme; division of a subject.

Numquam (adv.): never. Potest is the third person singular form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can. Nōn: not. Esse: (to) be. Virtūtī is the dative singular form of virtūs, virtūtis (3f): virtue, moral excellence; courage, valor. Locus, locī (2m): place, spot, point (in space or time), position, location, locality; room (for something, for some purpose); occasion, opportunity; passage (of literature, or of a speech); topic, subject, theme; division of a subject.

Nūllum is the m/n accusative singular form of nūllus/nūlla/nūllum (1/2, irreg.): no, not any. Locum is the accusative singular form of locus, locī (2m): place, spot, point (in space or time), position, location, locality; room (for something, for some purpose); occasion, opportunity; passage (of literature, or of a speech); topic, subject, theme; division of a subject. Praetermittō, praetermittere, praetermīsī, praetermissum (3): to leave out, omit, neglect, pass over, overlook, miss, let slip. Monendī is the genitive gerund of moneō, monēre, monuī, monitum (2): to advise, recommend, urge; warn. Agendī is the genitive gerund of agō, agere, ēgī, āctum (3): to drive, cause to move; do, perform, conduct, deal with; act; plead. Prōvidendī is the genitive gerund of prōvideō, prōvidēre, prōvīdī, prōvīsum (2): to foresee; exercise forethough, take precautions, provide for a future situation.

Nam (particle): for, because. Est: it is Nōtus/nōta/nōtum (1/2): known, familiar; noted, well-known—originally the perfect passive participle of nōscō, nōscere, nōvī, nōtum (3): (in present-stem forms) to get to know; (in perfect-stem forms) know (perfect forms are translated as present, pluperfect forms as imperfect, future perfect forms as future simple). Locus, locī (2m): place, spot, point (in space or time), position, location, locality; room (for something, for some purpose); occasion, opportunity; passage (of literature, or of a speech); topic, subject, theme; division of a subject.

Locum is the accusative singular form of locus, locī (2m): place, spot, point (in space or time), position, location, locality; room (for something, for some purpose); occasion, opportunity; passage (of literature, or of a speech); topic, subject, theme; division of a subject. Istum is the masculine accusative singular form of iste/ista/istud (adj.): that, this. Tōtum is the m/n accusative singular form of tōtus/tōta/tōtum (1/2, irreg.): whole, entire. Hūc (adv.): here (with motion), to this place. Ex/ē (prep.): from, out of (takes the ablative). Pīsō, Pīsōnis (3m). Annālī is the ablative singular form of annālis, annālis (3m): a book of annals (a substantive use of annālis/annālis/annāle (3): annual; recording events year by year—the substantive use is masculine because the noun liber, librī (2m, meaning book) is implied). Trānsposuimus is the first person plural (used for the singular) perfect form of trānspōnō, trānspōnere, trānsposuī, trānspositum (3): to move (something) across from one place to another, transfer.

Sit is the third person singular subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be (subjunctive because it’s jussive). Iam (adv.): already; now; soon. Huius is the m/f/n genitive singular form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Locus, locī (2m): place, spot, point (in space or time), position, location, locality; room (for something, for some purpose); occasion, opportunity; passage (of literature, or of a speech); topic, subject, theme; division of a subject. Fīnis, fīnis (3m): end; limit; purpose.

Habeat is the third person singular subjunctive form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have (a jussive subjunctive). Omnīs is the m/f accusative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Philosophia, philosophiae (1f): philosophy. Nōtōs is the masculine accusative plural form of nōtus/nōta/nōtum (1/2): known—the perfect passive participle of nōscō, nōscere, nōvī, nōtum (3): (in present-stem forms) to get to know; (in perfect-stem forms) know (perfect forms are translated as present, pluperfect forms as imperfect, future perfect forms as future simple). Atque/ac (conj.): and. Tractātōs is the masculine accusative plural form of tractātus/tractāta/tractātum (1/2): examined, studied, dealt with—the perfect passive participle of tractō, tractāre, tractāvī, tractātum (1): to handle; deal with, treat; examine, study, consider. Locōs is the accusative plural form of locus, locī (2m): place, spot, point (in space or time), position, location, locality; room (for something, for some purpose); occasion, opportunity; passage (of literature, or of a speech); topic, subject, theme; division of a subject.

Ager, agrī (2m): land, field. Relīquit is the third person singular perfect form of relinquō, relinquere, relīquī, relictum (3): to leave (behind), relinquish, abandon; leave as an inheritance, bequeath. Eī is the m/f/n dative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this (one), that (one). Nōn: not. Magnum is the m/n accusative singular form of magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): big, large, great. Modum is the accusative singular form of modus, modī (2m): measured amount, quantity, measure; size, extent; proper measure; moderation; limit, bound; manner, method, way of doing or arranging something; kind, sort; (often in pl.) rhythmic measure, beat, meter, note(s), tune, melody.

(About whether to make good on his promise to someone who he thought was a good man but later discovered was a bad one.) Dabit is the third person singular future form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give. Mihi is the dative form of ego: I (to me). Cōnsilium is the accusative singular form of cōnsilium, cōnsiliī (2n): deliberation; advice; plan; decision. Prōmissae is the feminine genitive singular form of prōmissus/prōmissa/prōmissum (1/2), the perfect passive participle of prōmittō, prōmittere, prōmīsī, prōmissum (3): to let grow long; promise. Rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair; fact; circumstance; property. Modus, modī (2m): measured amount, quantity, measure; size, extent; proper measure; moderation; limit, bound; manner, method, way of doing or arranging something; kind, sort; (often in pl.) rhythmic measure, beat, meter, note(s), tune, melody.

Hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Mihi is the dative singular form of ego: I (to me). Modus, modī (2m): measured amount, quantity, measure; size, extent; proper measure; moderation; limit, bound; manner, method, way of doing or arranging something; kind, sort; (often in pl.) rhythmic measure, beat, meter, note(s), tune, melody. Placet is the third person singular form of placeō, placēre, placuī, placitum (2): to please, meet with approval, be pleasing to (takes a dative object).

Nōn: not. Servāmus is the first person plural form of servō, servāre, servāvī, servātum (1): to observe; keep; save. Modum is the accusative singular form of modus, modī (2m): measured amount, quantity, measure; size, extent; proper measure; moderation; limit, bound; manner, method, way of doing or arranging something; (often in pl.) rhythmic measure, beat, meter, note(s), tune, melody. Rērum is the genitive plural form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair; fact; circumstance; property.

Nōn: not. Avāritia, avāritiae (1f): greed. Crūdēlitās, crūdēlitātis (3f): cruelty. Modum is the accusative singular form of modus, modī (2m): measured amount, quantity, measure; size, extent; proper measure; moderation; limit, bound; manner, method, way of doing or arranging something; kind, sort; (often in pl.) rhythmic measure, beat, meter, note(s), tune, melody. Nōvit is the third person singular perfect form of nōscō, nōscere, nōvī, nōtum (3): (in present-stem forms) to get to know; (in perfect-stem forms) to know (perfect forms translate with the present tense of English know).

