Nouns: Third Declension

Magnus /magna/magnum (1/2): big, large, great; important. Est: is. Amor, amōris (3m): love; love affair. Quī /quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Ex /ē (prep.): out of, from (takes ablative). Misericordiā is the ablative singular form of misericordia, misericordiae (1f): pity, mercy. Venit is the third person singular form of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come.

Amōrem is the accusative singular form of amor, amōris (3m): love; love affair. Dēscrībō, dēscrībere, dēscrīpsī, dēscrīptum (3): to draw; write down; transcribe; describe; prescribe. Volō, velle, voluī, — (irreg.): to want, wish; be willing.

(Anger.) Tam (adv.): so, so much; as, as much (tam. . . quam = as. . . as; as much this as that). Ex /ē (prep.): from, out of (takes ablative). Amōre is the ablative singular form of amor, amōris (3m): love; love affair. Nāscitur is the third person singular form of nāscor, nāscī, nātus sum (3, deponent): to be born; come into being, spring, arise. Quam (rel. adv.): as; than; rather than. Odiō is the ablative singular form of odium, odiī (2n): hatred, odium.

(If he goes down that road, he’ll think of little else; from a discussion of the qualities of a good farm manager.) Sit is the third person singular subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be (a jussive subjunctive). Ab/ ā (prep.): from; by (takes ablative). Venereīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of venereus/venerea/venereum (1/2—also venerius): belonging to Venus; relating to sexual love. Amōribus is the ablative plural form of amor, amōris (3m): love; love affair. Āversus /āversa/āversum (1/2): turned away; reversed; averse; hostile—originally the perfect passive participle of āvertō, āvertere, āvertī, āversum (3): to turn away or aside, divert, avert.

(But an entire people is capable of fury.) Numquam (adv.): never. Populus, populī (2m): people; nation; general public. Ūniversus /ūniversa/ūniversum (1/2): whole, entire, all (together). Fēmina, fēminae (1f): woman; female. Amōre is the ablative singular form of amor, amōris (3m): love; love affair. Flagrāvit is the third person singular perfect form of flagrō, flagrāre, flagrāvī, flagrātum (1): to blaze, burn, be on fire.

(It’s happened in the past and can happen in general.) Ēbriōsus /ēbriōsa/ēbriōsum (1/2): given to drinking, (habitually) drunken. Convictōrēs is the accusative plural form of convictor, convictōris (3m): a person who lives on intimate terms with another, close friend, companion. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Amōrem is the accusative singular form of amor, amōris (3m): love; love affair. Merum, merī (2n): wine unmixed with water. Trāxit is the third person singular perfect form of trahō, trahere, trāxī, tractum (3): to pull, drag, draw; attract.

Neque/ nec: (as conj.) and not, nor; (as adv.) neither, not either, not even. Amōre is the ablative singular form of amor, amōris (3m): love; love affair. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into; toward; for. Hanc is the feminine accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Patriam is the accusative singular form of patria, patriae (1f): fatherland, country (a substantive use of patrius/patria/patrium (1/2): paternal, belonging to one’s father; the substantive is feminine because the noun terra, terrae (1f, meaning land) or cīvitās, cīvitātis (3f, meaning state, city, city-state) is implied). Nōbīs is the dative form of nōs: we (to us). Concēdunt is the third person plural form of concēdō, concēdere, concessī, concessum (3): to depart, withdraw; give way, make place; yield, submit; be inferior; concede.

Tuam is the feminine accusative singular form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours. Prūdentiam is the accusative singular form of prūdentia, prūdentiae (1f): good sense, sagacity, wisdom, prudence. Temperantiam is the accusative singular form of temperantia, temperantiae (1f): moderation, restraint, self-control, temperance. Amōrem is the accusative singular form of amor, amōris (3m): love; love affair. Ergā (prep.): right against, next to; toward, for (mostly when talking about feelings and attitudes); with regard to (takes the accusative). Mē is the accusative form of ego: I (me). Nōscō, nōscere, nōvī, nōtum (3): (in present-stem forms) to get to know; (in perfect stem forms) to know (perfect forms translate with the present tense of English know)

Ārsit is the third person singular perfect form of ārdeō, ārdēre, ārsī, ārsum (2): to be on fire or catch fire, burn. Iners, inertis (3, adj.): unskilled; lazy, idle, inactive. Frāter, frātris (3m): brother. Meretrīx, meretrīcis (3f): prostitute. Captus /capta/captum (1/2) is the perfect passive participle form of capiō, capere, cēpī, captum (3, –iō): to take, seize, capture. Amōre is the ablative singular form of amor, amōris (3m): love; love affair.

Em (interjection): look! here you are! here is/are! —it can be followed by a word or phrase in the nominative or accusative. Amōrēs is the accusative plural form of amor, amōris (3m): love; love affair. Tuōs is the accusative plural form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours. Sī (conj.): if. Vīs is the second person singular form of volō, velle, voluī, — (irreg.): to want, wish. Spectō, spectāre, spectāvī, spectātum (1): to watch, look (at).

Fulcra is the accusative plural form of fulcrum, fulcrī (2n): the head- or back-support of a couch, bedpost. Torōsque is the accusative plural form of torus, torī (2m): bed (fulcra and torōs are plurals used poetically instead of the singular) (the enclitic conjunction – que adds and). Dea, deae (1f): goddess. Tener/tenera/ tenerum (1/2): soft, tender, delicate. Premit is the third person singular form of premō, premere, pressī, pressum (3): to press; harass; crush; overwhelm; subdue; throng round, crowd round; sit or lie on (it’s in the historical present). Agmen, agminis (3): stream, current; army on the march, column; crowd, throng. Amōrum is the genitive plural form of amor, amōris (3m): love; love affair; Cupid.

Ars, artis (3f): art, craft, skill, technique; a particular art or science, body of knowledge and techniques; trade, profession; artifice, trick, stratagem, guile; (usually in pl.) practices, ways, conduct, behavior. Est: it is. Bonum is the m/n (here m) accusative singular form of bonus/bona/bonum (1/2): good. Fīō, fierī, —, — (irreg.): to be done; be made; happen; come into being; become.

(Than the precious metals in the statues.) Et (conj.): and. Tamen (adv.): nevertheless, yet, still. Ars, artis (3f): art, craft, skill, technique; a particular art or science, body of knowledge and techniques; trade, profession; artifice, trick, stratagem, guile; (usually in pl.) practices, ways, conduct, behavior. Pretiōsior/ pretiōsior /pretiōsius (3): costlier, more expensive; more precious, more valuable—the comparative form of pretiōsus/pretiōsa/pretiōsum (1/2): costly, expensive; precious, valuable. Erat is the third person singular imperfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

Poēticae is the feminine genitive singular form of poēticus/poētica/poēticum (1/2): belonging to poetry, poetic. Ars, artis (3f): art, craft, skill, technique; a particular art or science, body of knowledge and techniques; trade, profession; artifice, trick, stratagem, guile; (usually in pl.) practices, ways, conduct, behavior. Honōs, honōris (3m—also honor): honor, esteem. Nōn: not. Erat is the third person singular imperfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

(A storm.) Gubernātor, gubernātōris (3m): helmsman, pilot. Artem is the accusative singular form of ars, artis (3f): art, craft, skill, technique; a particular art or science, body of knowledge and techniques; trade, profession; artifice, trick, stratagem, guile; (usually in pl.) practices, ways, conduct, behavior. Adeō (adv.): so (much), to such a point, to such an extent, so true is it that. Nōn: not. Inpedit is the third person singular form of inpediō, inpedīre, inpedīvī/inpediī, inpedītum (4—also impediō): to impede, hinder, hamper. Ut (conj.): that, so that. Ostendat is the third person singular subjunctive form of ostendō, ostendere, ostendī, ostentum/ostēnsum (3): to show, exhibit, display, reveal (subjunctive because it's in a result clause).

Erat is the third person singular imperfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Medicus, medicī (2m): doctor, physician. Arte is the ablative singular form of ars, artis (3f): art, craft, skill, technique; a particular art or science, body of knowledge and techniques; trade, profession; artifice, trick, stratagem, guile; (usually in pl.) practices, ways, conduct, behavior. Īnsignis /īnsignis/īnsigne (3): clearly visible; noteworthy, remarkable; distinguished. Nōmine is the ablative singular form of nōmen, nōminis (3n): name. Chariclēs, Chariclis (3m).

Artēs is the nominative plural form of ars, artis (3f): art, craft, skill, technique; a particular art or science, body of knowledge and techniques; trade, profession; artifice, trick, stratagem, guile; (usually in pl.) practices, ways, conduct, behavior. Serviunt is the third person plural form of serviō, servīre, servīvī/serviī, servītum (4): to serve; be a slave (takes a dative object). Vītae is the dative singular form of vītā, vītae (1f): life. Sapientia, sapientiae (1f): wisdom. Imperat is the third person singular form of imperō, imperāre, imperāvī, imperātum (1): to command; rule over; demand (the person or thing receiving a command or being ruled over, or that something is demanded from, goes in the dative).

Nōn: not. Est: is. Enim (particle): for, indeed. Philosophia, philosophiae (1f): philosophy. Similis/ similis /simile (3): similar, like (it can take the dative or the genitive). Artium is the genitive plural form of ars, artis (3f): art, craft, skill, technique; a particular art or science, body of knowledge and techniques; trade, profession; artifice, trick, stratagem, guile; (usually in pl.) practices, ways, conduct, behavior. Reliquārum is the feminine genitive plural form of reliquus/reliqua/reliquum (1/2): that is left, remaining, the rest (of).

(If so, make him become a musician or, if he can’t manage that, an auctioneer or an architect; in any case, don’t let him become an orator or a poet—advice to a father on the education of his son.) Artēs is the accusative plural form of ars, artis (3f): art, craft, skill, technique; a particular art or science, body of knowledge and techniques; trade, profession; artifice, trick, stratagem, guile; (usually in pl.) practices, ways, conduct, behavior. Discō, discere, didicī, discitūrus (3): to learn. Vult is the third person singular form of volō, velle, voluī, — (irreg.): to want, wish. Pecūniōsās is the feminine accusative plural form of pecūniōsus/pecūniōsa/pecūniōsum (1/2): moneyed, rich, wealthy; gainful, lucrative.

Apud (prep.): at, near; with, among; in the presence of; at the house of; in the writings of (takes accusative). Eōs is the masculine accusative plural form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this (one), that (one) (these/those/them). Eāsdem is the feminine accusative plural form of īdem/eadem/idem (adj.): the same. Artēs is the accusative plural form of ars, artis (3f): art, craft, skill, technique; a particular art or science, body of knowledge and techniques; trade, profession; artifice, trick, stratagem, guile; (usually in pl.) practices, ways, conduct, behavior. Fēminae is the nominative plural form of fēmina, fēminae (1f): woman; female. Quās is the feminine accusative plural form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Virī is the nominative plural form of vir, virī (2m): man. Exercent is the third person plural form of exerceō, exercēre, exercuī, exercitum (2): to train; exercise, practice, employ, wield; harass, trouble.

Omnī is the m/f/n ablative singular form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every; any. Arte is the ablative singular form of ars, artis (3f): art, craft, skill, technique; a particular art or science, body of knowledge and techniques; trade, profession; artifice, trick, stratagem, guile; (usually in pl.) practices, ways, conduct, behavior. Requiem is the accusative singular form of requiēs, requiētis (3/5f): rest; pause, break. Furōrī is the dative singular form of furor, furōris (3m): madness, frenzy, delirium; rage, fury. Dabit is the third person singular future form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give.

Sī (conj.): if. Nōn: not. Prōficient is the third person plural future form of prōficiō, prōficere, prōfēcī, prōfectum (3, –iō): to advance, progress; be successful, achieve something; benefit, avail, do good. Artēs is the nominative plural form of ars, artis (3f): art, craft, skill, technique; a particular art or science, body of knowledge and techniques; trade, profession; artifice, trick, stratagem, guile; (usually in pl.) practices, ways, conduct, behavior. Veniēmus is the first person plural future form of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come. Ad (prep.): to (takes the accusative). Arma is the accusative form of arma, armōrum (2n, plural only): arms, weapons.

Temperō, temperāre, temperāvī, temperātum (1): to restrain, temper, moderate, regulate; restrain oneself, refrain; behave with moderation, be moderate, be temperate (it sometimes takes a dative object). Istāc is the feminine ablative singular form of istic/istaec/istuc (adj.): that (of yours). Aetāte is the ablative singular form of aetās, aetātis (3f): age. Istīs is the m/f/n dative plural form of iste/ista/istud (adj.): that (of yours). Decēbat is the third person singular imperfect form of decet, decēre, decuit, — (2, third person only): to suit, befit, beseem; be suitable, fitting or becoming. Artibus is the dative plural form of ars, artis (3f): art, craft, skill, technique; a particular art or science, body of knowledge and techniques; trade, profession; artifice, trick, stratagem, guile; (usually in pl.) practices, ways, conduct, behavior.

Calcāvit is the third person singular perfect form of calcō, calcāre, calcāvī, calcātum (1): to tread. Artīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of artus/arta/artum (1/2—also arctus): tight; compact; narrow; restricted; scanty; dense, thick, close-packed; difficult, critical. Obsitum is the m/n accusative singular form of obsitus/obsita/obsitum (1/2): overgrown—originally the perfect passive participle of obserō, obserere, obsēvī, obsitum (3): to sow, plant. Dūmīs is the ablative plural form of dūmus, dūmī (2m): thorn bush, briar, bramble. Iter is the accusative singular form of iter, itineris (3n): journey; route, way, path.

Tenē is the singular imperative form of teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentum (2): to hold. Sīs: please, if you please—a contraction of sī (if) and vīs (you want/wish/please). Mē is the accusative form of ego: I (me). Artē (adv. —also arctē): tightly, closely; compactly. Mea is the feminine vocative singular form of meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine. Voluptās is the vocative singular form of voluptās, voluptātis (3f): pleasure, delight (here used as a term of endearment).

Torpor, torpōris (3m): numbness; paralysis; inactivity, lethargy, torpor. Gravis /gravis/grave (3): heavy; grave, serious; hard, troublesome, painful, grievous, severe. Occupat is the third person singular form of occupō, occupāre, occupāvī, occupātum (1): to seize, take possession of; occupy (it’s in the historical present). Artūs is the accusative plural form of artus, artūs (4m): joint (in the body), articulation; limb; body part.

Hic/haec/ hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it; the latter. Et (adv.): also. Caput, capitis (3n): head. Dolōres is the accusative plural form of dolor, dolōris (3m): pain; grief, sorrow. Facit is the third person singular form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make; cause.

Dolor, dolōris (3m): pain; grief, sorrow. Et (conj.): and. Paupertās, paupertātis (3f): poverty. Dēteriōrem is the m/f (here m) accusative singular form of dēterior/dēterior/dēterius (3): worse, inferior. Nōn: not. Faciunt is the third person plural form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make; cause.

Est: there is. Aliquī/ aliqua /aliquod (adj.): some, a certain. Et (adv.): also; even. Dolor, dolōris (3m): pain; grief, sorrow. Ambitiō, ambitiōnis (3f): ambition, desire for favor.

(He’s advising her to treat her two granddaughters as consolation for the death of her son.) Ūnum is the m/n accusative singular form of ūnus/ūna/ūnum (1/2, irreg.): one, (only) a single. Dolōrem is the accusative singular form of dolor, dolōris (3m): pain; grief, sorrow. Geminātō is the m/n ablative singular form of geminātus/gemināta/geminātum (1/2), the perfect passive participle of geminō, gemināre, gemināvī, geminātum (1): to double, duplicate. Sōlāciō is the ablative singular form of sōlācium, sōlāciī (2n): comfort, consolation, solace. Levā is the singular imperative form of levō, levāre, levāvī, levātum (1): to raise, lift; relieve.

(On the sage.) Domesticus/ domestica /domesticum (1/2): domestic, of the house, belonging to one’s household; personal, one’s own. Illī is the m/f/n dative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it. Fēlīcitās, fēlīcitātis (3f): good fortune, luckiness, (good) luck, prosperity, happiness; success; fertility. Est: is.

(How to help a lucky man.) Effice is the singular imperative form of efficiō, efficere, effēcī, effectum (3, –iō): to make; make up, compose, assemble; produce; bring about, cause, make it so (that); carry out, execute, accomplish. Nē (conj. , with subjunctive): lest, that not. Fēlīcitātī is the dative singular form of fēlīcitās, fēlīcitātis (3f): good fortune, luckiness, (good) luck, prosperity, happiness; success; fertility. Suae: his (own)—the feminine dative singular form of suus/sua/suum (1/2). Crēdat is the third person singular subjunctive form of crēdō, crēdere, crēdidī, crēditum (3): to entrust; lend (money); trust; believe (the person/thing trusted or believed to be telling the truth goes in the dative).

Nūllī is the m/f/n dative singular form of nūllus/nūlla/nūllum (1/2, irreg.): no, not any; (masc. sg. used substantively) no one. Necesse (adj. , indeclinable): necessary, inevitable. Est: it is. Fēlīcitātem is the accusative singular form of fēlīcitās, fēlīcitātis (3f): good fortune, luckiness, (good) luck, prosperity, happiness; success; fertility. Cursū is the ablative singular form of cursus, cursūs (4m): the action of running, run; course, passage; race. Sequor, sequi, secūtus sum (3, deponent): to follow; pursue, chase.

Fēlīcitāte is the ablative singular form of fēlīcitās, fēlīcitātis (3f): good fortune, luckiness, (good) luck, prosperity, happiness; success; fertility. Corrumperis is the second person singular passive form of corrumpō, corrumpere, corrūpī, corruptum (3): to ruin, spoil, destroy; corrupt.

Hic/ haec /hoc (adj.): this. Fēlīcitās, fēlīcitātis (3f): good fortune, luckiness, (good) luck, prosperity, happiness; success; fertility. Terra, terrae (1f): earth; land; soil; ground. Imbēcillīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of imbēcillus/imbēcilla/imbēcillum (1/2): weak, feeble; ineffective, incompetent. Cultōribus is the ablative plural form of cultor, cultōris (3m): inhabitant; cultivator; worshipper. Fatīgātur is the third person singular passive form of fatīgō, fatīgāre, fatīgāvī, fatīgātum (1): to tire, weary, exhaust; keep on at; harass; wear down.

(The river Don.) Īdem /eadem/idem (pron. or adj.): the same. Asiam is the accusative singular form of Asia, Asiae (1f): Asia. Et (conj.): and. Eurōpam is the accusative singular form of Eurōpa, Eurōpae (1f): Europe. Fīnis, fīnis (3m): boundary, bound, limit; end, ending; the farthest limit or culminating point (of anything); aim, goal, target, purpose, object; (in pl.) territory. Interfluit is the third person singular form of interfluō, interfluere, interflūxī, — (3): to flow between.

Difficilis/difficilis/ difficile (3): difficult. Est: it is. Fīnem is the accusative singular form of fīnis, fīnis (3m): boundary, bound, limit; end, ending; the farthest limit or culminating point (of anything); aim, goal, target, purpose, object; (in pl.) territory. Faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make, form. Pretiō is the dative singular form of pretium, pretiī (2n): price; value. Nisi (conj.): unless, if not; except. Libīdinī is the dative singular form of libīdō, libīdinis (2f): desire, craving; lust. Fēcerīs is the second person singular perfect subjunctive form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; form (fēcerīs is in the “potential” subjunctive because the subject is a general you).

Mēdia, Mēdiae (1f): Media, the country of the Medes (part of modern-day Iran). Fīnēs is the accusative plural form of fīnis, fīnis (3m): boundary, bound, limit; end, ending; the farthest limit or culminating point (of anything); aim, goal, target, purpose, object; (in pl.) territory. Ingressus est is the third person masculine singular perfect form of ingredior, ingredī, ingressus sum (3, –ior, deponent): to walk into, go into, enter; commence, begin; move forward, walk.

Hic/haec/ hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it. Ferē (adv. —also fermē): approximately, roughly, about; almost; usually, in general. Est: is. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Mediīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of medius/media/medium (1/2): middle (often used where English would use the noun middle with of). Eburōnēs, Eburōnum (3m, plural): a people of Gaul. Fīnibus is the ablative plural form of fīnis, fīnis (3m): boundary, bound, limit; end, ending; the farthest limit or culminating point (of anything); aim, goal, target, purpose, object; (in pl.) territory.

Is /ea/id (pron. or adj.): this, this one; he, she, it. Fīnis, fīnis (3m): boundary, bound, limit; end, ending; the farthest limit or culminating point (of anything); aim, goal, target, purpose, object; (in pl.) territory. Ōrātiōnī is the dative singular form of ōrātiō, ōrātiōnis (3f): speech; (in Christian usage) prayer. Fuit is the third person singular perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

Itaque (conj.): (and) so, therefore. Fīnem is the accusative singular form of fīnis, fīnis (3m): boundary, bound, limit; end, ending; the farthest limit or culminating point (of anything); aim, goal, target, purpose, object; (in pl.) territory. Faciam is the first person singular future form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make.

Nātūrālis/nātūrālis/ nātūrāle (3): natural. Est: it is. Malum, malī (2n): an evil or any bad thing (trouble, misfortune, ill, disease, etc.). Suī: (of) one’s (own)—the m/n genitive singular form of suus/sua/suum (1/2). Fīne is the ablative singular form of fīnis, fīnis (3m): boundary, bound, limit; end, ending; the farthest limit or culminating point (of anything); aim, goal, target, purpose, object; (in pl.) territory. Gaudeō, gaudēre, gāvīsus sum (2, semi-deponent): to rejoice, be joyful, be glad, take pleasure in.

Honōrum is the genitive plural form of honor, honōris (3m): honor, esteem; (political) office. Populus, populī (2m): people; nation; populace. Fīnis, fīnis (3m): boundary, bound, limit; end, ending; the farthest limit or culminating point (of anything); aim, goal, target, purpose, object; (in pl.) territory. Est: is. Cōnsulātus, cōnsulātūs (4m): consulship.

(That is, on the farthest limits or culminating points of good things and of bad things; on the supreme good and the supreme evil.) Dē (prep.): from, down from; about, concerning, on (takes the ablative). Fīnibus is the ablative plural form of fīnis, fīnis (3m): boundary, bound, limit; end, ending; the farthest limit or culminating point (of anything); aim, goal, target, purpose, object; (in pl.) territory. Bonōrum is the genitive plural form of bonum, bonī (2n): a good thing, a good, a blessing, a boon. Et (conj.): and. Malōrum is the genitive plural form of malum, malī (2n): an evil or any bad thing (trouble, misfortune, ill, disease, etc.).

Est: is. Igitur (conj.): therefore, so, then. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Dēlīberandō is the ablative gerund of dēlīberō, dēlīberāre, dēlīberāvī, dēlīberātum (1): to deliberate. Fīnis, fīnis (3m): boundary, bound, limit; end, ending; the farthest limit or culminating point (of anything); aim, goal, target, purpose, object; (in pl.) territory. Ūtilitās, ūtilitātis (3f): usefulness, utility; advantage, advantageousness; expediency.

(Addressing Terminus, the god of boundaries.) Tū: you. Populōs is the accusative plural form of populus, populī (2m): people; nation; populace. Urbēsque is the accusative plural form of urbs, urbis (3f): city (the enclitic conjunction – que adds and). Et (conj.): and. Rēgna is the accusative plural form of rēgnum, rēgnī (2n): kingship; reign; kingdom. Ingentia is the neuter accusative plural form of ingēns, ingentis (3, adj.): huge, vast, enormous, immense. Fīnīs is the second person singular form of fīniō, fīnīre, fīnīvī/fīniī, fīnītum (4): to mark out the boundaries of, delimit; draw; prescribe (a limit or similar); end, finish, put an end to; define.

Nempe (particle): indeed, certainly, of coursr\e; so it may be assumed that? Fortitūdō, fortitūdinis (3f): bravery, courage, fortitude; strength. Optābilis/ optābilis /optābile (3): desirable. Est: is.

Temeritās, temeritātis (3f): rashness, temerity, heedlessness. Sub (prep.): (with abl.) under (as a static location); (with acc.) under (as a direction), toward and under. Titulō is the ablative singular form of titulus, tituli (2m):): an inscribed tablet, label, or the like; inscription; title; name, appellation; title of honor. Fortitūdō, fortitūdinis (3f): bravery, courage, fortitude; strength. Latet is the third person singular form of lateō, latēre, latuī, — (2): to be hidden, hide, lurk; be obscure or unknown.

Sunt: (they) are. Igitur (conj.): therefore, so, then. Domesticae is the feminine nominative plural form of domesticus/domestica/domesticum (1/2): domestic, of the house, belonging to one’s household; personal, one’s own. Fortitūdinēs is the nominative plural form of fortitūdō, fortitūdinis (3f): bravery, courage, fortitude; strength. Nōn: not. Īnferiōrēs is the m/f nominative plural form of īnferior/īnferior/īnferius (3): situated further below, lower; inferior—the comparative form of īnferus/īnfera/īnferum (1/2): situated below. Mīlitāribus is the m/f/n ablative (or maybe dative) plural form of mīlitāris/mīlitāris/mīlitāre (3): military (inferior to is often expressed with īnferior and an ablative of comparison, but the dative is sometimes used as well).

Nūllus/ nūlla /nūllum (1/2, irreg.): no, not any. Gēns, gentis (3f): a people, nation, race; gens, clan, (extended) family. Est: there is. Quam is the feminine accusative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Nōn: not. Īra, īrae (1f): anger. Īnstīget is the third person singular subjunctive form of īnstīgō, īnstīgāre, īnstīgāvit, īnstīgātum (1): to incite, urge, goad, provoke (subjunctive because it’s in a relative clause of characteristic).

Illum is the masculine accusative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she it. Suspiciant is the third person plural subjunctive form of suspiciō, suspicere suspexī, suspectum (3, –iō): to look up (at); look up to, admire, respect; suspect. Et (conj.): and. Colant is the third person plural subjunctive form of colō, colere, coluī, cultum (3): to inhabit; cultivate; worship. Gentēs is the nominative plural form of gēns, gentis (3f): nation, people, race; gens, clan, (extended) family. (The two verbs are jussive subjunctives.)

Ingenia is the nominative plural form of ingenium, ingeniī (2n): natural disposition, innate character, nature, temperament; mental powers, intellect, mind; talent; cleverness, ingenuity. Cultūsque is the nominative plural form of cultus, cultūs (4m): inhabitation (the fact of inhabiting a place); cultivation, tilling (of land); education; personal care (of one’s body or appearance); adornment; manner of dress; smartness, elegance; refinement; mode of living; custom; worship, veneration (the enclitic conjunction – que adds and). Gentium is the genitive plural form of gēns, gentis (3f): nation, people, race; gens, clan, (extended) family. Differunt is the third person plural form of differō, differre, distulī, dīlātum (3, irreg.): to scatter, spread; delay, postpone, defer; differ.

(The argument of someone who thinks there’s something noble about anger; he mentions the Germans and the Scythians as examples.) Līberās is the feminine accusative plural form of līber/lībera/līberum (1/2): free (having freedom). Vidēbis is the second person singular future form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see. Gentēs is the accusative plural form of gēns, gentis (3f): nation, people, race; gens, clan, (extended) family. Quae is the f/n nominative plural form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Īrācundissimae is the feminine nominative plural form of īrācundissimus/īrācundissima/īrācundissimum (1/2): very/most prone to anger, very/most irascible—the superlative form of īrācundus/īrācunda/īrācundum (1/2): prone to anger, irascible. Sunt: (they) are.

Ubi (interrog. adv.): where? Tū: you. Es: are (you). Gentium is the genitive plural form of gēns, gentis (3f): nation, people, race; gens, clan, (extended) family (ubi gentium? = where on earth? ).

Frātrem is the accusative singular form of frāter, frātris (3m): brother. Nusquam (adv.): nowhere. Inveniō, invenīre, invēnī, inventum (4): to find. Gentium is the genitive plural form of gēns, gentis (3f): nation, people, race; gens, clan, (extended) family (nusquam gentium = nowhere on earth, nowhere at all).

Sulla, Sullae (1m). Gēns, gentis (3f): nation, people, race; gens, clan, (extended) family. Patriciae is the feminine genitive singular form of patricius/patricia/patricium (1/2): patrician. Nōbilis is the m/f/n genitive singular form of nōbilis/nōbilis/nōbile (3): renowned, famous, celebrated, distinguished, illustrious; noble. Fuit is the third person singular perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

Tum (adv.): then, at that time, at that moment. Fabius/ Fabia /Fabium (1/2): a family name. Gēns, gentis (3f): nation, people, race; gens, clan, (extended) family. Senātum is the accusative singular form of senātus, senātūs (4m): senate. Adiit is the third person singular perfect form of adeō, adīre, adiī, aditum (irreg.): to go to, approach, visit; go to for help, appeal to.

Quis/quis/ quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Est: is. Homō, hominis (3m): man, human being, person.

Officia is the accusative plural form of officium, officiī (2n): service; duty; office. Cīvis, cīvis (3m/f): citizen. Āmīsit is the third person singular perfect form of āmittō, āmittere, āmīsī, āmissum (3): let go of; lose, misplace. Homō, hominis (3m): man, human being, person. Exerceat is the third person singular subjunctive form of exerceō, exercēre, exercuī, exercitum (2): to train; exercise, practice; trouble, harass (subjunctive because it’s jussive).

Hominēs is the nominative plural form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human being, person. Sumus: we are. Nōn: not. Deī is the nominative plural form of deus, deī (2m, irreg.): god.

Hominēs is the nominative plural form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human being, person. Dum (conj.): while; until; so long as. Docent is the third person plural form of doceō, docēre, docuī, doctum (2): to teach. Discunt is the third person plural form of disco, discere, didicī, discitūrus (3): to learn.

Magnam is the feminine accusative singular form of magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): big, large, great; important. Tibi is the dative form of tū: you. Persōnam is the accusative singular form of persōna, persōnae (1f): mask; character (in a play); role, part; person, individual (often in specific contexts; less general than homō). Hominum is the genitive plural form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human being, person. Cōnsēnsus, cōnsēnsūs (4m): consensus, agreement. Imposuit is the third person singular perfect form of impōnō, impōnere, imposuī, impositum (3): to place (acc.) upon (dat.); impose, fix, assign.

Fugiō, fugere, fūgī, fugitūrus (3, –iō): to flee, run away; shun, avoid. Hominēs is the accusative plural form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human being, person.

Dē (prep.): from, down from; about, concerning (takes the ablative). Māchinā is the ablative singular form of māchina, māchinae (1f): machine; scaffolding, platform (here, a platform on which slaves are exposed for sale). Illam is the feminine accusative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it. Tollō, tollere, sustulī, sublātum (3): to lift, raise; pick up; take away, remove. Hominem is the accusative singular form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human being, person. Inter (prep.): among; between (takes the accusative). Hominēs is the accusative plural form. Faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make.

Rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair; fact; act, deed; circumstance; property. Hominī is the dative singular form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human being, person. Fuit is the third person singular perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Vehementer (adv.): strongly, very (much). Grātus/ grāta /grātum (1/2): grateful, thankful; received with gratitude, appreciated; enjoying favor, welcome, popular; pleasing, agreeable.

Valdē (adv.): strongly, very (much). Hominem is the accusative singular form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human being, person. Dīligō, dīligere, dīlēxī, dīlēctum (3): to love, hold dear, have affection or esteem for.

(The man who said all my goods are with me when his city had been destroyed by the enemy.) Ipsam is the feminine accusative singular form of ipse/ipsa/ipsum (adj.): himself/herself/itself/etc. ; in person; the very. Hostis, hostis (3m/f): enemy, foe. Suī: (of) his (own)—the m/n genitive singular form of suus/sua/suum (1/2). Victōriam is the accusative singular form of victōria, victōriae (1f): victory. Vīcit is the third person singular perfect form of vincō, vincere, vīcī, victum (3): to conquer, defeat, overcome; win, be victorious (over).

Nocte is the ablative singular form of nox, noctis (3f): night. Quōmodo (interrog. adv.): how? Hostem is the accusative singular form of hostis, hostis (3m/f): enemy, foe. Cīvemque is the accusative singular form of cīvis, cīvis (3m/f): citizen; fellow citizen, compatriot (the enclitic conjunction – que adds and). Distinguam is the first person singular subjunctive form of distinguō, distinguere, distīnxī, distīnctum (3): to distinguish; tell apart; separate; adorn (subjunctive in a deliberative question).

(Talking about slaves.) Nōn: not. Habēmus is the first person plural form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have. Illōs is the masculine accusative plural form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it (those, them). Hostēs is the accusative plural form of hostis, hostis (3m/f): enemy, foe. Sed (conj.): but. Facimus is the first person plural form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make.

Trāns (prep.): across, on or to the other side of (takes the accusative). Fluvium is the accusative singular form of fluvius, fluviī (2m): stream, river. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on (denoting a static location); (with acc.) into, onto, on (with motion). Colle is the ablative form of collis, collis (3m): hill. Hostium is the genitive plural form of hostis, hostis (3m/f): enemy, foe. Castra is the nominative plural form of castrum, castrī (2n): fortified place; (in the plural only, with singular translation) camp. Erant is the third person plural imperfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

Fūsīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of fūsus/fūsa/fūsum (1/2), the perfect passive participle (having been routed) of fundō, fundere, fūdī, fūsum (2): to pour; spread, scatter; rout. Hostibus is the ablative plural form of hostis, hostis (3m/f): enemy, foe. Etiam (particle): still; even; also. Castra is the nominative plural form of castrum, castrī (2n): fortified place; (in the plural only, with singular translation) camp. Capta is the neuter nominative plural form of captus/capta/captum (1/2), the perfect passive participle of of capiō, capere, cēpī, captum (3, –iō): to take, seize, capture (sunt is implied; capta sunt is the third person neuter plural perfect passive form).

Ignis, ignis (3m): fire. Aurum is the accusative singular form of aurum, aurī (2n): gold. Probat is the third person singular form of probō, probāre, probāvī, probātum (1): to prove; test. Miseria, miseriae (1f): misfortune, affliction, misery, distress. Fortēs is the m/f accusative plural form of fortis/fortis/forte (3): brave; strong. Virōs is the accusative plural form of vir, virī (2m): man; husband.

(He’s talking about gladiatorial fights.) Ferrō is the ablative singular form of ferrum, ferrī (2n): iron or steel; sword. Et (conj.): and. Igne is the ablative singular form of ignis, ignis (3m): fire (ferrō et igne —alternatively ferrō et ignī, ferrō ignīque, ferrō atque ignī —is a set phrase, equivalent to by fire and sword, i.e., by war or violent means). Rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter; affair. Geritur is the third person singular passive form of gerō, gerere, gessī, gestum (3): to wear, carry, bear; carry on, conduct; wage (war).