(He means the tragedy is so great that the magnitude of his grief is entirely justified.) Adficior is the first person singular passive form of adficiō, adficere, adfēcī, adfectum (3, –iō—also afficiō): to do something to, cause (acc.) to experience (abl.), affect, visit (acc.) with (abl.), bestow (abl.) upon (acc.). Dolōre is the ablative singular form of dolor, dolōris (3m): pain; grief, sorrow. Neque/nec: (as conj.) and not, nor; (as adv.) neither, not either, not even. Tamen (adv.): nevertheless, yet. Suprā (prep.): above; beyond (takes the accusative). Modum is the accusative singular form of modus, modī (2m): measured amount, quantity, measure; size, extent; proper measure; moderation; limit, bound; manner, method, way of doing or arranging something; kind, sort; (often in pl.) rhythmic measure, beat, meter, note(s), tune, melody. Doleō, dolēre, doluī, dolitum (2): to feel pain, suffer; grieve.

Est: there is. Dolendī is the genitive gerund of doleō, dolēre, doluī, dolitum (2): to feel pain, suffer; grieve. Modus, modī (2m): measured amount, quantity, measure; size, extent; proper measure; moderation; limit, bound; manner, method, way of doing or arranging something; kind, sort; (often in pl.) rhythmic measure, beat, meter, note(s), tune, melody. Nōn: not. Timendī is the genitive gerund of timeō, timēre, timuī, — (2): to fear, be afraid.

Alter/altera/alterum (1/2, irreg.): the other, another; the second, a second; one (of two). Pōnendī is the genitive gerund of pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positum (3): to put, place, set; set up, erect; put down, lay down; plant. Modus, modī (2m): measured amount, quantity, measure; size, extent; proper measure; moderation; limit, bound; manner, method, way of doing or arranging something; kind, sort; (often in pl.) rhythmic measure, beat, meter, note(s), tune, melody. Hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it. Fuit is the third person singular perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

Pavīmenta is the accusative plural form of pavīmentum, pavīmentī (2n): pavement. Ad (prep.): to; according to, in (a manner). Hunc is the masculine accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Modum is the accusative singular form of modus, modī (2m): measured amount, quantity, measure; size, extent; proper measure; moderation; limit, bound; manner, method, way of doing or arranging something; kind, sort; (often in pl.) rhythmic measure, beat, meter, note(s), tune, melody. Facitō is the singular future imperative form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make.

Is/ea/id (adj.): this, that. Homō, hominis (3m): man, human being. Exōrnētur is the third person singular passive subjunctive form of exōrnō, exōrnāre, exōrnāvī, exōrnātum (1): to equip; adorn; enhance; honor, distinguish (a jussive subjunctive). Graphicē (adv.): perfectly, properly, thoroughly; vividly, graphically. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into; according to; in some special contexts (where some kind of motion, literal or figurative, is implied) in + acc. can also be translated as in, as when the meaning is in a particular manner. Peregrīnum is the m/n accusative singular form of peregrīnus/peregrīna/peregrīnum (1/2): foreign. Modum is the accusative singular form of modus, modī (2m): measured amount, quantity, measure; size, extent; proper measure; moderation; limit, bound; manner, method, way of doing or arranging something; kind, sort; (often in pl.) rhythmic measure, beat, meter, note(s), tune, melody.

Alius/alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): other, another; different. Aliō is the m/n ablative singular form of alius/alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): other, another; different. Modō is the ablative singular form of modus, modī (2m): measured amount, quantity, measure; size, extent; proper measure; moderation; limit, bound; manner, method, way of doing or arranging something; kind, sort; (often in pl.) rhythmic measure, beat, meter, note(s), tune, melody. Fragilis/fragilis/fragile (3): liable to break, easily destroyed, fragile, frail, brittle. Est: is.

(Talking about words—verbum, verbī (2n).) Sēmen, sēminis (3n): seed. Modō is the ablative singular form of modus, modī (2m): measured amount, quantity, measure; size, extent; proper measure; moderation; limit, bound; manner, method, way of doing or arranging something; kind, sort; (often in pl.) rhythmic measure, beat, meter, note(s), tune, melody. Spargenda is the neuter nominative plural form of spargendus/spargenda/spargendum (1/2), the gerundive of spargō, spargere, sparsī, sparsum (3): to sprinkle, scatter. Sunt: they are. Spargenda sunt is the passive periphrastic: they are to be scattered, they must be scattered.

(He’s talking about a type of lightning.) Tribus is the ablative form of trēs/trēs/tria (3): three. Modīs is the ablative plural form of modus, modī (2m): measured amount, quantity, measure; size, extent; proper measure; moderation; limit, bound; manner, method, way of doing or arranging something; kind, sort; (often in pl.) rhythmic measure, beat, meter, note(s), tune, melody. Ūrit is the third person singular form of ūrō, ūrere, ussī, ustum (3): to burn (transitively; i.e., to cause an object to burn or inflict burns on an object).

Cuius is the m/f/n genitive singular form of quī/quae/quod (interrog. adj.): which. . . ? what. . . ? Modus, modī (2m): measured amount, quantity, measure; size, extent; proper measure; moderation; limit, bound; manner, method, way of doing or arranging something; kind, sort; (often in pl.) rhythmic measure, beat, meter, note(s), tune, melody. Hī is the masculine nominative plural form of hic/haec/hoc (pron. or adj.): this, this one; he, she, it (these). Hominēs is the nominative plural form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human being; (in pl.) people. Erunt is the third person plural future form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

Cornēliō is the m/n (here m) dative singular form of the family name Cornēlius/Cornēlia/Cornēlium (1/2). Eius is the m/f/n genitive singular form of is/ea/id (adj.): this, that. Modus, modī (2m): measured amount, quantity, measure; size, extent; proper measure; moderation; limit, bound; manner, method, way of doing or arranging something; kind, sort; (often in pl.) rhythmic measure, beat, meter, note(s), tune, melody. Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here nom.): nothing. Obiectum est is the third person neuter singular perfect passive form of obiciō, obicere, obiēcī, obiectum (3, –iō): to throw (to), throw in the way; expose; throw against, bring up as a charge (against someone in the dative).

Mōnstrās is the second person singular form of mōnstrō, mōnstrāre, mōnstrāvī, mōnstrātum (1): to show. Mihi is the dative form of ego: I (to me). Quī is the masculine nominative plural form of quī/quae/quod (interrog. adj. or pron.): which? what? Sint is the third person plural subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect question). Modī is the nominative plural form of modus, modī (2m): measured amount, quantity, measure; size, extent; proper measure; moderation; limit, bound; manner, method, way of doing or arranging something; kind, sort; (often in pl.) rhythmic measure, beat, meter, note(s), tune, melody. Flēbilēs is the m/f nominative plural form of flēbilis/flēbilis/flēbile (3): related to weeping; causing one to weep; lamentable; plaintive; piteous; tearful.