(An experienced man who’s in love. He’ll act more sedately than an inexperienced youth. He’ll still be burned by the fires of love, but more slowly.) Ignibus is the ablative plural form of ignis, ignis (3m): fire. Heu (interjection): alas! Lentīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of lentus/lenta/lentum (1/2): slow. Ūrētur is the third person singular future passive form of ūrō, ūrere, ussī, ustum (3): to burn (transitively; i.e., cause to burn).

(So what is? Not minding the work.) Labor, labōris (3m): labor, work, toil, effort; task; trouble, hardship, suffering. Bonum, bonī (2n): a good thing, a good, profit, advantage. Nōn: not. Est: is.

Inmēnsus /inmēnsa/inmēnsum (1/2—also immēnsus): immeasurable, boundless, immense. Labor, labōris (3m): labor, work, toil, effort; task; trouble, hardship, suffering. Est: is. Sed (conj.): but. Fertilis /fertilis/fertile (3): fruitful, fertile. Īdem /eadem/idem (pron. or adj.): the same.

Diūtius (adv.): longer, for a longer time—the comparative form of diū (adv.): long, for a long time. Cupiditās, cupiditātis (3f): desire, longing, yearning; greed; lust. Illīs is the m/f/n (here m) dative plural form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it (those, them). Labor, labōris (3m): labor, work, toil, effort; task; trouble, hardship, suffering. Quam (rel. adv.): than; as. Facultās, facultātis (3f): capacity, ability, possibility, opportunity. Est: there is.

(Rather than in hot baths and saunas.) Omnis /omnis/omne (3): all; every. Sūdor, sūdōris (3m): sweat. Per (prep.): through (takes the accusative). Labōrem is the accusative singular form of labor, labōris (3m): labor, work, toil, effort; task; trouble, hardship, suffering. Exeat is the third person singular subjunctive form of exeō, exīre, exīvī/exiī, exitum (irreg.): to go or come out, exit (subjunctive because it’s jussive).

Nīl (contraction of nihil; n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here acc.): nothing. Sine (prep.): without (takes the ablative). Magnō is the m/n ablative singular form of magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): big, large, great. Vīta, vītae (1f): life. Labōre is the ablative singular form of labor, labōris (3m): labor, work, toil, effort; task; trouble, hardship, suffering. Dedit is the third person singular perfect from of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give. Mortālibus is the m/f/n (here m) dative plural form of mortālis/mortālis/mortāle (3): mortal, subject to death.

(Youth.) Hic/haec/ hoc (adj.): this. Tempus, temporis (3n): time, period, season. Idōneus/idōnea/ idōneum (1/2): fit (for a purpose), suitable. Est: is. Labōribus is the dative plural form of labor, labōris (3m): labor, work, toil, effort; task; trouble, hardship, suffering.

Miserēre is the singular passive imperative form of misereō, miserēre, miseruī (or impers. miseritum est) (2): (impersonal) something causes someone to feel pity or sympathy, one feels pity or sympathy (the person feeling pity goes in the accusative and the object of pity in the genitive); (personal, rare) to pity; (in the passive) feel pity or sympathy for, have mercy on (with genitive). Labōrum is the genitive plural form labor, labōris (3m): labor, work, toil, effort; task; trouble, hardship, suffering. Tantōrum is the m/n genitive plural form of tantus/tanta/tantum (1/2): so great, such great, as great.

Māter, mātris (3f): mother. Imperiō is the dative singular form of imperium, imperiī (2n): power, authority, rule, sway, command, dominion; command, order; empire. Obsequor, obsequī, obsecūtus sum (3, deponent): to comply with, obey; humor, oblige (takes a dative object).

Et (conj.): and. Attulit is the third person singular perfect form of adferō, adferre, attulī, allātum (3, irreg.): to bring. Mātrī is the dative singular form of māter, mātris (3f): mother. Suae: (to) her (own)—the feminine dative singular form of suus/sua/suum (1/2).

Scrūtāre is the singular imperative form of scrūtor, scrūtārī, scrūtātus sum (1, deponent): to examine, scrutinize; search. Mātrem is the accusative singular form of māter, mātris (3f): mother.

Omnibus is the m/f/n ablative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Rēbus is the ablative plural form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair; fact; event; circumstance; property. Similitūdō, similitūdinis (3f): likeness, resemblance, similarity; uniformity. Māter, mātris (3f): mother. Est: is. Satietās, satietātis (3f): sufficiency; satiety, the feeling of being glutted, disgust.

Nūllus/ nūlla /nūllum (1/2, irreg.): no, not any. Sine (prep.): without (takes the ablative). Deō is the ablative singular form of deus, deī (2m, irreg.): god. Mēns, mentis (3f): mind; purpose, intention; frame of mind, attitude, disposition, inclination. Bonus/ bona /bonum (1/2): good. Est: is.

Sapientia, sapientiae (1f): wisdom. Perfectus/perfecta/ perfectum (1/2): completed; perfected, brought to perfection; perfect—the perfect passive participle of perficiō, perficere, perfēcī, perfectum (3, –iō): to complete, finish; perfect, bring to perfection; bring about, achieve. Bonum, bonī (2n): a good thing, a good, a blessing, a boon. Est: is. Mēns, mentis (3f): mind; purpose, intention; frame of mind, attitude, disposition, inclination. Hūmānae is the feminine genitive singular form of hūmānus/hūmāna/hūmānum (1/2): human, belonging to or characteristic of a human being.

Maeror, maerōris (3m): grief, sorrow. Contundit is the third person singular form of contundō, contundere, contudī, contūsum (3): to pound to pieces, crush; bruise. Mentēs is the accusative plural form of mēns, mentis (3f): mind; purpose, intention; frame of mind, attitude, disposition, inclination. Abicit is the third person singular form of abiciō, abicere, abiēcī, abiectum (3, –iō): to throw away; throw down; overthrow; abandon; waste; degrade. Contrahit is the third person singular form of contrahō, contrahere, contrāxī, contractum (3): to draw together, assemble; draw in, contract; compress; diminish; depress; bring about; incur.

(To make progress as a Stoic.) Volō, velle, voluī, — (irreg.): to want, wish; be willing. Et (conj.): and. Mente is the ablative singular form of mēns, mentis (3f): mind; purpose, intention; frame of mind, attitude, disposition, inclination. Tōtā is the feminine ablative singular form of tōtus/tōta/tōtum (1/2, irreg.): whole, entire. Volō, velle, voluī, — (irreg.): to want, wish; be willing.

Eā is the feminine ablative singular form of is/ea/id (adj.): this, that. Mente is the ablative singular form of mēns, mentis (3f): mind; purpose, intention; frame of mind, attitude, disposition, inclination. Discēdō, discēdere, discessī, discessum (3): to part company; go away, depart, leave. Ut (conj. , with subjunctive): that, so that. Adessem is the first person singular imperfect subjunctive form of adsum, adesse, adfuī, adfutūrus (irreg.): to be present, be there; (with a dative object) assist. Kalendīs is the ablative form of Kalendae, Kalendārum (1f, plural only): the Kalends, the first day of a month. Iānuāriīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of Iānuārius/Iānuāria/Iānuārium (1/2): belonging to the god Janus; belonging to January.

(From a letter written by someone else.) Quā is the feminine ablative singular form of quī/quae/quod (interrog. adj.): which. . . ? what. . . ? Mente is the ablative singular form of mēns, mentis (3f): mind; purpose, intention; frame of mind, attitude, disposition, inclination. Esset is the third person singular imperfect subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect question). Antōnius /Antōnia/Antōnium (1/2): a Roman family name, notably of the famous Mark Antony. Dēmōnstrāvit is the third person singular perfect form of dēmōnstrō, dēmōnstrāre, dēmōnstrāvī, dēmōnstrātum (1): to point out; show, demonstrate; describe, explain.

Mēns, mentis (3f): mind; purpose, intention; frame of mind, attitude, disposition, inclination. Ubi (interrog. adv.): where? Māternus/ māterna /māternum (1/2): maternal, belonging to or characteristic of a mother. Est: is.

Mihi is the dative form of ego: I (to/for me). Veniunt is the third person plural form of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Mentem is the accusative singular form of mēns, mentis (3f): mind; purpose, intention; frame of mind, attitude, disposition, inclination (in mentem venīre = come to mind, occur). Haec is the neuter nominative plural form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it (these things).

Nōnne: not (enclitic interrogative particle – ne turns the word into part of a question). In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Mentem is the accusative singular form of mēns, mentis (3f): mind; purpose, intention; frame of mind, attitude, disposition, inclination (in mentem venīre = come to mind, occur). Venit is the third person singular form of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come. Quantum, quantī (interrog. pron.): how great an amount? how much? Piāculum, piāculī (2n): an expiatory rite or offering, act of atonement, expiation; an act or occurrence requiring expiation; sin. Committātur is the third person singular passive subjunctive form of committō, committere, commīsī, commissum (3): to bring together, join; entrust; commit, perpetrate, bring about (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect question; it may be potential at the same time).

Venit is the third person singular form of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come. Enim (particle): for, indeed. Mihi is the dative form of ego: I (to/for me). In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Mentem is the accusative singular form of mēns, mentis (3f): mind; purpose, intention; frame of mind, attitude, disposition, inclination. Ōs, ōris (3n): mouth; face. Tuī is the m/n genitive singular form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours.

Mentum, mentī (2n): chin. Semper (adv.): always. Intōnsus/intōnsa/ intōnsum (1/2): unshaven; uncut, unshorn (with reference to hair or beard). Est: is.

Fortior /fortior/fortius (3): braver; stronger (the comparative form of fortis/fortis/forte (3): brave; strong). Mīles, mīlitis (3m): soldier. Ex /ē (prep.): from, out of (takes ablative). Cōnfragōsō is the m/n ablative singular form of cōnfragōsus/cōnfragōsa/cōnfragōsum (1/2): rough, uneven (neuter used substantively to mean a rough place or region). Venit is the third person singular form of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come.

Gubernātōrem is the accusative singular form of gubernātor, gubernātōris (3m): helmsman, pilot. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Tempestāte is the ablative singular form of tempestās, tempestātis (3f): time, period, season; weather; storm, tempest. Aciē is the ablative singular form of aciēs, aciēī (5f): sharp edge; blade; eyesight; glance; army in battle formation; army engaged in battle; rank, line (of an army); battle. Mīlitem is the accusative singular form of mīles, mīlitis (3m): soldier. Intellegās is the second person singular subjunctive form of intellegō, intellegere, intellēxī, intellēctum (3): to understand; realize; recognize (it’s in the potential subjunctive because the subject is a general you).

Hinc (adv.): from here, hence; from this source; from this fact; next, then; on this side. Et (adv.): also. Hortor, hortārī, hortātus sum (1, deponent): to urge, exhort, encourage. Mīlitēs is the accusative plural form of mīles, mīlitis (3m): soldier. Scīpiō, Scīpiōnis (3m). Ōrsus est is the third person masculine singular perfect form of ōrdior, ōrdīrī, ōrsus sum (4, deponent): to start, begin.

(This refers to booty: praeda, praedae (1f).) Is/ ea /id (pron.): he, she, it; this (one), that (one). Omnis/ omnis /omne (3): all; every. Mīlitī is the dative singular form of mīles, mīlitis (3m): soldier; (singular for plural, by metonymy) army, troops, soldiers collectively. Data est is the third person feminine singular perfect passive form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give; assign, attribute.

Optandus/ optanda /optandum (1/2): to be wished for, desirable—the gerundive of optō, optāre, optāvī, optātum (1): to wish for; pray for; choose. Mors, mortis (3f): death. Est: is. Sine (prep.): without (takes the ablative). Metū is the ablative singular form of metus, metūs (4m): fear. Mors, mortis (3f): death. Morior, morī, mortuus sum (3, –ior, deponent): to die.

(Mē comes first in the sentence for a reason: the idea of the passage is “kill me but please spare our son.” The father is addressing the murderous mother, Medea.) Mē is the accusative singular form of ego: I (me, myself). Dēdō, dēdere, dēdidī, dēditum (3): to hand over, surrender. Mortī is the dative singular form of mors, mortis (3f): death.

Eō is the m/n ablative singular form of is/ea/id (adj.): this, that. Annō is the ablative singular form of annus, annī (2m): year. Mortem is the accusative singular form of mors, mortis (3f): death. Obiit is the third person singular perfect form of obeō, obīre, obiī, obitum (irreg.): to meet face to face; visit for inspection; take on (a task or the like); (with or without mortem as an object) meet one’s death, die. Memmius /Memmia/Memmium (1/2): a family name. Rēgulus, Rēgulī (2m): here a proper name (more specifically a cognomen), but it can also be a common noun meaning little king, kinglet, petty king (it’s a diminutive of rēx, rēgis (3m): king).

Itaque (adv.): (and) so, therefore, consequently. Mortem is the accusative singular form of mors, mortis (3f): death. Sibi: for himself—the dative form of the reflexive pronoun. Uterque /utraque/utrumque (1/2, irreg.): each of two, either; it can often be translated less literally as both. Cōnscīvit is the third person singular perfect form of cōnscīscō, cōnscīscere, cōnscīvī/cōnsciī, cōnscītum (3): to decree; (with reflexive pronoun or personal pronoun used reflexively) decree for oneself, inflict on oneself (mortem sibi cōnscīscere is a common phrase meaning to commit suicide). .

(Spoken on a battlefield.) Quae is the neuter accusative plural form of quī/quae/quod (interrog. adj.): which. . . ? what. . . ? Vulnera is the accusative plural form of vulnus, vulneris (3n): wound. Cernis is the second person singular form of cernō, cernere, crēvī, crētum (3): to sift; decide, determine; distinguish, perceive, see. Quās is the feminine accusative plural form of quī/quae/quod (interrog. adj.): which. . . ? what. . . ? Mortēs is the accusative plural form of mors, mortis (3f): death.

Ita (adv.): thus, so, in this/that way. Mōs, mōris (3m): custom, habit, (established) practice, (habitual) manner; (in the plural) manners, ways, (habitual) behavior, morals, character. Gēns, gentis (3f): nation, people, race; gens, clan, (extended) family. Erat is the third person singular imperfect from of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

Reīs is the dative plural form of reus, reī (2m): defendant, accused. Mōs, mōris (3m): custom, habit, (established) practice, (habitual) manner; (in the plural) manners, ways, (habitual) behavior, morals, character. Est: it is. Summittō, summittere, summīsī, summissum (3—also submittō): to let grow long; put forth; send by way of assistance; send secretly; lower, drop; make subject or subordinate. Capillum is the accusative singular form of capillus, capillī (2m): hair.

Mōrem is the accusative singular form of mōs, mōris (3m): custom, habit, (established) practice, (habitual) manner; (in the plural) manners, ways, (habitual) behavior, morals, character. Hunc is the masculine accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Meretrīcēs is the nominative plural form of meretrīx, meretrīcis (3f): prostitute. Habent is the third person plural form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have.

(It—i.e., anger—is worse in a number of ways.) Neque/ nec: (conj.) and not, nor; (adv.) neither, not either, not even. Aliōrum is the m/n genitive plural form of alius/alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): other, another. Mōre is the ablative singular form of mōs, mōris (3m): custom, habit, (established) practice, (habitual) manner; (in the plural) manners, ways, (habitual) behavior, morals, character. Vitiōrum is the genitive plural form of vitium, vitiī (2n): vice, fault, flaw, defect. Sollicitat is the third person singular form of sollicitō, sollicitāre, sollicitāvī, sollicitātum (1): to disturb, harass, molest; worry; rouse, excite, provoke; solicit, tempt, seduce. Animōs is the accusative plural form of animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit.

Scrībam is the first person singular future form of scrībō, scrībere, scrīpsī, scrīptum (3): to write. Ergō (particle): therefore, so, then. Quod is the neuter accusative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Vīs is the second person singular form of volō, velle, voluī, — (irreg.): to want, wish. Sed (conj.): but. Meō is the m/n ablative singular form of meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine. Mōre is the ablative singular form of mōs, mōris (3m): custom, habit, (established) practice, (habitual) manner; (in the plural) manners, ways, (habitual) behavior, morals, character.

Āversor, āversārī, āversātus sum (1, deponent): to turn away from (acc.) in disgust or horror, recoil from, avoid, reject, feel aversion for, be repulsed by. Mōrum is the genitive plural form of mōs, mōris (3m): custom, habit, (established) practice, (habitual) manner; (in the plural) manners, ways, (habitual) behavior, morals, character. Crīmina is the accusative plural form of crīmen, crīminis (3n): charge, accusation; a matter for accusation or reproach, a flaw; crime. Corpus is the accusative singular form of corpus, corporis (3n): body. Amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum (1): to love.

Iungit is the third person singular form of iungō, iungere, iūnxī, iūnctum (3): to put in the yoke, harness; fasten, attach, connect, join, unite; form, create (by joining). Enim (particle): for, indeed. Amīcitiās is the accusative plural form of amīcitia, amīcitiae (1f): friendship. Mōrum is the genitive plural form of mōs, mōris (3m): custom, habit, (established) practice, (habitual) manner; (in the plural) manners, ways, (habitual) behavior, morals, character. Similitūdō, similitūdinis (3f): likeness, similarity, resemblance, similitude.

Pudēbit is the third person singular future form of pudeō, pudēre, puduī, puditum (2): (impersonal) it causes shame, one is ashamed (the person ashamed, if mentioned, goes in the accusative); (personal, rare) to be ashamed. Cum (prep.): with (takes ablative). Animālibus is the ablative plural form of animal, animālis (3n): animal. Permūtāsse is the perfect infinitive form of permūtō, permūtāre, permūtāvī, permūtātum (1): to exchange; switch round; change. Mōrēs is the accusative plural form of mōs, mōris (3m): custom, habit, (established) practice, (habitual) manner; (in the plural) manners, ways, (habitual) behavior, morals, character.

Prōpulsābō is the first person singular future form of prōpulsō, prōpulsāre, prōpulsāvī, prōpulsātum (1): to drive away, beat off, ward off, repel. Facile (adv.): easily. Uxōrem is the accusative singular form of uxor, uxōris (3f): wife. Hīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this (these). Mōribus is the ablative plural form of mōs, mōris (3m): custom, habit, (established) practice, (habitual) manner; (in the plural) manners, ways, (habitual) behavior, morals, character.

Fīat is the third person singular subjunctive form of fīō, fierī, —, — (irreg.): to be done; be made; happen; come into being; become (the verbs are subjunctive because they’re jussive). Gerātur is the third person singular passive subjunctive form of gerō, gerere, gessī, gestum (3): to wear, bear, carry; carry on, conduct (mōrem gerere (+ dative) = to humor (someone). Mōs, mōris (3m): custom, habit, (established) practice, (habitual) manner; (in the plural) manners, ways, (habitual) behavior, morals, character. Tibi is the dative form of tū: you.

(Also the motto of the party who takes revenge in Poe’s The Cask of Amontillado.) Nēmō, nēminis (3m): no man, no one, nobody. Mē is the accusative form of ego: I (me). Impūne (adv.): with impunity. Lacessit is the third person singular form of lacessō, lacessere, lacessīvī/lacessiī, lacessītum (3): to challenge to a contest; excite, provoke; harass; assail; attack.

Est: is. Miser /misera/miserum (1/2): wretched, miserable, unfortunate. Nēmō, nēminis (3m): no man, no one, nobody. Nisi (conj.): unless, if not; except. Comparātus /comparāta/comparātum (1/2): having been compared—the perfect passive participle of comparō, comparāre, comparāvī, comparātum (1): to pair, match (one thing with another); compare.

Nēmō, nēminis (3m): no man, no one, nobody. Nostrum is the (partitive) genitive form of nōs: we (of us). Mortālem is the m/f accusative singular form of mortālis/mortālis/mortāle (3): mortal, subject to death. Sē: himself—the accusative form of the reflexive pronoun. Cōgitat is the third person singular form of cōgitō, cōgitāre, cōgitāvī, cōgitātum (1): to think (about), reflect (on).

Nōn: not. Continuō (adv.): immediately; without further evidence; necessarily, in consequence. Sibi: for himself—the dative form of the reflexive pronoun. Vīvit is the third person singular form of vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctum (3): to live. Quī /quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Nēminī is the dative form of nēmō, nēminis (3m): no man, no one, nobody.

Nēminem is the accusative form of nēmō, nēminis (3m): no man, no one, nobody. Dēspexerīs is the second person singular perfect subjunctive form of dēspiciō, dēspicere, dēspexī, dēspectum (3, –iō): to look down; look down on, scorn, despise, disdain (perfect subjunctive because it’s a negative command).

Nēmō, nēminis (3m): no man, no one, nobody. Hostis, hostis (3m/f): enemy, foe. Catilīnā is the ablative singular form of Catilīna, Catilīnae (1m): Catiline (Lucius sergius Catilina), a Roman politician who plotted a coup thwarted by Cicero (it’s in the ablative of comparison). Propius (adv.): closer, nearer—the comparative form of prope (adv.): close, near. Accessit is the third person singular perfect form of accēdō, accēdere, accessī, accessum (3): to come (toward someone/something), draw near, approach; be added.

Nox, noctis (3f): night. Erat is the third person singular imperfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Et (conj.): and. Tōtā is the feminine ablative singular form of tōtus/tōta/tōtum (1/2, irreg.): whole, entire. Lūmina is the nominative plural form of lūmen, lūminis (3n): light; eye. Nūlla is the neuter nominative plural form of nūllus/nūlla/nūllum (1/2, irreg.): no, not any. Domō is the ablative singular form of domus, domūs (2/4f): house, home.

Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here nom.): nothing. Dē (prep.): from, down from; about, concerning. Hodiernā is the feminine ablative singular form of hodiernus/hodierna/hodiernum (1/2): belonging to this day, today’s. Nocte is the ablative singular form of nox, noctis (3f): night. Prōmittitur is the third person singular passive form of prōmittō, prōmittere, prōmīsī, prōmissum (3): to let (the hair or beard) grow long; send forth; promise.

Diem is the accusative singular form of diēs, diēī (5 m/f): day. Nox, noctis (3f): night. Expectātiōne is the ablative singular form of expectātiō, expectātiōnis (3f—also exspectātiō): expectation. Perdunt is the third person plural form of perdō, perdere, perdidī, perditum (3): to destroy; waste, squander; lose. Noctem is the accusative singular form of nox, noctis (3f): night. Lūx, lūcis (3f): light; daylight. Metū is the ablative singular form of metus, metūs (4m): fear.

Parvulīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of parvulus/parvula/parvulum (1/2): (very) small, (very) little, tiny. Noctium is the genitive plural form of nox, noctis (3f): night. Turbāmur is the first person plural passive form of turbō, turbāre, turbāvī, turbātum (1): to cause a disturbance; agitate, stir up; trouble, disturb, perturb. Offēnsīs is the ablative plural form of offēnsa, offēnsae (1f): collision, knock, jar; upset; offense.

(Talking about a bridge—pōns, pontis (3m).) Hunc is the masculine accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it. Noctū (adv.): at night, by night, during the night. Perficī is the passive infinitive form of perficiō, perficere, perfēcī, perfectum (3, –iō): to complete, finish; perfect, bring to perfection; bring about, achieve. Iussit is the third person singular perfect form of iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussum (2): to order.

Vēritās, vēritātis (3f): truth. Simplex, simplicis (3, adj.): single, onefold, uncompounded; simple; candid, artless. Ōrātiō, ōrātiōnis (3f): speech, discourse; language; style of speaking, diction; oratory; a speech, oration; (in Christian usage) prayer. Est: is.

Prīmam is the feminine accusative singular form of prīmus/prīma/prīmum (1/2): furthest to the front, frontmost; first; earliest; foremost (it sometimes refers to the frontmost part of, the first part of, the earliest stage of, and the like). Īram is the accusative singular form of īra, īrae (1f): anger. Nōn: not. Audēbimus is the first person plural future form of audeō, audēre, ausus sum (2, semi-deponent): to dare. Ōrātiōne is the ablative singular form of ōrātiō, ōrātiōnis (3f): speech, discourse; language; style of speaking, diction; oratory; a speech, oration; (in Christian usage) prayer. Mulceō, mulcēre, mulsī, mulsum/mulctum (2): to stroke, caress; soothe, appease; relieve.

Graecus/ Graeca /Graecum (1/2): Greek. Ōrātiō, ōrātiōnis (3f): speech, discourse; language; style of speaking, diction; oratory; a speech, oration; (in Christian usage) prayer. Ab/ ā (prep.): from; by (takes the ablative). Nōbīs is the ablative form of nōs: we (us) (first person plural used for the first person singular). Aliēnissimus/ aliēnissima /aliēnissimum (1/2): most/very foreign, most/very unfamiliar, most/very unrelated—the superlative form of aliēnus/aliēna/aliēnum (1/2): of another, belonging to another or others, not one’s own; alien, foreign, unfamiliar, unrelated; out-of-place, unsuitable. Est: is.

(i.e., a philosopher shouldn’t be overly concerned about his style of speech or writing.) Ōrātiō, ōrātiōnis (3f): speech, discourse; language; style of speaking, diction; oratory; a speech, oration; (in Christian usage) prayer. Sollicitus/ sollicita /sollicitum (1/2): worried, anxious; attentive, solicitous; anxiously careful. Philosophum is the accusative singular form of philosophus, philosophī (2m): philosopher. Nōn: not. Decet, decēre, decuit, — (2, third person only): to be fitting, suitable, proper or becoming; suit, befit, beseem.

Erat is the third person singular imperfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Ōrātiōne is the ablative singular form of ōrātiō, ōrātiōnis (3f): speech, discourse; language; style of speaking, diction; oratory; a speech, oration; (in Christian usage) prayer. Satis (adv.): enough; fairly. Amplus /ampla/amplum (1/2): ample, large, great; copious, abundant; impressive, magnificent; distinguished, eminent.

Hāc is the feminine ablative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Ōrātiōne is the ablative singular form of ōrātiō, ōrātiōnis (3f): speech, discourse; language; style of speaking, diction; oratory; a speech, oration; (in Christian usage) prayer. Habitā is the feminine ablative singular form of habitus/habita/habitum (1/2), the perfect passive participle of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have; hold. Concilium is the accusative singular form of concilium, conciliī (2n): assembly, meeting, gathering, council. Dīmīsit is the third person singular perfect form of dīmittō, dīmittere, dīmīsī, dīmissum (3): to let go, release, dismiss, send away.

Legō, legere, lēgī, lēctum (3): to pick; choose; read. Ōrātiōnēs is the accusative plural form of ōrātiō, ōrātiōnis (3f): speech, discourse; language; style of speaking, diction; oratory; a speech, oration; (in Christian usage) prayer. Duās is the feminine accusative form of duo/duae/duo (irreg.): two. Tuās is the feminine accusative plural form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours.

Dominus, dominī (2m): lord, master; owner. Ōrātiōnem is the accusative singular form of ōrātiō, ōrātiōnis (3f): speech, discourse; language; style of speaking, diction; oratory; a speech, oration; (in Christian usage) prayer. Meam is the feminine accusative singular form of meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine. Suscēpit is the third person singular perfect form of suscipiō, suscipere, suscēpī, susceptum (3, –iō): to take up; undertake; receive.

(Because they gave us life.) Ideō (adv.): therefore, for that reason, that is why. Sunt: (they) are. Parentēs is the nominative plural form of parēns, parentis (3m/f): parent. Cārissimī is the masculine nominative plural form of cārissimus/cārissima/cārissimum (1/2): very dear/dearest—the superlative form of cārus/cāra/cārum (1/2): dear; expensive.

Nōn: not. Semper (adv.): always. Inquit is the third person singular form of inquam (irreg. and defective): to say (inquit = he/she says or said). Similēs is the m/f nominative plural form of similis/similis/simile (3): similar, like (it can be modified by a dative or genitive word). Parentibus is the dative plural form of parēns, parentis (3m/f): parent. Līberī, līberōrum (2m, plural only): children (in respect to their parents), sons and daughters. Nāscuntur is the third person plural form of nāscor, nāscī, nātus sum (3, deponent): to be born.

(While fleeing from a volcanic eruption.) Vēxērunt is the third person plural perfect form of vehō, vehere, vēxī, vectum (3): to carry, convey. Parentēs is the accusative plural form of parēns, parentis (3m/f): parent. Suōs: their (own) —the masculine accusative plural form of suus/sua/suum (1/2).

Meropē, Meropēs (a female name borrowed from Greek, hence the unusual forms—it belongs to the Greek first declension): Merope, the adoptive mother of Oedipus. Vērus/ vēra /vērum (1/2): true; real. Nōn: not. Fuerat is the third person singular pluperfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Parēns, parentis (3m/f): parent; father (then it’s masculine); mother (then it’s feminine).

Frūstrā (adv.): in vain, to no avail; for no reason or purpose. Parēns, parentis (3m/f): parent; father (then it’s masculine); mother (then it’s feminine). Invocās is the second person singular form of invocō, invocāre, invocāvī, invocātum (1): to call upon, summon, invoke. Mānēs is the accusative form of mānēs, mānium (3m, plural only): the spirits of the dead; the spirit of a dead person; a ghost or ghosts. Tuī is the m/n genitive singular form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours.

(They’ve wished things for us that they thought were good but weren’t.) Inter (prep.): among, amid; between; during (takes accusative). Exsecrātiōnēs is the accusative plural form of exsecrātiō, exsecrātiōnis (3f): curse. Parentum is the genitive plural form of parēns, parentis (3m/f): parent. Crēvimus is the first person plural perfect form of crēscō, crēscere, crēvī, crētum (3): to grow (up).

Intestātōrum is the m/n genitive plural form of intestātus/intestāta/intestātum (1/2): intestate, not having made a will. Parentium is the genitive plural form of parēns, parentis (3m/f): parent. Līberī, līberōrum (2m, plural only): children (in respect to their parents), sons and daughters. Hērēdēs is the nominative plural form of hērēs, hērēdis (3m/f): heir. Sint is the third person plural subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be (subjunctive because it’s jussive).

Hanc is the feminine accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it. Īram is the accusative singular form of īra, īrae (1f): anger. Nōn: not. Vocō, vocāre, vocāvī, vocātum (1): to call. Mōtum is the accusative singular form of mōtus, mōtūs (4m): motion, movement; disturbance; emotion. Animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit. Ratiōnī is the dative singular form of ratiō, ratiōnis (3f): calculation; reasoning; reason; method; the way in which a thing works or is constructed. Pārentem is the m/f accusative singular form of pārēns, pārentis (3), the present active participle of pāreō, pārēre, pāruī, pāritum (2): to comply (with), obey (takes a dative object).

(The work of the gods.) Pars, partis (3f): part, piece, portion, share; region, quarter; side; direction; aspect; party, faction; role. Opus, operis (3n): work. Et (adv.): also, too, as well. Nōs: we. Sumus: (we) are.

Partem is the accusative singular form of pars, partis (3f): part, piece, portion, share; region, quarter; side; direction; aspect; party, faction; role. Noctium is the genitive plural form of nox, noctis (3f): night. Studiīs is the dative plural form of studium, studiī (2n): zeal, diligence, devotion, enthusiasm; pursuit; study. Vindicō, vindicāre, vindicāvī, vindicātum (1): to lay claim to, claim as one’s property, appropriate; claim as free, assert the freedom of; free, liberate; protect; avenge.

(i.e., he will not go into excessively fine distinctions.) Philosophiam is the accusative singular form of philosophia, philosophiae (1f): philosophy. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Partēs is the accusative plural form of pars, partis (3f): part, piece, portion, share; region, quarter; side; direction; aspect; party, faction; role. Nōn: not. Frusta is the accusative plural form of frustum, frustī (2n): scrap of food, morsel; small piece (of anything). Dīvidam is the first person singular future form of dīvidō, dīvidere, dīvīsī, dīvīsum (3): to divide.

(He’s talking about how to overcome anger—īra, īrae (1f).) Tōtus/ tōta /tōtum (1/2, irreg.): whole, entire, all. Vincētur is the third person singular future passive form of vincō, vincere, vīcī, victum (3): to conquer, defeat, overcome; win, be victorious. Dum (conj.): while, as; until; as long as. Partibus is the ablative plural form of pars, partis (3f): part, piece, portion, share; region, quarter; side; direction; aspect; party, faction; role. Carpitur is the third person singular passive form of carpō, carpere, carpsī, carptum (3): to pluck; pluck away, eat away, erode.

Meam is the feminine accusative singular form of meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine. Relinquam is the first person singular future form of relinquō, relinquere, relīquī, relictum (3): to relinquish, abandon, leave (behind). Nisi (conj.): unless, if not; except. Tuam is the feminine accusative singular form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours. Partem is the accusative singular form of pars, partis (3f): part, piece, portion, share; region, quarter; side; direction; aspect; party, faction; role. Accipis is the second person singular form of accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptum (3, –iō): to receive, accept, take.

Tertius/ tertia /tertium (1/2): third. Pars, partis (3f): part, piece, portion, share; region, quarter; side; direction; aspect; party, faction; role. Ager, agrī (2m): land, field. Dēmpta est is the third person feminine singular perfect passive form of dēmō, dēmere, dēmpsī, dēmptum (3): to remove, take away, subtract, withdraw.

Ab /ā (prep.): from (takes the ablative); in some contexts, especially when talking about sides or directions, it can be translated idiomatically as on. Alterā is the feminine ablative singular form of alter/altera/alterum (1/2, irreg.): the other, another; a second, the second. Parte is the ablative singular form of pars, partis (3f): part, piece, portion, share; region, quarter; side; direction; aspect; party, faction; role. Eurīpus, eurīpī (2m): a narrow channel, strait; canal. Est: is.

Flūctus, flūctūs (4m): wave, billow; (collective singular) the waving of the sea, waves. Est: is. Mare, maris (3n): sea. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on (as a static location); (with acc.) into (or in or on with motion). Ūnam is the feminine accusative singular form of ūnus/ūna/ūnum (1/2, irreg.): one. Partem is the accusative singular form of pars, partis (3f): part, piece, portion, share; region, quarter; side; direction; aspect; party, faction; role. Agitātiō, agitātiōnis (3f): violent motion, agitation.

Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here nom.): nothing. Est: is. Ab /ā (prep.): from (takes the ablative); in some contexts it can be translated idiomatically as on or in. Omnī is the m/f/n ablative singular form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Parte is the ablative singular form of pars, partis (3f): part, piece, portion, share; region, quarter; side; direction; aspect; party, faction; role. Beātus/beāta/ beātum (1/2): happy, blessed, fortunate.