Sacrificus/sacrifica/sacrificum (1/2): that performs priestly functions; associated with religious sacrifices, sacrificial. Dulcēs is the m/f accusative plural form of dulcis/dulcis/dulce (3): sweet. Tībia, tībiae (1f): reed pipe; shin bone, tibia. Effundat is the third person singular subjunctive form of effundō, effundere, effūdī, effūsum (3): to pour out, pour forth, shed, discharge (a jussive subjunctive). Modōs is the accusative plural form of modus, modī (2m): measured amount, quantity, measure; size, extent; proper measure; moderation; limit, bound; manner, method, way of doing or arranging something; kind, sort; (often in pl.) rhythmic measure, beat, meter, note(s), tune, melody.

Observantur is the third person plural passive form of observō, observāre, observāvī, observātum (1): to watch, observe. Oculī is the nominative plural form of oculus, oculī (2m): eye. Tuī is the masculine nominative plural form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours.

Nēmō, nēminis (3m): no man, no one, nobody. Oculīs is the dative plural form of oculus, oculī (2m): eye. Suīs: (for) his (own)—the m/f/n dative plural form of suus/sua/suum (1/2). Lautus/lauta/lautum (1/2): washed, clean; neat, fine, smart, elegant; luxurious, sumptuous—originally the perfect passive participle of lavō, lavāre/lavere, lāvī, lavātum/lautum (1/3): to wash. Est: is.

(A favor can be stopped but never annulled.) Quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Āmīsit is the third person singular perfect form of āmittō, āmittere, āmīsī, āmissum (3): to let go of; lose. Oculōs is the accusative plural form of oculus, oculī (2m): eye. Tamen (adv.): nevertheless, yet, still. Vīdit is the third person singular perfect form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see.

Iamque: iam (adv.): already; now; soon; the enclitic conjunction –que adds and. Ex/ē (prep.): from, out of (takes the ablative). Oculīs is the ablative plural form of oculus, oculī (2m): eye. Aufertur is the third person singular passive form of auferō, auferre, abstulī, ablātum (3, irreg.): to carry off, take away (it’s in the historical present). Uterque/utraque/utrumque (1/2, irreg.): each of two, either; often translated less literally as both.

Molestus/molesta/molestum (1/2): troublesome, vexing, annoying. Est: it is. Inquis is the second person singular form of inquam (irreg. and defective): to say. Mortem is the accusative singular form of mors, mortis (3f): death. Ante (prep.): before; in front of (takes the accusative). Oculōs is the accusative plural form of oculus, oculī (2m): eye. Habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have.

Mihi is the dative form of ego: I (to/for me). Versantur is the third person plural passive form of versō, versāre, versāvī, versātum (1): to turn over, spin, whirl, twist; (in the passive) to come and go constantly or be constantly in a certain place, situation, activity, etc. ; dwell, remain; be involved in, concern oneself with. Ante (prep.): before; in front of (takes the accusative). Oculōs is the accusative plural form of oculus, oculī (2m): eye. Ulixēs, Ulixis/Ulixī/Ulixeī (3, mixed declension): Ulysses. Atque/ac (conj.): and. Nestor, Nestoris (3m): Nestor.

Itaque (adv.): (and) so, therefore. Pūblicānīs is the dative plural form of pūblicānus, pūblicānī (2m): a contractor for public works; tax collector, publican. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Oculīs is the ablative plural form of oculus, oculī (2m): eye. Sumus: we are (first person plural used for the first person singular). In oculīs alicui esse = to be constantly in someone’s thoughts, be dear to someone.

(By silly activities that take up all their time.) Quōrundam is the m/n genitive plural form of quīdam/quaedam/quiddam (pron.): a certain one, someone, something; (in pl.) some, some people, some things. Ōtium, ōtiī (2n): leisure, freedom from business, free time; rest; inactivity, idleness; peace, tranquility. Occupātus/occupāta/occupātum (1/2): busy, occupied, engrossed—originally the perfect passive participle of occupō, occupāre, occupāvī, occupātum (1): to seize, take possession of; occupy. Est: is.

Nōn: not. Habent is the third person plural form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have. Istī is the masculine nominative plural form of iste/ista/istud (pron.): that (one), this (one); he, she, it (those/these). Ōtium is the accusative singular form of ōtium, ōtiī (2n): leisure, freedom from business, free time; rest; inactivity, idleness; peace, tranquility. Sed (conj.): but. Iners is the neuter accusative singular form of iners, inertis (3, adj.): unskilled; lazy, idle, inactive. Negōtium is the accusative singular form of negōtium, negōtiī (2n): occupation, business (it’s the negation of ōtium—i.e., the absence of leisure).

Quid is the neuter accusative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? In (prep.): (with abl.): in; (with acc.) into. Ōtiō is the ablative singular form of ōtium, ōtiī (2n): leisure, freedom from business, free time; rest; inactivity, idleness; peace, tranquility. Faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make.

Ōtium, ōtiī (2n): leisure, freedom from business, free time; rest; inactivity, idleness; peace, tranquility. Nōn: not. Est: there is.

Scrībendī is the genitive gerund of scrībō, scrībere, scrīpsī, scrīptum (3): to write. Ōtium, ōtiī (2n): leisure, freedom from business, free time; rest; inactivity, idleness; peace, tranquility. Nōn: not. Erat is the third person singular imperfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

Tempus, temporis (3n): time. Diēs, diēī (5m/f): day. In (prep.): (with abl.): in; (with acc.) into. Ōtiō is the ablative singular form of ōtium, ōtiī (2n): leisure, freedom from business, free time; rest; inactivity, idleness; peace, tranquility. Cōnsūmēbātur is the third person singular imperfect passive form of cōnsūmō, cōnsūmere, cōnsūmpsī, cōnsūmptum (3): to destroy; consume; use up; spend; waste.

Pāx, pācis (3f): peace. Est: is. Īnsigne, īnsignis (3n): something worn to show one’s status; badge; mark; symbol, emblem (a substantive use of īnsignis/īnsignis/īnsigne (3): clearly visible; noteworthy, remarkable; distinguished). Et (conj.): and. Ōtium, ōtī (also ōtiī) (2n): leisure, freedom from business, free time; rest; inactivity, idleness; peace, tranquility. Toga, togae (1f): toga.

In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Galliā is the ablative singular form of Gallia, Galliae (1f): Gaul (the territory corresponding roughly to modern France and Belgium). Spērāmus is the first person plural form of spērō, spērāre, spērāvī, spērātum (1): to hope. Esse: (there) to be. Ōtium is the accusative singular form of ōtium, ōtiī (2n): leisure, freedom from business, free time; rest; inactivity, idleness; peace, tranquility (accusative + infinitive construction with esse).

Sciō, scīre, scīvī/sciī, scītum (4): to know. Quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Perīclum is the accusative singular form of perīclum, perīclī (2n—also perīculum): test, trial, experiment; danger, risk, peril. Faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make.

Perit is the third person singular form of pereō, perīre, periī, peritum (irreg.): to become lost; disappear; be destroyed, perish, die. Fortitūdō, fortitūdinis (3f): bravery, courage, fortitude; strength. Quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Perīculum is the accusative singular form of perīculum, perīculī (2n): test, trial, experiment; danger, risk, peril. Faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Dēbet is the third person singular form of dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitum (2): to owe; ought, should, must, need to, have to. Suī: of itself—the genitive form of the reflexive pronoun.

Quam (interrog. adv.): how (much)? to what degree? Multōs is the masculine accusative plural form of multus/multa/multum (1/2): much, many. Ex/ē (prep.): out of, from (takes the ablative). Perīculō is the ablative singular form of perīculum, perīculī (2n): test, trial, experiment; danger, risk, peril. Vēlōcitās, vēlōcitātis (3f): speed, swiftness. Equus, equī (2m): horse. Rapuit is the third person singular perfect form of rapiō, rapere, rapuī, raptum (3, –iō): to snatch, carry off.

Maiōra is the neuter nominative plural form of maior/maior/maius (3): bigger, larger, greater—the comparative form of magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): big, large, great. Mē is the accusative form of ego: I (me). Perīcula is the nominative plural form of perīculum, perīculī (2n): test, trial, experiment; danger, risk, peril. Expectant is the third person plural form of expectō, expectāre, expectāvī, expectātum (1—also exspectō): to wait (for), await; expect; look forward to.

Magis (adv.): more. Autem (particle): on the other hand, but, however; and, moreover; for my, your, his, etc. part. Perīculīs is the dative plural form of perīculum, perīculī (2n): test, trial, experiment; danger, risk, peril. Patēmus is the first person plural form of pateō, patēre, patuī, — (2): to be open; be accessible; be exposed; be obvious. Āversī is the masculine nominative plural form of āversus/āversa/āversum (1/2): turned away—the perfect passive participle of āvertō, āvertere, āvertī, āversum (3): to turn away or aside, divert, avert.

(Talking about bravery.) Atquī (conj.): and yet, still, nevertheless. Perīcula is the accusative plural form of perīculum, perīculī (2n): test, trial, experiment; danger, risk, peril. Contemnit is the third person singular form of contemnō, contemnere, contempsī, contemptum (3): to despise, scorn, consider of no importance. Et (conj.): and. Prōvocat is the third person singular form of prōvocō, prōvocāre, prōvocāvī, prōvocātum (1): to call forth; challenge; provoke, excite.

Inter (prep.): among; between (takes the accusative). Expositōrum is the m/n (here m) genitive plural form of expositus/exposita/expositum (1/2), the perfect passive participle of expōnō, expōnere, exposuī, expositum (3): to display; expose; set forth, relate, explain (the participle is used substantively here to mean babies “exposed” —i.e., abandoned outside). Perīcula is the accusative plural form of perīculum, perīculī (2n): test, trial, experiment; danger, risk, peril. Nōn: not. Numerābāmus is the first person singular imperfect form of numerō, numerāre, numerāvī, numerātum (1): to count, reckon. Ēducātōrem is the accusative singular form of ēducātor, ēducātōris (3m): a man who brings up children, a foster-father.

Dē (prep.): from, down from; of; about, concerning (takes the ablative). Perīculō is the ablative singular form of perīculum, perīculī (2n): test, trial, experiment; danger, risk, peril. Salūs, salūtis (3f): health; well-being, welfare; safety; preservation; salvation. Atque/ac (conj.): and. Lībertās, lībertātis (3f): freedom, liberty. Loquor, loquī, locūtus sum (3, deponent): to speak, talk.

Perīculum is the accusative singular form of perīculum, perīculī (2n): test, trial, experiment; danger, risk, peril. Adfert is the third person singular form of adferō, adferre, adtulī, adlātum (3, irreg. —also afferō): to bring. Prīmum (adv.): first. Furor, furōris (3m): madness, frenzy, delirium; fury. Deinde (adv.): next, then, afterward. Interitus, interitūs (4m): death (esp. violent or untimely); destruction (the fact of being destroyed).

Et (conj.): and (et. . . et = both. . . and). Mare, maris (3n): sea. Et (conj.): and. Terra, terrae (1f): land; earth. Caeca is the neuter nominative plural form of caecus/caeca/caecum (1/2): blind; invisible, unseen. Perīcla is the nominative plural form of perīclum, perīclī (2n—also perīculum): test, trial, experiment; danger, risk, peril. Latent is the third person plural form of lateō, latēre, latuī, — (2): to be hidden, hide, lurk.

Tuō is the m/n ablative singular form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours, your own. Perīculō is the ablative singular form of perīculum, perīculī (2n): test, trial, experiment; danger, risk, peril. Fīet is the third person singular future form of fīō, fierī, —, — (irreg.): to be done; be made; happen; become.

At (conj.): but. Perīculum, perīculī (2n): test, trial, experiment; danger, risk, peril. Est: there is. Nē (conj. , with subjunctive): lest, that not; (in expressions of fear and risk) that. Opprimāmur is the first person plural passive subjunctive form of opprimō, opprimere, oppressī, oppressum (3): to press (on/against), squeeze; smother; overwhelm; crush; suppress; catch unawares.

Populus, populī (2m): people; nation; general public, populace; a number of people, crowd. Rōmānī is the m/n genitive singular form of Rōmānus/Rōmāna/Rōmānum (1/2): Roman. Nōmen is the accusative singular form of nōmen, nōminis (3n): name; reputation. Salūtemque: salūtem is the accusative singular form of salūs, salūtis (3f): health; well-being, welfare; safety; preservation; salvation; the enclitic conjunction –que adds and. Dēfendite is the plural imperative form of dēfendō, dēfendere, dēfendī, dēfēnsum (3): to ward off; defend, protect.

Omnēs is the m/f nominative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Acarnānia, Acarnāniae (1f): a region of Greece. Populī is the nominative plural form of populus, populī (2m): people; nation; general public, populace; a number of people, crowd. In (prep.): (with abl.)in; (with acc.) into. Diciōnem is the accusative singular form of diciō, diciōnis (3f): dominion, sway, power, control, authority. Lēgātus, lēgātī (2m): envoy, ambassador, deputy, lieutenant, legate. Vēnērunt is the third person plural perfect form of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come.

Multa is the neuter nominative plural form of multus/multa/multum (1/2): much, many. Annōrum is the genitive plural form of annus, annī (2m): year. Mīlia is the nominative plural form of mīlle: thousand. Populōrum is the genitive plural form of populus, populī (2m): people; nation; general public, populace; a number of people, crowd. Supervenient is the third person plural future form of superveniō, supervenīre, supervēnī, superventum (4): to come on top, supervene; come up; follow after; overtake.