Adhibentur is the third person plural passive form of adhibeō, adhibēre, adhibuī, adhibitum (2): to apply; use; bring in, call in; consult. Ab /ā (prep.): from; by: sometimes idiomatically translated as on (when talking about sides) (takes the ablative). Utrāque is the feminine ablative singular form of uterque/utraque/utrumque (1/2, irreg.): each of two, either; often translated less literally as both. Parte is the ablative singular form of pars, partis (3f): part, piece, portion, share; region, quarter; side; direction; aspect; party, faction; role. Testēs is the nominative plural form of testis, testis (3m/f): witness.

(Seneca imagines his friend thinking that what he just said doesn’t sound very Stoic.) Quid is the neuter accusative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Ais is the second person singular form of aiō (3, defective): to say. Seneca is the vocative singular form of Seneca, Senecae (1m). Dēseris is the second person singular form of dēserō, dēserere, dēseruī, dēsertum (3): to abandon, forsake, desert. Partēs is the accusative plural form of pars, partis (3f): part, piece, portion, share; region, quarter; side; direction; aspect; party, faction (can be plural with singular translation); (often pl. with sg. translation as well) role.

Partēs is the accusative plural form of pars, partis (3f): part, piece, portion, share; region, quarter; side; direction; aspect; party, faction (can be plural with singular translation); (often pl. with sg. translation as well) role. Bonī is the m/n genitive singular form of bonus/bona/bonum (1/2): good. Vir, virī (2m): man. Exequere is the singular imperative form of exequor, exequī, execūtus sum (3, deponent—also exsequor): to follow; seek after; pursue, persist in; carry out, execute; enumerate; attain.

(Talking about virtue.) Prīmae is the feminine nominative plural form of prīmus/prīma/prīmum (1/2): frontmost; first; foremost. Partēs is the nominative plural form of pars, partis (3f): part, piece, portion, share; region, quarter; side; direction; aspect; party, faction (can be plural with singular translation); (often pl. with sg. translation as well) role. Eius is the m/f/n genitive singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Sunt: (they) are.

Aluit is the third person singular perfect form of alō, alere, aluī, altum/alitum (3): to feed, nourish; maintain, nurture; rear, bring up (children). Mē is the accusative form of ego: I (me). Pater, patris (3m): father; (usually pl.) forefathers; (usually pl.) patricians or senators.

Scēptra is the accusative plural form of scēptrum, scēptrī (2n): royal staff, scepter; (by metonymy) kingdom, power, authority (the plural form here is used poetically for the singular). Praeripiet is the third person singular future form of praeripiō, praeripere, praeripuī, praereptum (3, –iō): to seize first; snatch away in advance; snatch away (from = dative). Patrī is the dative singular form of pater, patris (3m): father; (usually pl.) forefathers; (usually pl.) patricians or senators.

Quam (interrog. adv.): how (much)? to what degree? Multī is the masculine nominative plural form of multus/multa/multum (1/2): much, many. Patrēs is the nominative plural form of pater, patris (3m): father; (usually pl.) forefathers; (usually pl.) patricians or senators. Optant is the third person plural form of optō, optāre, optāvī, optātum (1): to wish for; choose. Similem is the m/f accusative singular form of similis/similis/simile (3): similar. Fīlium is the accusative singular form of fīlius, fīliī (2m): son.

Hic /haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it. Vestrum is a variant of vestrōrum, the m/n genitive plural form of vester/vestra/vestrum (1/2): your, yours (referring to a plural you). Pānxit is the third person singular perfect form of pangō, pangere, pepigī/pēgī/pānxī, pactum (3): to insert firmly; plant; arrange, settle, conclude; compose (poetry); tell about in verse. Maxima is the neuter accusative plural form of maximus/maxima/maximum (1/2): very big/biggest, very large/largest, very great/greatest—the superlative form of magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): big, large, great. Facta is the accusative plural form of factum, factī (2n): act, action, deed. Patrum is the genitive plural form of pater, patris (3m): father; (usually pl.) forefathers; (usually pl.) patricians or senators.

Dissēdit is the third person singular perfect form of dissideō, dissidēre, dissēdī, — (2): to be apart from; disagree, be at variance, be at discord. Plēbs, plēbis (3f): the common people. Tōtus/ tōta /tōtum (1/2, irreg.): whole, entire, all. Cum (prep.): with (takes ablative). Patribus is the ablative singular form of pater, patris (3m): father; (usually pl.) forefathers; (usually pl.) patricians or senators.

(Talking about magistrates in the city of Capua, whom he thinks have no right to that title; according to him, only Roman senators do.) Deinde (adv.): next, then, after that. Patrēs is the nominative plural form of pater, patris (3m): father; (usually pl.) forefathers; (usually pl.) patricians or senators (patrēs cōnscrīptī = conscript fathers, a formal phrase to denote senators). Cōnscrīptī is the masculine nominative plural form of cōnscrīptus/cōnscrīpta/cōnscrīptum (1/2), the perfect passive participle of cōnscrībō, cōnscrībere, cōnscrīpsī, cōnscrīptum (3): to enrol, enlist; write down; write, compose. Vocābantur is the third person plural imperfect passive form of vocō, vocāre, vocāvī, vocātum (1): to call; summon.

Frūgālitās, frūgālitātis (3f): thriftiness, frugality, sober lifestyle. Autem (particle): on the other hand, but, however; and, moreover; for my, your, his, etc. part. Paupertās, paupertātis (3f): poverty. Voluntārius/ voluntāria /voluntārium (1/2): voluntary. Est: is.

Contemnite is the plural imperative form of contemnō, contemnere, contempsī, contemptum (3): to despise, scron, hold in contempt, regard as unimportant, not fear. Paupertātem is the accusative singular form of paupertās, paupertātis (3f): poverty.

(He’s saying that experiments with simple eating and living make it easier to understand the difference between what we want and need.) Incipe is the singular imperative form of incipiō, incipere, incēpī, inceptum (3, –iō): to begin. Cum (prep.): with (takes the ablative). Paupertāte is the ablative singular form of paupertās, paupertātis (3f): poverty. Habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have. Commercium is the accusative singular form of commercium, commerciī (2n): commerce, business dealings; dealings (other than commercial), connection, fellowship, relationship, intercourse.

Ipse/ ipsa /ipsum (adj.): himself/herself/itself/etc. ; in person; the very. Pāx, pācis (3f): peace. Timōrēs is the accusative plural form of timor, timōris (3m): fear. Sumministrābit is the third person singular future form of sumministrō, sumministrāre, sumministrāvī, sumministrātum (1—also subministrō): to supply, furnish.

(Said to have been a motto of Frederic the Fair of Austria (died ca. 1330)—at peace with men, at war with their vices.) Pācem is the accusative singular form of pāx, pācis (3f): peace. Cum (prep.): with (takes ablative). Hominibus is the ablative plural form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human. Habēbis is the second person singular future form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have. Bellum is the accusative singular form of bellum, bellī (2n): war. Vitiīs is the ablative plural form of vitium, vitiī (2n): vice, fault.

(When you’re free from adversity, prepare for adversity.) Mīles, mīlitis (3m): soldier. In (prep.): (with abl.): in; (with acc.) into. Mediā is the feminine ablative singular form of medius/media/medium (1/2): middle (often used where in English we’d use the noun middle or midst with of). Pāce is the ablative singular form of pāx, pācis (3f): peace. Dēcurrit is the third person singular form of dēcurrō, dēcurrere, dēcurrī, dēcursum (3): to run down, hurry down, rush down; conduct military exercises; travel over; have recourse (to).

Pāce is the ablative singular form of pāx, pācis (3f): peace. Tuā is the feminine ablative singular form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours. Dīxerim is the first person singular perfect subjunctive form of dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say (subjunctive because it’s a wish).

Pedēs is the nominative plural form of pēs, pedis (3m): foot. Dolent is the third person plural form of doleō, dolēre, doluī, dolitum (2): to be in pain, suffer, hurt; grieve.

(Crossing a threshold or starting a journey left foot first was believed to bring bad luck. In this passage a slave is standing at the door, shouting this to the guests as they arrive.) Dextrō is the m/n ablative singular form of dexter/dext(e)ra/dext(e)rum (1/2): right, situated on the right. Pede is the ablative singular form of pēs, pedis (3m): foot.

Actiō is the ablative singular form of Actium, Actiī (2n): a town on a promontory at the entrance of the Ambracian Gulf in Greece, later made famous by the Battle of Actium—the naval battle in which Octavian (future Augustus) defeated Mark Antony. Māluimus is the first person plural perfect form of mālō, malle, māluī, — (irreg.): to prefer. Iter is the accusative singular form of iter, itineris (3n): journey; route, way. Faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Pedibus is the ablative plural form of pēs, pedis (3m): foot.

Ante (prep.): before (takes the accusative). Lectulus, lectulī (2m): couch or bed. Pedēs is the accusative plural form of pēs, pedis (3m): foot. Iacēbat is the third person singular imperfect form of iaceō, iacēre, iacuī, iacitum (2): to lie (in a certain place or state, or be in a recumbent position). Arcus, arcūs (4m): bow. Et (conj.): and. Pharetra, pharetrae (1f): quiver. Sagittae is the nominative plural form of sagitta, sagittae (1f): arrow.

Āreās is the accusative plural form of ārea, āreae (1f): open space; forecourt; building site; playground; threshing floor; seed bed. Facitō is the singular future imperative form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Pedēs is the accusative plural form of pēs, pedis (3m): foot (an accusative of extent of space). Lātās is the feminine accusative plural form of lātus/lāta/lātum (1/2): wide. Quaternōs is the masculine accusative form of quaternī/quaternae/quaterna (1/2, plural): four each; four at a time.

Hērōī is the m/n genitive singular form of hērōus/hērōa/hērōum (1/2): heroic (belonging to the heroes of mythology, or heroic verse). Rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair. Erat is the third person singular imperfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Iste/ ista /istud (pron. or adj.): that, this; he, she, it. Pēs, pedis (3m): foot; meter; verse.

Ratiōnem is the accusative singular form of ratiō, ratiōnis (3f): calculation, reckoning, account; proportion, relation; reasoning, rationale, explanation, justification; reason; method, manner; plan; system; principle; the way a thing is done, arranged or structured, or the way a thing works; matter, affair, business. Ineō, inīre, iniī, initum (irreg.): to go into, enter; start, begin; form, devise; make (a calculation). Oportet, oportēre, oportuit, — (2, impersonal): it is proper, fitting or necessary. Operārum is the genitive plural form of opera, operae (1f): work, effort; service; laborer. Diērum is the genitive plural form of diēs, diēī (5m/f): day.

Videāmus is the first person plural subjunctive form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see (a hortatory subjunctive). Ratiōnēs is the accusative plural form of ratiō, ratiōnis (3f): calculation, reckoning, account; proportion, relation; reasoning, rationale, explanation, justification; reason; method, manner; plan; system; principle; the way a thing is done, arranged or structured, or the way a thing works; matter, affair, business. Quem is the masculine accusative singular form of quī/quae/quod (interrog. adj.): which. . . ? what. . . ? (quem ad modum = in what manner, how; it can also be written as quemadmodum). Ad (prep.): to; according to, in (a manner) (takes the accusative). Modum is the accusative singular form of modus, modī (2m): measure; limit; moderation; way, manner. Rettulerit is the third person singular perfect subjunctive form of referō, referre, rettulī, relatum (3, irreg.): to bring back; give back; report, register, record (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect question).

Ratiōnem is the accusative singular form of ratiō, ratiōnis (3f): calculation, reckoning, account; proportion, relation; reasoning, rationale, explanation, justification; reason; method, manner; plan; system; principle; the way a thing is done, arranged or structured, or the way a thing works; matter, affair, business. Habendam is the feminine accusative singular form of habendus/habenda/habendum (1/2), the gerundive of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have; hold. Maximē (adv.) most; very much. Arbitror, arbitrārī, arbitrātus sum (1, deponent): to observe; judge, think, consider. Pāx, pācis (3f): peace. Atque /ac (conj.): and. Ōtium, ōtī (2n—the genitive singular can also be ōtiī): leisure, freedom from business, free time; rest; inactivity, idleness; peace, tranquility.

(After saying that a prospective buyer of a farm should look at whether the vessels, vats, etc. in it are many.) Ubi (rel. adv.): where; when. Nōn: not. Erunt is the third person plural future form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Scītō is the singular future imperative form of sciō, scīre, scīvī/sciī, scītum (4): to know. Prō (prep.): in front of, before; for; in place of, instead of; in exchange for; on behalf of; in defense of; in proportion to, according to (takes the ablative). Ratiōne is the ablative singular form of ratiō, ratiōnis (3f): calculation, reckoning, account; proportion, relation; reasoning, rationale, explanation, justification; reason; method, manner; plan; system; principle; the way a thing is done, arranged or structured, or the way a thing works; matter, affair, business. Frūctum is the accusative singular form of frūctus, frūctūs (4m): fruit, produce. Esse: to be.

Accipe is the singular imperative form of accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptum (3, –iō): to receive, accept, take (something offered); hear. Ergō (particle): therefore, so, then. Ratiōnem is the accusative singular form of ratiō, rationis (3f): calculation, reckoning, account; proportion, relation; reasoning, rationale, explanation, justification; reason; method, manner; plan; system; principle; the way a thing is done, arranged or structured, or the way a thing works; matter, affair, business.

Ecquandō (interrog. adv.): ever? Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Ratiōnem is the accusative singular form of ratiō, ratiōnis (3f): calculation, reckoning, account; proportion, relation; reasoning, rationale, explanation, justification; reason; method, manner; plan; system; principle; the way a thing is done, arranged or structured, or the way a thing works; matter, affair, business. Factōrum is the genitive plural form of factum, factī (2): act, action, deed. Tuōrum is the m/n genitive plural form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours. Redditūrum is the m/n accusative singular form of redditūrus/redditūra/redditūrum (1/2), the future active participle (going to render) of reddō, reddere, reddidī, redditum (3): to give back, return, render. Putāstī is the second person singular perfect form of putō, putāre, putāvī, putātum (1): to think, suppose, regard as.

(After explaining that a small seed grows into a great plant.) Idem is the neuter accusative singular form of īdem/eadem/idem (pron.): the same. Facit is the third person singular form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Ratiō, rationis (3f): calculation, reckoning, account; proportion, relation; reasoning, rationale, explanation, justification; reason; method, manner; plan; system; principle; the way a thing is done, arranged or structured, or the way a thing works; matter, affair, business.

Alia is the neuter nominative plural form of alius/alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): other, another; different. Vitia is the nominative plural form of vitium, vitiī (2n): vice, fault, flaw. Ab/ ā (prep.): from; by (takes ablative). Ratiōne is the ablative singular form of ratiō, ratiōnis (3f): calculation, reckoning, account; proportion, relation; reasoning, rationale, explanation, justification; reason; method, manner; plan; system; principle; the way a thing is done, arranged or structured, or the way a thing works; matter, affair, business. Hic/haec/ hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it. Sānitāte is the ablative singular form of sānitās, sānitātis (3f): health, soundness of body; sanity, soundness of mind. Dēscīscit is the third person singular form of dēscīscō, dēscīscere, dēscīvī/dēsciī, dēscītum (3): to defect, revolt, turn away, desert.

Adūrendī is the genitive gerund of adūrō, adūrere, adussī, adustum (3): to scorch, char, burn; cauterize. Ratiō, ratiōnis (3f): calculation, reckoning, account; proportion, relation; reasoning, rationale, explanation, justification; reason; method, manner; plan; system; principle; the way a thing is done, arranged or structured, or the way a thing works; matter, affair, business. Hic/ haec /hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it. Est: is.

Optimus/ optima /optimum (1/2): best; very good, excellent—the superlative form of bonus/bona/bonum (1/2): good. Vīvendī is the genitive gerund of vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctum (3): to live. Ratiō, ratiōnis (3f): calculation, reckoning, account; proportion, relation; reasoning, rationale, explanation, justification; reason; method, manner; plan; system; principle; the way a thing is done, arranged or structured, or the way a thing works; matter, affair, business. Ēligendus/ ēligenda /ēligendum (1/2) is the gerundive of ēligō, ēligere, ēlēgī, ēlēctum (3): to choose. Est: is (ēligenda est is the passive periphrastic: is to be chosen, must/should be chosen).

Ad (prep.): to; for the purpose of (takes the accusative). Hunc is the masculine accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it. Interficiundum is the m/n accusative singular form of interficiundus/interficiunda/interficiundum (1/2—also interficiendus), the gerundive of interficiō, interficere, interfēcī, interfectum (3, –iō): to kill. Tālem is the m/f accusative singular form of tālis/tālis/tāle (3): such, like this/that, of this/that quality. Iniit is the third person singular perfect form of ineō, inīre, iniī, initum (irreg.): to go into, enter; start, begin; form, devise. Ratiōnem is the accusative singular form of ratiō, ratiōnis (3f): calculation, reckoning, account; proportion, relation; reasoning, rationale, explanation, justification; reason; method, manner; plan; system; principle; the way a thing is done, arranged or structured, or the way a thing works; matter, affair, business.

(It’s like a ball game, where the thrower and catcher both need to play competently, and the thrower needs to adapt his throw to the catcher’s height.) Īdem/ eadem /idem (pron. or adj.): the same. Beneficium, beneficiī (2n): a kindness, service, favor, benefit. Ratiō, ratiōnis (3f): calculation, reckoning, account; proportion, relation; reasoning, rationale, explanation, justification; reason; method, manner; plan; system; principle; the way a thing is done, arranged or structured, or the way a thing works; matter, affair, business. Est: is.

(He’s talking about lightning, saying we only have to look at how fire is produced on earth to understand how it’s produced in the sky.) Eādem is the feminine ablative singular form of īdem/eadem/idem (adj.): the same. Enim (particle): for, indeed. Ratiōne is the ablative singular form of ratiō, ratiōnis (3f): calculation, reckoning, account; proportion, relation; reasoning, rationale, explanation, justification; reason; method, manner; plan; system; principle; the way a thing is done, arranged or structured, or the way a thing works; matter, affair, business. Et (adv.): also, too, as well. Suprā (adv.): above. Fīet is the third person singular future form of fīō, fierī, —, — (irreg.): to be done; be made; happen; come into being; become.

At (conj.): but, yet. Est: is. Is/ea/ id (pron.): he, she, it; this (one), that (one). Ex /ē (prep.): out of, from (takes the ablative). Ratiōne is the ablative singular form of ratiō, ratiōnis (3f): calculation, reckoning, account; proportion, relation; reasoning, rationale, explanation, justification; reason; method, manner; plan; system; principle; the way a thing is done, arranged or structured, or the way a thing works; matter, affair, business. Medicīna, medicīnae (1f): medicine.

(In other words, the meaning of old age is highly relative, so no one’s death is really untimely.) Nōn: not. Ūnus/ ūna /ūnum (1/2, irreg.): one; alone; only, sole, single. Hominibus is the dative plural form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human. Senectūs, senectūtis (3f): old age. Est: is.

(. . . as long as it doesn’t attack my mind; if it does, I’ll choose death.) Nōn: not. Relinquam is the first person singular future form of relinquō, relinquere, relīquī, relictum (3): to relinquish, abandon, leave (behind). Senectūtem is the accusative singular form of senectūs, senectūtis (3f): old age.

(After wasting too much time on stupid things.) Incipiāmus is the first person plural subjunctive form of incipiō, incipere, incēpī, inceptum (3, –iō): begin (subjunctive because it’s hortatory). Vāsa is the accusative plural form of vās, vāsis (3n) or vāsum, vāsī (2n): vessel, dish, vase; utensil; (in pl.) equipment (vāsa colligere is a set phrase of military origin, meaning for the soldiers to pack up their kit before striking camp). In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Senectūte is the ablative singular form of senectūs, senectūtis (3f): old age. Colligō, colligere, collēgī, collēctum (3): to gather together, collect, assemble.

Concordet is the third person singular subjunctive form of concordō, concordāre, concordāvī, concordātum (1): to be in agreement, harmonize (subjunctive because it’s jussive). Sermō, sermōnis (3m): speech; language; talk; gossip; conversation; style of speaking. Cum (prep.): with (takes the ablative). Vītā is the ablative singular form of vīta, vītae (1f): life.

(Weaving nests, making honey.) Carent is the third person plural form of careō, carēre, caruī, caritum (2): to lack, not have, be without (usually takes an ablative object). Sermōne is the ablative singular form of sermō, sermōnis (3m): speech; language; talk; gossip; conversation; style of speaking. Quae is the f/n (here n) nominative plural form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Id is the neuter accusative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Faciunt is the third person plural form of facio, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make.

Plēraque is the neuter accusative plural form of plērusque/plēraque/plērumque (1/2): most; very much, very many, a great many (a great many things/words). Latīnō is the m/n ablative singular form of Latīnus/Latīna/Latīnum (1/2): Latin, belonging to the Latium region of Italy or to its people or language. Sermōne is the ablative singular form of sermō, sermōnis (3m): speech; language; talk; gossip; conversation; style of speaking. Interiaciēbat is the third person singular imperfect form of interiaciō, interiacere, interiēcī, interiectum (3, –iō—also intericiō): to throw between; intersperse.

Absēns, absentis (3): (being) absent (the present active participle of absum, abesse, āfuī, āfutūrus (irreg.): to be away, be absent, be distant). Hominum is the genitive plural form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human being; (in pl.) people. Sermōnēs is the accusative plural form of sermō, sermōnis (3m): speech; language; talk; gossip; conversation; style of speaking. Facilius (adv.): more easily (the comparative form of facile (adv.): easily). Sustinēbis is the second person singular future form of sustineō, sustinēre, sustinuī, sustentum (2): to support; sustain; withstand, endure.

Aspasia, Aspasiae (1f): personal name of a courtesan. Autem (particle): on the other hand, but, however; and, moreover; for my, your, his, her, etc. part (often used to mark a minor transition; it doesn’t always need a translation). Sermōnem is the accusative singular form of sermō, sermōnis (3m): speech; language; talk; gossip; conversation; style of speaking. Cum (prep.): with (takes the ablative). Ipsō is the m/n ablative singular form of ipse/ipsa/ipsum (adj.): himself/herself/myself/etc. ; in person; the very. Xenophonte is the ablative singular form of Xenophōn, Xenophontis (3m): a 5th/4th-century BC Greek historian, philosopher and military leader. Īnstituit is the third person singular perfect form (or it could be in the historical present) of īnstituō, īnstituere, īnstituī, īnstitūtum (3): to set up, establish, organize; appoint; start, initiate.

Multī is the masculine nominative plural form of multus/multa/multum (1/2): much, many. Nōbīs is the dative form of nōs: we (to/for us). Sermōnēs is the nominative plural form of sermō, sermōnis (3m): speech; language; talk; gossip; conversation; style of speaking. Fuērunt is the third person plural perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

Sermō, sermōnis (3m): speech; language; talk; gossip; conversation; style of speaking. Pūrus /pūra/pūrum (1/2): pure. Erit is the third person singular future form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Et (conj.): and. Latīnus /Latīna/Latīnum (1/2): Latin, belonging to the Latium region of Italy or to its people or language; properly Latin, spoken or written in good Latin.

Nōn: not. Est: is. Hic/haec/ hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Timor, timōris (3m): fear, dread.

Vīcit is the third person singular perfect form of vincō, vincere, vīcī, victum (3): to conquer, overcome; win, be victorious. Pudōrem is the accusative singular form of pudor, pudōris (3m): shame; modesty, sense of propriety. Libīdō, libīdinis (3f): desire; lust. Timōrem is the accusative singular form of timor, timōris (3m): fear, dread. Audācia, audāciae (1f): boldness, daring; audacity, insolence. Ratiōnem is the accusative singular form of ratiō, ratiōnis (3f): calculation, account; reasoning; reason; manner, method; the way a thing is done, arranged or structured. Āmentia, āmentiae (1f): madness.

Stultitia, stultitiae (1f): stupidity, foolishness, folly. Est: it is. Timōre is the ablative singular form of timor, timōris (3m): fear, dread. Mors, mortis (3f): death. Morior, morī, mortuus sum (3, –ior, deponent): to die.

(He’s mocking the excuses of people who live extravagantly.) Urbs, urbis (3f): city. Ipse/ ipsa /ipsum (adj.): himself/herself/itself/ myself/etc. ; in person; the very. Magnās is the feminine accusative plural form of magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): great, large; important. Inpēnsās is the accusative plural form of inpēnsa, inpēnsae (1f—also impēnsa): cost, expense, expenditure (a substantive use of inpēnsus/inpēnsa/inpēnsum (1/2—also impēnsus), the perfect passive participle (spent) of inpendō, impendere, impendī, impēnsum (3—also impendō): to spend—the substantive use is feminine because the noun pecūnia, pecūniae (1f, meaning money) is implied). Exigit is the third person singular form of exigō, exigere, exēgī, exāctum (3): to force out; demand, require.

(Ashes make them all equal in the end.) Idem is the neuter accusative singular form of īdem/eadem/idem (pron.): the same. Dē (prep.): from, down from; of; about, concerning (takes the ablative). Urbibus is the ablative plural form of urbs, urbis (3f): city. ; Quod is the neuter accusative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Urbium is the genitive plural form. Incolīs is the ablative plural form of incola, incolae (1m/f): inhabitant, resident. Dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say.

Iterum (adv.): again, once more, a second time. Triumphāns, triumphantis (3) is the present active participle of triumphō, triumphāre, triumphāvī, triumphātum (1): to triumph, celebrate a triumph (ceremony of victory). In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Urbem is the accusative singular form of urbs, urbis (3f): city. Rōmam is the accusative singular form of Rōma, Rōmae (1f): Rome. Redīt (contracted from rediit) is the third person singular perfect form of redeō, redīre, rediī, reditum (irreg.): to go or come back, return.

Sed (conj.): but. Tamen (adv.): nevertheless, yet. Nostrī is the masculine nominative plural form of noster/nostra/nostrum (1/2): our, ours (used substantively to mean our men). Virtūte is the ablative singular form of virtūs, virtūtis (3f): courage, bravery, valor; virtue, excellence, merit, good quality or p roperty; potency, power, strength; (in Christian usage) miracle. Vīcērunt is the third person plural perfect form of vincō, vincere, vīcī, victum (3): to conquer, beat, defeat, overcome; win, be victorious.

(Said before disguising themselves in the enemy’s armor.) Dolus, dolī (2m): guilty intention; deception, guile, trickery. An (interrog. particle): whether; or (in a question); it can also start a direct question. Virtūs, virtūtis (3f): courage, bravery, valor; virtue, excellence, merit, good quality or property; potency, power, strength; (in Christian usage) miracle. Quis /quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Hoste is the ablative singular form of hostis, hostis (3m/f): stranger; enemy, foe. Requīrat is the third person singular subjunctive form of requīrō, requīrere, requīsīvī/requīsiī, requīsītum (3): to look for, seek; ask, inquire, seek to know; want; need; miss (a potential subjunctive).

Est: there is. Mihi is the dative form of ego: I (me). Crēde is the singular imperative form of credō, crēdere, crēdidī, crēditum (3): to entrust; lend (money); trust; believe (the person trusted or believed to be telling the truth goes in the dative). Virtūtī is the dative singular form of virtūs, virtūtis (3f): courage, bravery, valor; virtue, excellence, merit, good quality or property; potency, power, strength; (in Christian usage) miracle. Etiam (particle): still; even; also. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on (as a static location); (with acc.) into, onto, on (with motion). Lectulō is the ablative singular form of lectulus, lectulī (2m): (small) bed (the “sick” aspect of the bed is inferred from context). Locus, locī (2m): place.

Glōria, glōriae (1f): glory; fame. Umbra, umbrae (1f): shadow; shade; ghost. Virtūs, virtūtis (3f): courage, bravery, valor; virtue, excellence, merit, good quality or property; potency, power, strength. Est: is.

(It is an art to become good.) Nōn: not. Enim (particle): for. Dat is the third person singular form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give. Nātūra, nātūrae (1f): nature. Virtūtem is the accusative singular form of virtūs, virtūtis (3f): courage, bravery, valor; virtue, excellence, merit, good quality or property; potency, power, strength; (in Christian usage) miracle.

(In the speeches of Cato the Elder—none of which have survived to us intact.) Omnēs is the m/f nominative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Ōrātōriae is the feminine nominative plural form of ōrātōrius/ōrātōria/ōrātōrium (1/2): oratorical, belonging to oratory. Virtūtēs is the nominative plural form of virtūs, virtūtis (3f): courage, bravery, valor; virtue, excellence, merit, good quality or property; potency, power, strength; (in Christian usage) miracle. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Eīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Reperientur is the third person plural future passive form of reperiō, reperīre, repperī, repertum (4): to find.

Omnibus is the m/f/n dative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Inter (prep.): among; between (takes the accusative). Sē: themselves—the accusative form of the reflexive pronoun. Virtūtibus is the dative plural form of virtūs, virtūtis (3f): courage, bravery, valor; virtue, excellence, merit, good quality or property; potency, power, strength; (in Christian usage) miracle. Amīcitia, amīcitiae (1f): friendship. Est: there is.

Prīmus/ prīma /prīmum (1/2): frontmost; first; foremost. Est: is. Ēloquentia, ēloquentiae (1f): eloquence. Virtūs, virtūtis (3f): courage, bravery, valor; virtue, excellence, merit, good quality or property; potency, power, strength; (in Christian usage) miracle. Perspicuitās, perspicuitātis (3f): transparency; clarity; self-evidency.

Iūniperō is the dative singular form of iūniperus, iūniperī (2f): juniper tree; juniper wood. Īdem/ eadem /idem (adj.): the same. Virtūs, virtūtis (3f): courage, bravery, valor; virtue, excellence, merit, good quality or property; potency, power, strength; (in Christian usage) miracle. Quī/ quae /quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Cedrō is the dative singular form of cedrus, cedrī (2f): cedar tree; cedar wood.

Exaltāre is the singular passive imperative form of exaltō, exaltāre, exaltāvī, exaltātum (1): to raise, elevate, exalt. Domine is the vocative singular form of dominus, dominī (2m): lord, master; owner. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Virtūte is the ablative singular form of virtūs, virtūtis (3f): courage, bravery, valor; virtue, excellence, merit, good quality or property; potency, power, strength; (in Christian usage) miracle. Tuā is the feminine ablative singular form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours, your own (archaically thy, thine, thine own, thy own).

Nōn: not. Fēcit is the third person singular perfect form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make; work, perform. Ibi (adv.): there. Virtūtēs is the accusative plural form of virtūs, virtūtis (3f): courage, bravery, valor; virtue, excellence, merit, good quality or property; potency, power, strength; (in Christian usage) miracle. Multās is the feminine accusative plural form of multus/multa/multum (1/2): much, many. Propter (prep.): near, close to; because of. Incrēdulitātem is the accusative singular form of incrēdulitās, incrēdulitātis (3f): incredulity, disbelief, unbelief. Illōrum is the m/n (here m) genitive plural form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she it (of those, of them, their).

Magnus/ magna /magnum (1/2): big, large, great. Vīs, vīs (3f, irreg.): force, power, energy, potency; violence; strength; (large) number or amount (usually modified by magna or a similar adjective); meaning; the essence or nature of a thing. Est: there is. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Virtūtibus is the ablative plural form of virtūs, virtūtis (3f): virtue; courage, valor.

Nam (particle): for, because. Gaudiō is the dative singular form of gaudium, gaudiī (2n): joy. Quoque (adv.): too, as well; even. Cōgendī is the genitive gerund of cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coāctum (3): to drive together, round up, collect; force, compel. Vīs, vīs (3f, irreg.): force, power, energy, potency; violence; strength; (large) number or amount (usually modified by magna or a similar adjective); meaning; the essence or nature of a thing. Inest is the third person singular form of īnsum, inesse, īnfuī, — (irreg.): to be in (it can take a dative object).

Nōn: not. Intellegis is the second person singular form of intellegō, intellegere, intellēxī, intellēctum (3): to understand; realize. Omnia is the neuter accusative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every; (n. pl. used substantively) all things, everything. Cōnsuētūdine is the ablative singular form of cōnsuētūdō, cōnsuētūdinis (3f): habit, custom, experience, familiarity. Vim is the accusative singular form of vīs, vīs (3f, irreg.): force, power, energy, potency; violence; strength; (large) number or amount (usually modified by magna or a similar adjective); meaning; the essence or nature of a thing. Suam: their (own)—the feminine accusative singular form of suus/sua/suum (1/2). Perdō, perdere, perdidī, perditum (3): to destroy; waste, squander; lose.

Fit is the third person singular form of fīō, fierī, —, — (irreg.): to be done; be made; happen; come into being; become. Via, viae (1f): way, road. Vī is the ablative singular form of vīs, vīs (3f, irreg.): force, power, energy, potency; violence; strength; (large) number or amount (usually modified by magna or a similar adjective); meaning; the essence or nature of a thing.

Mē is the accusative singular form of ego: I (me). Domō is the ablative singular form of domus, domūs (2/4f): house, home. Meā is the feminine ablative singular form of meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine. Per (prep.): through; by (means of) (takes the accusative). Vim is the accusative singular form of vīs, vīs (3f, irreg.): force, power, energy, potency; violence; strength; (large) number or amount (usually modified by magna or a similar adjective); meaning; the essence or nature of a thing. Expulistis is the second person plural perfect form of expellō, expellere, expulī, expulsum (3): to drive out, expel.

Ventus, ventī (2m): wind. Vīs, vīs (3f, irreg.): force, power, energy, potency; violence; strength; (large) number or amount (usually modified by magna or a similar adjective); meaning; the essence or nature of a thing. Omnis/ omnis /omne (3): all; every. Cecidit is the third person singular perfect form of cadō, cadere, cecidī, cāsum (3): to fall, drop; subside.

Magnus/ magna /magnum (1/2): big, large, great. Vīs, vīs (3f, irreg.): force, power, energy, potency; violence; strength; (large) number or amount (usually modified by magna or a similar adjective); meaning; the essence or nature of a thing. Hominum is the genitive plural form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human being, person; (in pl.) people. Ibi (adv.): there. Interiit is the third person singular perfect form of intereō, interīre, interiī, interitum (irreg.): to perish, die.

Vīs, vīs (3f, irreg.): force, power, energy, potency; violence; strength; (large) number or amount (usually modified by magna or a similar adjective); meaning; the essence or nature of a thing. Vocābulum, vocābulī (2n): a word by which a thing is called, a name, term; noun. Dēfīniendus/ dēfīnienda /dēfīniendum (1/2) is the gerundive form of dēfīniō, dēfīnīre, dēfīnīvī/dēfīniī, dēfīnītum (4): to delimit; limit; fix, settle, determine; define. Verbīs is the ablative plural form of verbum, verbī (2n): word; verb. Est: is (dēfīnienda est is the passive periphrastic: is to be defined, must be defined).