Numquam (adv.): never. Fulmina is the nominative plural form of fulmen, fulminis (3n): lightning (that strikes), thunderbolt, lightning strike. Populōs is the accusative plural form of populus, populī (2m): people; nation; general public, populace; a number of people, crowd. Perussērunt is the third person plural perfect form of perūrō, perūrere, perussī, perustum (3): to burn thoroughly, burn up, consume with fire.

(Rather than about the wisdom of an individual.) Dē (prep.): from, down from; about, concerning (takes the ablative). Populus, populī (2m): people; nation; general public, populace; a number of people, crowd. Sapientiā is the ablative singular form of sapientia, sapientiae (1f): wisdom. Dīcendum is the m/n (here n) accusative singular form of dīcendus/dīcenda/dīcendum (1/2), the gerundive of dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say, speak (the verb esse is implied; dīcendum esse is an impersonal passive periphrastic construction). Putō, putāre, putāvī, putātum (1): to think, consider, regard as.

Populō is the dative singular form of populus, populī (2m): people; nation; general public, populace; a number of people, crowd. Nōn: not. Erat is the third person singular imperfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Satis (adv.): enough. Vēndibilis/vēndibilis/vēndibile (3): saleable, marketable; agreeable, popular.

Iste/ista/istud (adj.): that, this. Homō, hominis (3m): man, human being. Nōn: not. Est: is. Ūnus/ūna/ūnum (1/2, irreg.): one. Ex/ē (prep.): from, out of (takes the ablative). Populō is the ablative singular form of populus, populī (2m): people; nation; general public, populace; a number of people, crowd.

In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Ōrest is a contraction of ōre est; ōre is the ablative singular form of ōs, ōris (3n): mouth; face; est: is. In ōre esse alicui = to be on someone’s lips, be much talked about by someone. Omnī is the m/f/n dative singular form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all, whole; every. Populō is the dative singular form of populus, populī (2m): people; nation; general public, populace; a number of people, crowd.

Īdibus is the ablative form of Īdūs, Īduum (4f, plural only): the Ides (middle of the month). Septembribus is the m/f/n ablative plural form of September/Septembris/Septembre (3): of September, belonging to the month of September. Magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): big, large, great. Ex/ē (prep.): out of, from (takes the ablative). Regiōne is the ablative singular form of regiō, regiōnis (3f): direction; position; region. Tōtā is the feminine ablative singular form of tōtus/tōta/tōtum (1/2, irreg.): whole, entire. Coit is the third person singular form of coeō, coīre, coiī, coitum (irreg.): to come together, meet, gather, assemble; coalesce. Populus, populī (2m): people; nation; general public, populace; a number of people, crowd.

(. . . treat your inferiors as you’d want to be treated by your betters.) Hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Tamen (adv.): nevertheless, yet, still, however. Praeceptum, praeceptī (2n): a piece of advice or teaching, precept; order, instruction; rule, principle. Meī is the m/n genitive singular form of meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine. Summa, summae (1f): the whole (of a thing), sum total, sum; what a thing amounts to, (chief) point, substance, gist. Est: is.

Īra, īrae (1f): anger. Praeceptīs is the ablative plural form of praeceptum, praeceptī (2n): a piece of advice or teaching, precept; order, instruction; rule, principle. Fugātur is the third person singular passive form of fugō, fugāre, fugāvī, fugātum (1): to chase away, put to flight, rout.

Itaque (adv.): (and) so, therefore. Obtemperō, obtemperāre, obtemperāvī, obtemperātum (1): to comply with, obey (takes a dative object). Cōgitō, cōgitāre, cōgitāvī, cōgitātum (1): to think (about), reflect (on); plan, intend. Praeceptīs is the dative plural form of praeceptum, praeceptī (2n): a piece of advice or teaching, precept; order, instruction; rule, principle. Tuīs is the m/f/n dative plural form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours.

Continuō (adv.): immediately, straight away. Māter, mātris (3f): mother. Praecepta is the accusative plural form of praeceptum, praeceptī (2n): a piece of advice or teaching, precept; order, instruction; rule, principle. Facessit is the third person singular form of facessō, facessere, facessīvī/facessiī, facessītum (3): to carry out (orders); go away, be off (it’s in the historical present).

Ita (adv.): so, this, in this/that way, in such a way. Ut (rel. adv.): as. Ita ut = (just) as. Praeceptum erat is the third person neuter singular pluperfect passive form of praecipiō, praecipere, praecēpī, praeceptum (3, –iō): to take in advance, take first (before others); anticipate; teach; advise, recommend; enjoin, order. Fēcit is the third person singular perfect form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make.

Teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentum (2): to hold; hold to; keep; attain. Uterque/utraque/utrumque (1/2, irreg.): each of two, either; often translated less literally as both. Prōpositum is the accusative singular form of prōpositum, prōpositī (2n): something set before one as an intention, objective, object for consideration, etc. ; intention, purpose, objective, plan; chosen mode of conduct or way of life; subject, theme; point; assertion, statement, proposition, premise. Vidēbātur is the third person singular imperfect passive form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see; (in the passive) seem.

Nihilō minus (also written nihilōminus): nonetheless (literally less by nothing)—nihilō is the ablative singular form of nihilum, nihilī (2n): nothing, nothingness; minus (adv.): less. Prōpositum is the accusative singular form of prōpositum, prōpositī (2n): something set before one as an intention, objective, object for consideration, etc. ; intention, purpose, objective, plan; chosen mode of conduct or way of life; subject, theme; point; assertion, statement, proposition, premise. Execūtus est is the third person singular perfect form of exequor, exequī, execūtus sum (3, deponent—also exsequor): to follow; seek after; pursue, persist in; carry out, execute; enumerate; attain.

Vīta, vītae (1f): life. Sine (prep.): without (takes the ablative). Prōpositō is the ablative singular form of prōpositum, prōpositī (2n): something set before one as an intention, objective, object for consideration, etc. ; intention, purpose, objective, plan; chosen mode of conduct or way of life; subject, theme; point; assertion, statement, proposition, premise. Vagus/vaga/vagum (1/2): wandering; moving at random; erratic. Est: is.

(. . . if you want to cross the threshold of the Muses.) Mūtandus/mūtanda/mūtandum (1/2) is the gerundive of mūtō, mūtāre, mūtāvī, mūtātum (1): to change. Tibi is the dative form of tū: you (to/for/by you—the dative of agent with the gerundive). Prōpositum, prōpositī (2n): something set before one as an intention, objective, object for consideration, etc. ; intention, purpose, objective, plan; chosen mode of conduct or way of life; subject, theme; point; assertion, statement, proposition, premise. Est: is. Mūtandum tibi est is the passive periphrastic with the dative of agent: it is to be changed by you, it must be changed by you, you must change it. Et (conj.): and. Vīta, vītae (1f): life. Genus, generis (3n): kind, sort, type; race; descent.