(Talking about what the taste you find in water can tell you about it—sulphur, iron, salt, etc.) Indicat is the third person singular form of indicō, indicāre, indicāvī, indicātum (1): to point out; show, indicate, reveal. Vim is the accusative singular form of vīs, vīs (3f, irreg.): force, power, energy, potency; violence; strength; (large) number or amount (usually modified by magna or a similar adjective); meaning; the essence or nature of a thing. Sapor, sapōris (3m): taste, flavor.

Vīnum, vīnī (2n): wine. Vīs, vīs (3f, irreg.): force, power, energy, potency; violence; strength; (large) number or amount (usually modified by magna or a similar adjective); meaning; the essence or nature of a thing. Existit is the third person singular form of existō, existere, extitī, extitum (3—also exsistō): to emerge, appear, show oneself. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Acētō is the ablative singular form of acētum, acētī (2n): vinegar.

Nostrōs is the masculine accusative plural form of noster/nostra/nostrum (1/2): our, ours (used substantively to mean our men). Vīrēs is the nominative plural form of vīs, vīs (3f, irreg.): force, power, energy, potency; violence; strength; (large) number or amount (usually modified by magna or a similar adjective); meaning; the essence or nature of a thing (plural forms are often translated with the singular strength). Lassitūdine is the ablative singular form of lassitūdō, lassitūdinis (3): tiredness, weariness, fatigue. Dēficiēbant is the third person plural imperfect form of dēficiō, dēficere, dēfēcī, dēfectum (3, –iō): to run out; fail.

(The first translation better renders the sequence of ideas conveyed by the Latin word order.) Magnārum is the feminine genitive plural form of magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): big, large, great. Vīrium is the genitive plural form of vīs, vīs (3f, irreg.): force, power, energy, potency; violence; strength; (large) number or amount (usually modified by magna or a similar adjective); meaning; the essence or nature of a thing (plural forms are often translated with the singular strength). Animālia is the accusative plural form of animal, animālis (3n): living being, animal. Hūmānae is the feminine genitive singular form of hūmānus/hūmāna/hūmānum (1/2): human. Manus, manūs (4f): hand. Ictus, ictūs (4m): blow; thrust, push; bite. Impellit is the third person singular form of impellō, impellere, impulī, impulsum (3): to push forward, drive forward, propel, impel.

Dabit is the third person singular future form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give. Īra, īrae (1f): anger. Vīrēs is the accusative plural form of vīs, vīs (3f, irreg.): force, power, energy, potency; violence; strength; (large) number or amount (usually modified by magna or a similar adjective); meaning; the essence or nature of a thing (plural forms are often translated with the singular strength).

Sed (conj.): but. Animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit. Vīrīs is the accusative plural form of vīs, vīs (3f, irreg.): force, power, energy, potency; violence; strength; (large) number or amount (usually modified by magna or a similar adjective); meaning; the essence or nature of a thing (plural forms are often translated with the singular strength). Corpus, corporis (3n): body. Īnfirmitās, īnfirmitātis (3f): weakness. Nōn: not. Retardāvit is the third person singular perfect form of retardō, retardāre, retardāvī, retardātum (1): to delay; hold back.

(Not only philosophers; yet philosophers owe more to a good ruler than other people do, because the peace maintained by the good ruler gives philosophers the leisure to pursue philosophy, the most important matter of all.) Vērum (conj.): but at the same time, but actually, but, yet, however. Aliōs is the masculine accusative plural form of alius/alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): other, another. Quoque (adv.): too, as well; even. Rēx, rēgis (3m): king; ruler. Vīribus is the ablative plural form of vīs, vīs (3f, irreg.): force, power, energy, potency; violence; strength; (large) number or amount (usually modified by magna or a similar adjective); meaning; the essence or nature of a thing (plural forms are often translated with the singular strength; sometimes also power —e. g. , political power). Suīs: his (own)—the m/f/n ablative plural form of suus/sua/suum (1/2). Prōtegit is the third person singular form of prōtegō, prōtegere, prōtēxī, prōtēctum (3): to cover; protect, defend.

Imperā is the singular imperative form of imperō, imperāre, imperāvī, imperātum (1): to command, order; rule, govern; demand. Quod is the neuter accusative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Vīs is the second person singular form of volō, velle, voluī, — (irreg.): to want, wish.

Nōn: not. Est: is. Igitur (conj.): therefore, so, then. Voluptās, voluptātis (3f): pleasure, delight. Bonum, bonī (2n): a good, a blessing, a boon.

(Life is short.) Rapite is the plural imperative form of rapiō, rapere, rapuī, raptum (3, –iō): to carry off, snatch. Ex /ē (prep.): from, out of (takes the ablative). Līberīs is the ablative form of līberī, līberōrum (2m, plural only): children (in relation to their parents), sons and daughters. Voluptātēs is the accusative plural form of voluptās, voluptātis (3f): pleasure, delight.

(He’s recounting the functions of different virtues.) Temperantia, temperantiae (1f): moderation, self-control, temperance. Voluptātibus is the dative plural form of voluptās, voluptātis (3f): pleasure, delight. Imperat is the third person singular form of imperō, imperāre, imperāvī, imperātum (1): to command; rule (over), govern, control; demand (the person or thing that receives a command, is ruled over or that something is demanded from goes in the dative).

Vultus, vultūs (4m): countenance; facial expression; face. Remittātur is the third person singular passive subjunctive form of remittō, remittere, remīsī, remissum (3): to send back; release; relax; concede; remit. Vōx, vōcis (3f): voice; cry; sound; speech; utterance; saying, maxim; word. Lēnior/ lēnior /lēnius (3): gentler, milder, softer—the comparative form of lēnis/lēnis/lēne (3): gentle, mild, soft. Sit is the third person singular subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Gradus, gradūs (4m): step, pace; gait; degree. Lentior /lentior/lentius (3): slower—the comparative form of lentus/lenta/lentum (1/2): slow (the verbs are subjunctive because they’re jussive).

Audiō, audīre, audīvī/audiī, audītum (4): to hear. Vōcem is the accusative singular form of vōx, vōcis (3f): voice; cry; sound; speech; utterance; saying, maxim; word. Vīsa sum is the first person feminine singular perfect passive form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see; (in the passive) seem. Modo (adv.): just, only. Mīles, mīlitis (3m): soldier.

(Claudius is announcing his own imminent arrival.) Magnā is the feminine ablative singular form of magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): big, large, great; (of the voice) loud. Vōce is the ablative singular form of vōx, vōcis (3f): voice; cry; sound; speech; utterance; saying, maxim; word. Claudius /Claudia/Claudium (1/2): a family name, notably of the emperor Claudius. Inquit is the third person singular form of inquam (irreg. and defective): to say (inquit = he/she says or said). Veniet is the third person singular future form of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come.

Nōn: not. Vidēs is the second person singular form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see. Quam (interrog. adv.): how (much)? to what degree? Multōrum is the m/n (here m) genitive plural form of multus/multa/multum (1/2): much, many. Vōcibus is the ablative plural form of vōx, vōcis (3f): voice; cry; sound; speech; utterance; saying, maxim; word. Chorus, chorī (2m): chorus, choir. Cōnstet is the third person singular subjunctive form of cōnstō, cōnstāre, cōnstitī, cōnstātūrus (1): to stand firm; be consistent; (with ex + ablative or ablative alone) consist of, be composed of; (with ablative) cost; (impersonal) it is agreed, is well-known, it is established as a fact (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect question).

Elephantōs is the accusative plural form of elephantus, elephantī (2m): elephant. Porcīnus/ porcīna /porcīnum (1/2): of or belonging to a pig, porcine. Vōx, vōcis (3f): voice; cry; sound; speech; utterance; saying, maxim; word. Terret is the third person singular form of terreō, terrēre, terruī, territum (2): to frighten, terrify, alarm.

Longās is the feminine accusative plural form of longus/longa/longum (1/2): long. Ēmūgit is the third person singular form of ēmūgiō, ēmūgīre, —, — (4): to bellow out. Būcina, būcinae (1f): a curved trumpet or horn. Vōcēs is the accusative plural form of vōx, vōcis (3f): voice; cry; sound; speech; utterance; saying, maxim; word.

(I won’t believe it under any circumstances, not even then.) Nē (adv.): not (nē quidem = not even). Sī (conj.): if. Bōs, bovis (3m/f): ox; bull; cow. Quidem (particle): indeed, certainly. Vōcem is the accusative singular form of vōx, vōcis (3f): voice; cry; sound; speech; utterance; saying, maxim; word. Ēdat is the third person singular subjunctive form of ēdō, ēdere, ēdidī, ēditum (3): to give out, emit; produce; utter; declare, proclaim.

Multō (adv.): much, by much. Mihi is the dative form of ego: I (to me). Vōx, vōcis (3f): voice; cry; sound; speech; utterance; saying, maxim; word. Māter, mātris (3f): mother. Vidētur is the third person singular passive form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see; (in the passive) seem. Animōsior/ animōsior /animōsius (3): more spirited, more courageous—the comparative form of animōsus/animōsa/animōsum (1/2): spirited, courageous.

Cōnsīderā is the singular imperative form of cōnsīderō, cōnsīderāre, cōnsīderāvī, cōnsīderātum (1): to look at closely; consider, contemplate. Quid is the neuter accusative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Vōx, vōcis (3f): voice; cry; sound; speech; utterance; saying, maxim; word. Iste/ ista /istud (adj.): that, this. Significet is the third person singular subjunctive form of significō, significāre, significāvī, significātum (1): to mean, signify; show, indicate (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect question).

Ad (prep.): to, toward (takes the accusative). Epicūrēas is the feminine accusative plural form of Epicūrēus/Epicūrēa/Epicūrēum (1/2): Epicurean. Vōcēs is the accusative plural form of vōx, vōcis (3f): voice; cry; sound; speech; utterance; saying, maxim; word. Dēlāberis is the second person singular form of dēlābor, dēlābī, dēlāpsus sum (3, deponent): to fall, glide down, sink, descend.

(He’s talking about the word petorritum, petorritī (2n): a type of open four-wheeled carriage.) Nam (particle): for, because. Est: it is. Vōx, vōcis (3f): voice; cry; sound; speech; utterance; saying, maxim; word. Gallicus/ Gallica /Gallicum (1/2): Gaulish, Gallic.

Ratiōnālis/ratiōnālis/ ratiōnāle (3): connected with reasoning, dialectical; rational, endowed with reason. Animal, animālis (3n): animal, animate creature, living thing. Es: you are.

Dēnique (adv.): finally, at last; besides. Nūllus/nūlla/ nūllum (1/2, irreg.): no, not any. Animal, animālis (3n): animal, animate creature, living thing. Pars, partis (3f): part. Est: is. Alterīus is the m/f/n genitive singular form of alter/altera/alterum (1/2, irreg.): the other, another; the second, a second; one (of two).

In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Mūtō is the m/n ablative singular form of mūtus/mūta/mūtum (1/2): dumb, mute; silent. Animālī is the ablative singular form of animal, animālis (3n): animal, animate creature, living thing. Nōn: not. Est: is. Beātus/ beāta /beātum (1/2): happy; prosperous. Vīta, vītae (1f): life. Neque/ nec: (conj.) and not, nor; (adv.) neither, not either, not even. Is/ea/ id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Quō is the m/n ablative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Efficitur is the third person singular passive form of efficiō, efficere, effēcī, effectum (3, –iō): to make, produce; bring about, cause.

Ergō (particle): therefore, so, then. Nōn: not. Sunt: they are. Animālia is the nominative plural form of animal, animālis (3n): animal, animate creature, living thing.

Eadem is the neuter nominative plural form of īdem/eadem/idem (pron. or adj.): the same. Animālium is the genitive plural form of animal, animālis (3n): animal, animate creature, living thing. Hominumque is the genitive plural form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human being (the enclitic conjunction – que adds and). Discrīmina is the nominative plural form of discrīmen, discrīminis (3n): separation; distinction, difference; decision; crisis, critical situation. Sunt: (they) are.

(Meant as a specimen of bad argument.) Sī (conj.): if. Mūtīs is the m/f/n dative plural form of mūtus/mūta/mūtum (1/2): dumb, mute; silent. Animālibus is the dative plural form of animal, animālis (3n): animal, animate creature, living thing. Fīnis, fīnis (3m): boundary, limit; end; the farthest limit or culminating point (of anything); aim, goal, target, purpose. Voluptās, voluptātis (3f): pleasure. Īdem /eadem/idem (pron.): the same. Hominī is the dative singular form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human being.

(After reviewing how a principle applies to humans.) Ad (prep.): to (takes accusative). Animālia is the accusative plural form of animal, animālis (3n): animal, animate creature, living thing. Veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come.

Quid (interrog. adv.): what for? why? Caput, capitis (3n): head; the summit or extremity of anything; the first or most important person or thing; beginning; source, origin; leader; chief city, capital; (chief) point; section, chapter, paragraph, clause (of a document). Vertīginēs is the accusative plural form of vertīgō, vertīginis (3f): a spinning motion; spinning sensation, dizziness. Dīcam is the first person singular subjunctive form of dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say; mention (subjunctive in a deliberative question).

(Talking about Otho’s two daggers—pūgiō, pūgiōnis (3m)—one of which he would use later to take his life.) Alterum is the m/n accusative singular form of alter/altera/alterum (1/2, irreg.): the other, another; the second, a second; one (of two). Capitī is the dative singular form of caput, capitis (3n): head; the summit or extremity of anything; the first or most important person or thing; beginning; source, origin; leader; chief city, capital; (chief) point; section, chapter, paragraph, clause (of a document). Subdidit is the third person singular perfect form of subdō, subdere, subdidī, subditum (3): to place or insert (acc.) under (dat.); subject (acc.) to (dat.).

(To flatter him.) Dēmulceō, dēmulcēre, dēmulsī, dēmulctum (2): to stroke. Caput is the accusative singular form of caput, capitis (3n): head; the summit or extremity of anything; the first or most important person or thing; beginning; source, origin; leader; chief city, capital; (chief) point; section, chapter, paragraph, clause (of a document).

Quid (interrog. adv.): what for? why? Quassās is the second person singular form of quassō, quassāre, quassāvī, quassātum (1): to shake; batter. Caput is the accusative singular form of caput, capitis (3n): head; the summit or extremity of anything; the first or most important person or thing; beginning; source, origin; leader; chief city, capital; (chief) point; section, chapter, paragraph, clause (of a document).

(Indians.) Soleīs is the ablative plural form of solea, soleae (1f): sandal (of the simplest kind, made of a sole and thongs). Pedēs is the accusative plural form of pēs, pedis (3m): foot. Capita is the accusative plural form of caput, capitis (3n): head; the summit or extremity of anything; the first or most important person or thing; beginning; source, origin; leader; chief city, capital; (chief) point; section, chapter, paragraph, clause (of a document). Linteīs is the ablative plural form of linteum, linteī (2n): a piece of linen cloth (a substantive use of linteus/lintea/linteum (1/2): made of linen). Vinciunt is the third person plural form of vinciō, vincīre, vīnxī, vīnctum (4): to tie up, fasten, bind.

Cui is the m/f/n dative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Caput is the accusative singular form of caput, capitis (3n): head; the summit or extremity of anything; the first or most important person or thing; beginning; source, origin; leader; chief city, capital; (chief) point; section, chapter, paragraph, clause (of a document). Meum is the m/n accusative singular form of meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine. Crēdam is the first person singular subjunctive form of crēdō, crēdere, crēdidī, crēditum (3): to entrust; lend (money); trust; believe (subjunctive in a deliberative question).

In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Iūdicium is the accusative singular form of iūdicium, iūdiciī (2n): trial; judgment. Caput, capitis (3n): head; the summit or extremity of anything; the first or most important person or thing; beginning; source, origin; leader; chief city, capital; (chief) point; section, chapter, paragraph, clause (of a document). Multōs is the masculine accusative plural form of multus/multa/multum (1/2): much, many. Vocāvērunt is the third person plural perfect form of vocō, vocāre, vocāvī, vocātum (1): to call; summon.

Caput, capitis (3n): head; the summit or extremity of anything; the first or most important person or thing; beginning; source, origin; leader; chief city, capital; (chief) point; section, chapter, paragraph, clause (of a document). Damnātī sunt is the third person masculine plural perfect passive form of damnō, damnāre, damnāvī, damnātum (1): to condemn (the thing for which or to which one is condemned can go in the genitive or ablative; so here you have capitis but could also have had capite).

Ain is a contraction of aisne (which itself isn’t in regular use) (ais is the second person singular form of aiō (3, defective): to say; and the enclitic interrogative particle – ne turns the word into part of a question). Vērō (particle): truly, really, indeed; on the other hand, but, however; and, moreover; for my, your, his, etc. part (ain vērō = really? you don’t say?). Verbereum is the neuter vocative singular form of verbereus/verberea/verbereum (1/2): associated with flogging, or worthy of being flogged (an adjective based on verber, verberis (3n): instrument for flogging, whip, lash; a blow received from such an instrument, or a blow in general—the adjective may be a facetious coinage by Plautus). Caput is the vocative singular form of caput, capitis (3n): head; the summit or extremity of anything; the first or most important person or thing; beginning; source, origin; leader; chief city, capital; (chief) point; section, chapter, paragraph, clause (of a document).