Nunc (adv.): now. Ad (prep.): to (takes the accusative). Prōpositum is the accusative singular form of prōpositum, prōpositī (2n): something set before one as an intention, objective, object for consideration, etc. ; intention, purpose, objective, plan; chosen mode of conduct or way of life; subject, theme; point; assertion, statement, proposition, premise. Revertāmur is the first person plural subjunctive form of revertor, revertī, reversus sum (3, deponent): to turn back, return (a hortatory subjunctive).

Sed (conj.): but. Is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that (referring to a discussion—disputātiō, disputātiōnis (3f)). Nōn: not. Pertinet is the third person singular form of pertineō, pertinēre, pertinuī, — (2): to extend (to a certain point in space); pertain, apply, refer, belong, be relevant (to), matter (to), aim (at). Ad (prep.): to (takes the accusative). Praesēns is the neuter accusative singular form of praesēns, praesentis (3, adj.): present, current. Meum is the m/n accusative singular form of meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine. Prōpositum is the accusative singular form of prōpositum, prōpositī (2n): something set before one as an intention, objective, object for consideration, etc. ; intention, purpose, objective, plan; chosen mode of conduct or way of life; subject, theme; point; assertion, statement, proposition, premise.

Deinde (adv.): next, then, afterward (it can introduce the second point in an argument). Contrāriam is the feminine accusative singular form of contrārius/contrāria/contrārium (1/2): contrary, opposite; opposed; conflicting, contradictory. Rem is the accusative singular form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair; fact; circumstance; property. Prōpositō is the dative singular form of prōpositum, prōpositī (2n): something set before one as an intention, objective, object for consideration, etc. ; intention, purpose, objective, plan; chosen mode of conduct or way of life; subject, theme; point; assertion, statement, proposition, premise. Suō: (to) their (own)—the m/n dative singular form of suus/sua/suum (1/2). Dīcunt is the third person plural form of dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say.

Testātur is the third person singular form of testor, testārī, testātus sum (1, deponent): to call to witness; bear witness, attest, testify (to); demonstrate. Hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Fābella, fābellae (1f): (little/short) story, tale, fable. Prōpositum is the accusative singular form of prōpositum, prōpositī (2n): something set before one as an intention, objective, object for consideration, etc. ; intention, purpose, objective, plan; chosen mode of conduct or way of life; subject, theme; point; assertion, statement, proposition, premise. Meum is the m/n accusative singular form of meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine.

Ambō/ambae/ambō (irreg.): both. Prōpositum is the m/n accusative singular form of prōpositus/prōposita/prōpositum (1/2), the perfect passive participle of prōpōnō, prōpōnere, prōposuī, prōpositum (3): to place or set before one; exhibit; post up; hold out, offer, propose; set out, state, explain; set up as one’s intention, intend, purpose. Peragunt is the third person plural form of peragō, peragere, perēgī, perāctum (3): to carry out, execute; complete, finish (it’s in the historical present). Iter is the accusative singular form of iter, itineris (3n): journey; route, way.

(But the boy died is a possible meaning for the sentence by itself, but the context shows that Seneca already had a “he” subject and meant to emphasize his stage of life; so think of puer as acting as a subject complement to the third person singular subject indicated by the verb: he. . . (as) a boy.) Sed (conj.): but. Puer, puerī (2m): boy; child; servant boy, page, young male slave. Dēcessit is the third person singular perfect form of dēcēdō, dēcēdere, dēcessī, dēcessum (3): to go away, depart, withdraw; get out of the way, make way; yield; pass away, die.

Is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Sē: herself—the accusative form of the reflexive pronoun. Peperisse is the perfect infinitive form of pariō, parere, peperī, partum (3, –iō): to give birth to; give rise to, cause; produce, beget. Puerum is the accusative singular form of puer, puerī (2m): boy; child; servant boy, page, young male slave. Simulat is the third person singular form of simulō, simulāre, simulāvī, simulātum (1): to pretend; simulate. Mīlitī is the dative singular form of mīles, mīlitis (3m): soldier.

(He’s talking about pain, and saying it’s more endurable than we might think.) Puerī is the nominative plural form of puer, puerī (2m): boy; child; servant boy, page, young male slave. Ferunt is the third person plural form of ferō, ferre, tulī, lātum (3, irreg.): to carry, bear; endure. Glōriā is the ablative singular form of glōria, glōriae (1f): glory. Ductī is the masculine nominative plural form of ductus/ducta/ductum (1/2), the perfect passive participle (led) of dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductum (3): to lead.

Sinite is the plural imperative form of sinō, sinere, sīvī, situm (3): to allow, let (suffer can mean that in old-fashioned English). Puerōs is the accusative plural form of puer, puerī (2m): boy; child; servant boy, page, young male slave. Veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come. Ad (prep.): to (takes the accusative). Mē is the accusative form of ego: I (me).

Alterī is the m/f/n dative singular form of alter/altera/alterum (1/2, irreg.): the other, another; the second, a second; one (of two). Ab/ā (prep.): from; by (takes the ablative). Puerō is the ablative singular form of puer, puerī (2m): boy; child; servant boy, page, young male slave. Prō (prep.): in front of, before; for; in place of, instead of; in exchange for; as, in the capacity of; on behalf of; in defense of; in proportion to (takes the ablative). Dēliciīs is the ablative plural form of dēlicia, dēliciae (1f, usually plural, sometimes translated as singular): delight, pleasure, enjoyment, fun; luxuries; sweetheart, favorite. Crūdēlitās, crūdēlitātis (3f): cruelty. Fuit is the third person singular perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

Postrīdiē (adv.): on the next day, the day after. Sēstī is the m/n (here m) genitive singular form of the family name Sēstius/Sēstia/Sēstium (1/2—also Sextius). Puerī is the nominative plural form of puer, puerī (2m): boy; child; servant boy, page, young male slave. Vēnērunt is the third person plural perfect form of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come.

Exercet is the third person singular form of exerceō, exercēre, exercuī, exercitum (2): to train; exercise, practice, employ, wield; harass, trouble. Philosophia, philosophiae (1f): philosophy. Rēgnum is the accusative singular form of rēgnum, rēgnī (2n): kingship; monarchy; kingdom, realm; reign, rule, sway, dominion, authority; tyranny. Suum: her (own)—the m/n accusative singular form of suus/sua/suum (1/2).

(Under God.) In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Rēgnō is the ablative singular form of rēgnum, rēgnī (2n): kingship; monarchy; kingdom, realm; reign, rule, sway, dominion, authority; tyranny. Nātī sumus is the first person masculine plural perfect form of nāscor, nāscī, nātus sum (3, deponent): to be born.

Iam (adv.): already; now; soon. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Ūnum is the m/n accusative singular form of ūnus/ūna/ūnum (1/2, irreg.): one. Rēgnum is the accusative singular form of rēgnum, rēgnī (2n): kingship; monarchy; kingdom, realm; reign, rule, sway, dominion, authority; tyranny. Multa is the neuter accusative plural form of multus/multa/multum (1/2): much, many. Rēgna is the accusative plural form of rēgnum, rēgnī (2n). Cōniēcit is the third person singular perfect form of coniciō, conicere, coniēcī, coniectum (3, –iō): to throw together; put together; throw, cast, hurl.

Rēgnum is the accusative singular form of rēgnum, rēgnī (2n): kingship; monarchy; kingdom, realm; reign, rule, sway, dominion, authority; tyranny. Adpetīsse is the perfect infinitive form of adpetō, adpetere, adpetīvī/adpetiī, adpetītum (3—also appetō): to try to reach; seek (instinctively), have an appetite for; strive after, aspire to; court. Est iūdicātus is the third person masculine singular perfect passive form of iūdicō, iūdicāre, iūdicāvī, iūdicātum (1): to judge, deem.

(He’s talking about a then-unusual word, essentia, meaning essence—a noun formed from esse: to be.) Cicerōnem is the accusative singular form of the proper name Cicerō, Cicerōnis (3m). Auctōrem is the accusative singular form of auctor, auctōris (3m): creator; author; supporter; adviser; initiator; agent; seller; surety, guarantor; authority (a person whose opinion, practice, etc. , is authoritative). Huius is the m/f/n genitive singular form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Verbum, verbī (2n): word; phrase, expression, saying, proverb; verb. Habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have.

Stultus/stulta/stultum (1/2): foolish, stupid (used substantively to mean a foolish person, a fool). Verba is the accusative plural form of verbum, verbī (2n): word; phrase, expression, saying, proverb; verb. Multiplicat is the third person singular form of multiplicō, multiplicāre, multiplicāvī, multiplicātum (1): to multiply.

Quid is the neuter accusative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? —neuter accusative singular used adverbially: in what respect? to what extent? how? what for? why? Opus, operis (3n): word; (in the expression opus est) need (opus est + ablative = there is need for X). Est: is there. Verbīs is the ablative plural form of verbum, verbī (2n): word; phrase, expression, saying, proverb; verb.

(Speak less eruditely and more clearly.) Nōstī is the second person singular perfect form of nōscō, nōscere, nōvī, nōtum (3): (in present-stem forms) to get to know; (in perfect-stem forms) know (perfect forms translate with the present tense of English know). Enim (particle): for, indeed. Crēdō, crēdere, crēdidī, crēditum (3): to entrust; lend (money); trust; believe. Verbum is the accusative singular form of verbum, verbī (2n): word; phrase, expression, saying, proverb; verb. Illud is the neuter accusative singular form of ille/illa/illud (adj.): that. Vetus is the neuter accusative singular form of vetus, veteris (3, adj.): old, ancient. Et (conj.): and. Pervolgātum is the m/n accusative singular form of pervolgātus/pervolgāta/pervolgātum (1/2—also pervulgātum): common, usual; familiar, famous; widely known or used—originally the perfect passive participle of pervolgō, pervolgāre, pervolgāvī, pervolgātum (1—also pervulgō): to make generally available; make generally known, publish.

Angor can be the nominative singular form of the noun angor, angōris (3m): suffocation; anguish, anxiety; or it can be the first person singular passive form of angō, angere, ānxī, ānctum (3): to strangle, smother, suffocate; cause pain or anguish to, afflict, distress (so angor as a verb means I am strangled or I am distressed, etc.). Nōmen, nōminis (3n): name; noun. Et (conj.): and. Verbum, verbī (2n): word; phrase, expression, saying, proverb; verb. Est: is.

Venerī is the dative singular form of Venus, Veneris (3f): Venus, goddess of love. Dīcitō is the singular future imperative form of dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say. Multam is the feminine accusative singular form of multus/multa/multum (1/2): much, many. Meīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine. Verbīs is the ablative plural form of verbum, verbī (2n): word; phrase, expression, saying, proverb; verb. Salūtem is the accusative singular form of salūs, salūtis (3f): health; well-being; safety; preservation; salvation; greeting, salutation (literally, the Romans greeted people by wishing them health).

Verba is the neuter accusative plural form of verbum, verbī (2n): word; phrase, expression, saying, proverb; verb. Dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give. Nōn: not. Potes is the second person singular form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can. Tēcum: with you (tē = you; cum = with). Sum: I am.

Dictātor, dictātōris (3m): dictator (in ancient Rome this meant a man given plenary powers in order to deal with a crisis; he normally relinquished his dictatorial powers once the crisis was over.) Tusculānus/Tusculāna/Tusculānum (1/2): Tusculan, of Tusculum (a town in the Latium region of Italy). Ita (adv.): thus, so, in this/that way. Verba is the accusative plural form of verbum, verbī (2n): word; phrase, expression, saying, proverb; verb. Fēcit is the third person singular perfect form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make.

Verbum is the accusative singular form of verbum, verbī (2n): word; phrase, expression, saying, proverb; verb. Tamen (adv.): nevertheless, yet, still. Faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Nōn: not. Audēbant is the third person plural imperfect form of audeō, audēre, ausus sum (2, semi-deponent): to dare.

Sī (conj.): if. Verbum, verbī (2n): word; phrase, expression, saying, proverb; verb. Grātiā is the ablative singular form of grātia, grātiae (1f): favor, kindness, goodwill; popularity; grace; charm, attraction, pleasantness, agreeableness; gratitude, thankfulness, (in plural) thanks; (in ablative singular after a genitive word) for the sake (of). Ego: I. Ita (adv.): thus, so, in this/that way. Stipulātus sim is the first person masculine singular perfect subjunctive form of stipulor, stipulārī, stipulātus sum (1, deponent): to exact a guarantee or solemn promise; stipulate (it’s a potential subjunctive).

Theocritus, Theocritī (2m): a Greek poet of the third century BC. Sunt: they are. Versūs is the nominative plural form of versus, versūs (4m): line (esp. of verse or writing); verse. Verbum is the accusative singular form of verbum, verbī (2n): word; phrase, expression, saying, proverb; verb (the first instance of verbum is an adverbial accusative). Ad (prep.): to; for; according to (takes the accusative). Trānslātī is the masculine nominative plural form of trānslātus/trānslāta/trānslātum (1/2), the perfect passive participle of trānsferō, trānsferre, trānstulī, trānslātum (3, irreg.): to transfer; translate.

(It makes you lose control.) Vīnum, vīnī (2n): wine. Caret is the third person singular form of careō, carēre, caruī, caritum (2): to lack, not have, be without (typically takes an ablative object). Clāvō is the ablative singular form of clāvus, clāvī (2m): nail, rivet; helm, rudder, tiller.

Quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Sit is the third person singular subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect question). Vīnum, vīnī (2n): wine. Mulsum, mulsī (2n): oenomel, wine mixed with honey (a substantive use of mulsus/mulsa/mulsum (1/2): mixed with honey; with ellipsis of the noun vīnum). Sapor, sapōris (3m): taste, flavor. Scīs is the second person singular form of sciō, scīre, scīvī/sciī, scītum (4): to know; know how to.

Alius/alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): another, other; different (alius. . . alius = one. . . another). Vīnō is the ablative singular form of vīnum, vīnī (2n): wine. Madet is the third person singular form of madeō, madēre, maduī, — (2): to be wet, be sodden; be steeped (in = ablative); be drunk; be softened (by boiling or ripening). Alius/alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): another, other; different. Inertiā is the ablative singular form of inertia, inertiae (1f): lack of skill; laziness, sloth, idleness. Torpet is the third person singular form of torpeō, torpēre, torpuī, — (2): to be numb, paralyzed, inert, inactive or lethargic.

(He = Plato.) Vir, virī (2m): man; husband. Bonus/bona/bonum (1/2): good. Inquit is the third person singular form of inquam (irreg. and defective): to say (inquit = he/she says or said). Nōn: not. Laedit is the third person singular form of laedō, laedere, laesī, laesum (3): to harm, hurt, injure.

Nōn: not. Est: it is. Vir, virī (2m): man; husband. Timeō, timēre, timuī, — (2): to fear, be afraid. Sūdōrem is the accusative singular form of sūdor, sūdōris (3m): sweat.

(He’s talking about women in his times.) Et (conj.): and (et. . . et = both. . . and). Oleō is the ablative singular form of oleum, oleī (2n): oil (it can refer to staying up at night, because that involved the use of oil lamps). Et (conj.): and. Merō is the ablative singular form of merum, merī (2n): wine unmixed with water (a substantive use of merus/mera/merum (1/2): pure, unalloyed, undiluted; sheer; mere; the noun vīnum (2n, meaning wine) is implied). Virōs is the accusative plural form of vir, virī (2m): man; husband. Prōvocant is the third person plural form of prōvocō, prōvocāre, prōvocāvī, prōvocātum (1): to call forth; challenge to a contest; rival; provoke.

Perīt (contracted from periit) is the third person singular perfect form of pereō, perīre, periī, peritum (irreg.): to disappear; be destroyed, perish, die. Inquit is the third person singular form of inquam (irreg. and defective): to say (inquit = he/she says or said). Propter (prep.): near, close to; because of (takes the accusative). Dēsīderium is the accusative singular form of dēsīderium, dēsīderiī (2n): longing, the fact of missing someone or something; desire; need. Vir, virī (2m): man; husband.

Uxor, uxōris (3f): wife. Virum is the accusative singular form of vir, virī (2m): man; husband. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Calamitāte is the ablative singular form of calamitās, calamitātis (3f): misfortune, disaster, calamity. Nē (adv.): not (in commands, wishes and purposes). Dēserat is the third person singular form of dēserō, dēserere, dēseruī, dēsertum (3): to abandon, forsake, desert (subjunctive because it’s a command—a negative one, also called a prohibition).

(He is quoting examples of how people deceive themselves.) Nōn: not. Est: it is. Meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine. Vitium, vitiī (2n): vice, fault, flaw, defect, disorder. Quod (conj.): that; the fact that; as for the fact that; in that; because. Īrācundus/īrācunda/īrācundum (1/2): irascible, irritable, prone to anger. Sum: I am.

(He distinguishes between pleasures, which arise from apparent goods that aren’t real, and joys, which arise from goods that are.) Vitium is the accusative singular form of vitium, vitiī (2n): vice, fault, flaw, defect, disorder. Esse: to be. Voluptātem is the accusative singular form of voluptās, voluptātis (3f): pleasure. Crēdimus is the first person plural form of credō, crēdere, crēdidī, crēditum (3): to entrust; lend (money); trust; believe.

Mercēde is the ablative singular form of mercēs, mercēdis (3f): pay, reward; bribe. Tē is the accusative singular form of tū: you. Vitia is the nominative plural form of vitium, vitiī (2n): vice, fault, flaw, defect, disorder. Sollicitant is the third person plural form of sollicitō, sollicitāre, sollicitāvī, sollicitātum (1): to disturb, harass, molest; worry; solicit, tempt, seduce.

Nēmō, nēminis (3m): no one. Adscrībit is the third person singular form of adscrībō, adscrībere, adscrīpsī, adscrīptum (3—also ascrībō): to write in addition, add in writing; ascribe, attribute. Urbibus is the dative plural form of urbs, urbis (3f): city. Vitia is the accusative plural form of vitium, vitiī (2n): vice, fault, flaw, defect, disorder. Singulōrum is the m/n (here m, used substantively) genitive plural form of singulus/singula/singulum (1/2): taken individually, single, separate, individual; (in pl. only) one each, one by one, one at a time, each individually, every single.

(Speaking of linseed.) Mulierum is the genitive plural form of mulier, mulieris (3f): woman. Cutis, cutis (3f): skin. Vitia is the accusative plural form of vitium, vitiī (2n): vice, fault, flaw, defect, disorder. Ēmendat is the third person singular form of ēmendō, ēmendāre, ēmendāvī, ēmendātum (1f): to correct, set right. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Faciē is the ablative singular form of faciēs, faciēī (5f): face; appearance.

(Perhaps speaking of water parsley.) Rādīx, rādīcis (3f): root. Et (adv.): also; even. Vēsīca, vēsīcae (1f): bladder. Vitiīs is the dative plural form of vitium, vitiī (2n): vice, fault, flaw, defect, disorder. Medētur is the third person singular form of medeor, medērī, —, — (2, deponent): to cure, heal, remedy (takes a dative object).

(Speaking of a piece of land for sale.) Prīmā is the feminine ablative singular form of prīmus/prīma/prīmum (1/2): first. Īnspectiōne is the ablative singular form of īnspectiō, īnspectiōnis (3f): inspection, examination. Neque/nec (conj. and adv.): and not, nor; neither, not either, not even (neque. . . neque = neither. . . nor). Vitia is the accusative plural form of vitium, vitiī (2n): vice, fault, flaw, defect, disorder. Neque/nec (conj. and adv.): and not, nor; neither, not either, not even. Virtūtēs is the accusative plural form of virtūs, virtūtis (3f): virtue, merit, good quality; courage, valor. Abditās is the feminine accusative plural form of abditus/abdita/abditum (1/2): hidden, concealed—the perfect passive participle of abdō, abdere, abdidī, abditum (3): to hide, conceal. Ostendit is the third person singular form of ostendō, ostendere, ostendī, ostentum/ostēnsum (3): to show, display, exhibit, disclose, reveal.

Et (conj.): and. Hāctenus (adv.): so far (often implying and no further). Dē (prep.): from, down from; about, concerning (takes the ablative). Vītium is the genitive plural form of vītis, vītis (3f): grape vine. Generibus is the ablative plural form of genus, generis (3n): kind, type, sort; race; descent.