Lībera is the neuter accusative plural form of līber/lībera/līberum (1/2): free. Capita is the accusative plural form of caput, capitis (3n): head; the summit or extremity of anything; the first or most important person or thing; beginning; source, origin; leader; chief city, capital; (chief) point; section, chapter, paragraph, clause (of a document). Sine (prep.): without (takes the ablative). Pretiō is the ablative singular form of pretium, pretiī (2n): reward; price (or any kind of payment; e. g. , a ransom or a bribe). Dīmīsit is the third person singular perfect form of dīmittō, dīmittere, dīmīsī, dīmissum (3): to let go, release, dismiss, send away.

Cēnsa is the neuter nominative plural form of cēnsus/cēnsa/cēnsum (1/2), the perfect passive participle of cēnseō, cēnsēre, cēnsuī, cēnsum (2): to give as one’s opinion; judge, deem; recommend; register at a census; assess (sunt is implied: cēnsa sunt is the third person neuter plural perfect passive form). Cīvium is the genitive plural form of cīvis, cīvis (3m/f): citizen. Capita is the nominative plural form of caput, capitis (3n): head; the summit or extremity of anything; the first or most important person or thing; beginning; source, origin; leader; chief city, capital; (chief) point; section, chapter, paragraph, clause (of a document). Centum (indeclinable): one hundred. Septendecim (indeclinable—also septemdecim): seventeen. Mīlia (alternatively mīllia) is the nominative plural form of mīlle: thousand. Trecentī/trecentae/ trecenta (1/2): three hundred. Ūndēvīgintī (indeclinable): nineteen.

(At ends of trenches.) Capitibus is the ablative plural form of caput, capitis (3n): head; the summit or extremity of anything; the first or most important person or thing; beginning; source, origin; leader; chief city, capital; (chief) point; section, chapter, paragraph, clause (of a document). Eārum is the feminine genitive plural form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that (referring to ditches—fossa, fossae (1f)). Castella is the accusative plural form of castellum, castellī (2n): a fortified settlement or garrison: castle, stronghold, bastion, etc. Commūniit is the third person singular perfect form of commūniō, commūnīre, commūnīvī/commūniī, commūnītum (4): to fortify; build and fortify.

Magnōrum is the m/n genitive plural form of magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): big, large, great. Flūminum is the genitive plural form of flūmen, flūminis (3n): river. Capita is the accusative plural form of caput, capitis (3n): head; the summit or extremity of anything; the first or most important person or thing; beginning; source, origin; leader; chief city, capital; (chief) point; section, chapter, paragraph, clause (of a document). Venerāmur is the first person plural form of veneror, venerārī, venerātus sum (1, deponent): to solicit the goodwill of (esp. a deity); revere, venerate; pay homage to.

Ea is the neuter nominative plural form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Capita is the nominative plural form of caput, capitis (3n): head; the summit or extremity of anything; the first or most important person or thing; beginning; source, origin; leader; chief city, capital; (chief) point; section, chapter, paragraph, clause (of a document). Coniūrātiō, coniūrātiōnis (3f): conspiracy. Fuerant is the third person plural pluperfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

Scodram is the accusative singular form of Scodra, Scodrae (1f): a town in Illyria (present-day Shkodër in Albania). Caput is the accusative singular form of caput, capitis (3n): head; the summit or extremity of anything; the first or most important person or thing; beginning; source, origin; leader; chief city, capital; (chief) point; section, chapter, paragraph, clause (of a document). Gēns, gentis (3f): nation, people, race; gens, clan, (extended) family. Dēlēsse is the perfect infinitive form of dēleō, dēlēre, dēlēvī, dēlētum (2): to destroy. Suffēcit is the third person singular perfect form of sufficiō, sufficere, suffēcī, suffectum (3, –iō): to supply; substitute; appoint in place of someone else; suffice, be enough.

Caput, capitis (3n): head; the summit or extremity of anything; the first or most important person or thing; beginning; source, origin; leader; chief city, capital; (chief) point; section, chapter, paragraph, clause (of a document). Ille/illa/ illud (pron.): that, that one, the one; he, she, it. Est: is. Quod is the neuter accusative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Scīs is the second person singular form of sciō, scīre, scīvī/sciī, scītum (4): to know.

Nunc (adv.): now; as it is; for now. Capita is the accusative plural form of caput, capitis (3n): head; the summit or extremity of anything; the first or most important person or thing; beginning; source, origin; leader; chief city, capital; (chief) point; section, chapter, paragraph, clause (of a document). Rērum is the genitive plural form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair. Attingō, attingere, attigī, attāctum (3): to touch; touch on.

Hōrum is the m/n genitive plural form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Quattuor (indeclinable): four. Capitum is the genitive plural form of caput, capitis (3n): head; the summit or extremity of anything; the first or most important person or thing; beginning; source, origin; leader; chief city, capital; (chief) point; section, chapter, paragraph, clause (of a document). Secundum is the m/n accusative singular form of secundus/secunda/secundum (1/2): moving in the same direction, moving along with one; favorable; second. Et (conj.): and. Tertium is the m/n accusative singular form of tertius/tertia/tertium (1/2): third. Omnēs is the m/f nominative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every; (m. pl. used substantively) all (people), everyone. Concēdunt is the third person plural form of concēdō, concēdere, concessī, concessum (3): to depart, withdraw; give in; grant, concede.

Aliō is the m/n ablative singular form of alius/alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): other, another. Capite is the ablative singular form of caput, capitis (3n): head; the summit or extremity of anything; the first or most important person or thing; beginning; source, origin; leader; chief city, capital; (chief) point; section, chapter, paragraph, clause (of a document). Omnēs is the m/f accusative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Ancillās is the accusative plural form of ancilla, ancillae (1f): female slave, maidservant. Suās: his (own)—the feminine accusative plural form of suus/sua/suum (1/2). Uxōrī is the dative singular form of uxor, uxōris (3f): wife. Lēgāvit is the third person singular perfect form of lēgō, lēgāre, lēgāvī, lēgātum (1): to send as an envoy; bequeath.

Īte is the plural imperative form of eō, īre, iī/īvī, itum (irreg.): to go. Igitur (conj.): therefore, so, then. Capite is the plural imperative form of capiō, capere, cēpī, captum (3, –iō): to take, seize, capture. Arma is the accusative form of arma, armōrum (2n, plural only): arms, weapons. Virī is the vocative plural form of vir, virī (2m): man.

Ex /ē (prep.): from, out of; according to (takes ablative). Inbēcillitāte is the ablative singular form of inbēcillitās, inbēcillitātis (3f—also imbēcillitās): weakness, feebleness. Vestrā is the feminine ablative singular form of vester/vestra/vestrum (1/2): your, yours, your own (with reference to a plural you). Coniectūram is the accusative singular form of coniectūra, coniectūrae (1f): inference, conclusion; guess, conjecture; interpretation of dreams; soothsaying. Capitis is the second person plural form of capiō, capere, cēpī, captum (3, –iō): to take, seize, capture; receive. Ingēns, ingentis (3, adj.): huge, enormous, immense, (very) great. Animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit.

Contemptus, contemptūs (4m): contempt, scorn; disregard, the fact of valuing little or not caring about something. Corpus, corporis (3n): body; substance; concrete object; corpus. Suī: (of) one’s (own)—the m/n genitive singular form of suus/sua/suum (1/2). Certus/ certa /certum (1/2): certain, sure; settled, fixed. Lībertās, lībertātis (3f): freedom, liberty. Est: is.

Quisquis/ quidquid (rel. pron. ; the second form is also spelled quicquid): whoever, whatever; everyone who, everything that. Animum is the accusative singular form of animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit. Ērēxit is the third person singular perfect form of ērigō, ērigere, ērēxī, ērēctum (3): to raise, lift up, elevate; set up, erect; uplift; cheer; rouse, stimulate. Etiam (particle): still; even; also. Corporī is the dative singular form of corpus, corporis (3n): body; substance; concrete object; corpus. Prōdest is the third person singular form of prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuī, prōfutūrus (irreg.): to be useful, help, benefit, avail (the recipient of the benefit goes in the dative).

Corpus is the accusative singular form of corpus, corporis (3n): body; substance; concrete object; corpus. Eius is the m/f/n genitive singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Sepeliō, sepelīre, sepelīvī /sepeliī, sepultum (4): to bury.

(He’s talking about the power of philosophy.) Nūllus/nūlla/ nūllum (1/2, irreg.): no, not any. Tēlum, tēlī (2n): spear; missile; weapon. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Corpore is the ablative singular form of corpus, corporis (3n): body; substance; concrete object; corpus. Eius is the m/f/n genitive singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Sedet is the third person singular form of sedeō, sedēre, sēdī, sessum (2): to sit, be seated; settle, lodge.

Circumspice is the singular imperative form of circumspiciō, circumspicere, circumspexī, circumspectum (3, –iō): to look around (at); ponder, consider. Omnium is the m/f/n (here n, referring to living beings—animal, animālis (3n)) genitive plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Corpora is the accusative plural form of corpus, corporis (3n): body; substance; concrete object; corpus.

(Talking about someone’s writings.) Duo/duae/ duo (irreg.): two. Enim (particle): for. Sunt: there are. Corpora is the nominative plural form of corpus, corporis (3n): body; substance; concrete object; corpus.

Quī/quae/ quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Mōtum is the accusative singular form of mōtus, mōtūs (4m): motion. Habet is the third person singular form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have. Corpus, corporis (3n): body; substance; concrete object; corpus. Est: is.

(The two things that the universe consists of.) Nam (particle): for. Corpora is the nominative plural form of corpus, corporis (3n): body; substance; concrete object; corpus. Sunt: there are. Et (conj.): and. Ināne, inānis (3n): empty space, void, emptiness (a substantive use of inānis/inānis/ināne (3): empty, void).

Ex /ē (prep.): from, out of, of (takes ablative). Hāc is the feminine ablative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Notā is the ablative singular form of nota, notae (1f): a mark; brand; a mark of censure placed by the censors before a person’s name; a mark of disgrace, stigma; grade, class; sign; symbol, character. Corporum is the genitive plural form of corpus, corporis (3n): body; substance; concrete object; corpus. Āēr, āeris (3m): air. Est: is.

Herba, herbae (1f): plant, herb, weed, grass. Is/ea/ id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Genus, generis (3n): kind, type, sort, class; race, breed; birth, descent; gender; way, mode, method. Est: is.

Nūllum is the m/n accusative singular form of nūllus/nūlla/nūllum (1/2, irreg.): no, not any. Hominum is the genitive plural form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human being. Genus is the accusative singular form of genus, generis (3n): kind, type, sort, class; race, breed; birth, descent; gender; way, mode, method. Excipit is the third person singular form of excipiō, excipere, excēpī, exceptum (3, –iō): to take out; except, exclude; stipulate; receive; intercept.

(But only that which has reason can be perfect according to nature.) Cētera is the neuter nominative plural form of cēterus/cētera/cēterum (1/2): (all) (the) other(s), the rest (of). Possunt is the third person plural form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Suō: their (own)—the m/n ablative singular form of suus/sua/suum (1/2). Genere is the ablative singular form of genus, generis (3n): kind, type, sort, class; race, breed; birth, descent; gender; way, mode, method. Esse: to be. Perfecta is the neuter nominative plural form of perfectus/perfecta/perfectum (1/2): perfect.

(He’s talking about objects of fear.) Quōrum is the m/n (here n) genitive plural form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Trēs/trēs/ tria (3): three. Nisi (conj.): unless, if not; except. Fallor is the first person singular passive form of fallō, fallere, fefellī, falsum (3): to deceive; passive forms can mean to be mistaken. Genera is the nominative plural form of genus, generis (3n): kind, type, sort, class; race, breed; birth, descent; gender; way, mode, method. Sunt: there are.

(On the treatment of animals who are suffering from being overworked.) Sī (conj.): if. Hoc is the neuter accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Genus is the accusative singular form of genus, generis (3n): kind, type, sort, class; race, breed; birth, descent; gender; way, mode, method. Rēbus is the ablative plural form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair. Nōn: not. Prōficitur is the third person singular passive form of prōficiō, prōficere, prōfēcī, prōfectum (3, –iō): to make progress; achieve something, gain results; benefit, help (it’s an impersonal passive). Dēmittitur is the third person singular passive form of dēmittō, dēmittere, dēmīsī, dēmissum (3): to send down, let down, lower; shed; let (blood). Sanguis, sanguinis (3m): blood; sap.

(Talking about a sheep.) Genus, generis (3n): kind, type, sort, class; race, breed; birth, descent; gender; way, mode, method. Graecīst (a contraction of graecī est) is the m/n genitive singular form of Graecus/Graeca/Graecum (1/2): Greek. Est: it is.

Quī /quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Genus is the accusative singular form of genus, generis (3n): kind, type, sort, class; race, breed; birth, descent; gender; way, mode, method. Iactat is the third person singular form of iactō, iactāre, iactāvī, iactātum (1): to throw, toss, toss about; boast about, show off. Suum: his (own)—the m/n accusative singular form of suus/sua/suum (1/2). Aliēna is the neuter accusative plural form of aliēnus/aliēna/aliēnum (1/2): of another, belonging to another or others, not one’s own; alien, foreign, unfamiliar, unrelated; unsuitable; harmful; hostile. Laudat is the third person singular form of laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātum (1): to praise.

(God.) Ipse /ipsa/ipsum (pron. or adj.): himself/herself/itself/etc. Hūmānō is the m/n dative singular form of hūmānus/hūmāna/hūmānum (1/2): human. Generī is the dative singular form of genus, generis (3n): kind, type, sort, class; race, breed; birth, descent; gender; way, mode, method. Ministrat is the third person singular form of ministrō, ministrāre, ministrāvī, ministrātum (1): to attend, wait upon, serve (the recipient of the service goes in the dative); supply.

(He’s talking about the noun gāza, gāzae (1f): treasure.) Est: it is. Autem (particle): on the other hand, but, however; and, moreover; for my, your, his, etc. part (it’s often used to mark a transition in a narrative, argument, description, etc. and doesn’t always need a translation). Genus, generis (3n): kind, type, sort, class; race, breed; birth, descent; gender; way, mode, method. Fēminīnī is the m/n genitive singular form of fēminīnus/fēminīna/fēminīnum (1/2): feminine.

(He’s talking about the effects of prosperity.) Movet is the third person singular form of moveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtum (2): to move, stir, set in motion; trouble, disturb, perturb. Cerebrum is the accusative singular form of cerebrum, cerebrī (2n): brain. Nōn: not. Ūnō is the m/n ablative singular form of ūnus/ūna/ūnum (1/2, irreg.): one; alone; only, sole, single. Genere is the ablative singular form of genus, generis (3n): kind, type, sort, class; race, nationality; birth, descent; gender; way, mode, method.

(Or, as you may say, might is right. He’s describing a bad state of affairs.) Iūs, iūris (3n): law; right; authority, jurisdiction; obligations. Est: is. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Armīs is the ablative form of arma, armōrum (2n, plural only): arms, weapons.

Est: there is. Et (adv.): also, too, as well. Mihi is the dative form of ego: I (to/for me). Cēnsendī is the genitive gerund of of cēnseō, cēnsēre, cēnsuī, cēnsum (2): to hold or express an opinion, give as one’s opinion; judge, deem; recommend; register at a census; assess. Iūs, iūris (3n): law; right; authority, jurisdiction; obligations.

Iūs, iūris (3n): law; right; authority, jurisdiction; obligations. Vīta, vītae (1f): life. Atque/ ac (conj.): and. Nex, necis (3f): violent death, killing, murder. Meae is the feminine genitive singular form of meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine. Penes (prep.): in the possession of, under the control of, in the charge of (takes the accusative). Mē is the accusative form of ego: I (me). Est: is.

Fāta is the nominative plural form of fātum, fātī (2n): fate. Aliter (adv.): otherwise, differently. Iūs is the accusative singular form of iūs, iūris (3n): law; right; authority, jurisdiction; obligations. Suum: their (own)—the m/n accusative singular form of suus/sua/suum (1/2). Peragunt is the third person plural form of peragō, peragere, perēgī, perāctum (3): to carry out, perform, execute, exercise (esp. to the end); finish, complete; live out.

Is/ea/ id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Bonum, bonī (2n): a good thing, a good, a blessing, a boon). Est: is. Suō: (in) its (own)—the m/n ablative singular form of suus/sua/suum (1/2). Iūre is the ablative singular form of iūs, iūris (3n): law; right; authority, jurisdiction; obligations.

Patria, patriae (1f): fatherland, one’s country. Sānctiōra is the neuter accusative plural form of sānctior/sānctior/sānctius (3): more sacred—the comparative form of sānctus/sāncta/sānctum (1/2): sacrosanct, holy, sacred; morally pure, virtuous, upright. Iūra is the accusative plural form of iūs, iūris (3n): law; right; authority, jurisdiction; obligations. Quam (rel. adv.): than; as. Hospitium, hospitiī (2n): hospitality; the relationship between a host and their guest (considered to give rise to mutual obligations, often considered sacred); lodgings. Esse: to be. Dūxit is the third person singular perfect form of dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductum (3): to lead; consider, regard as.

In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into, to. Iūs is the accusative singular form of iūs, iūris (3n): law; right; authority, jurisdiction; obligations. Eāmus is the first person plural subjunctive form of eō, īre, iī/īvī, itum (irreg.): to go (subjunctive because it’s hortatory).

Iūra is the accusative plural form of iūs, iūris (3n): law; right; authority, jurisdiction; obligations. Dabat is the third person singular imperfect form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give. Populō is the dative singular form of populus, populī (2m): people; nation; general public, populace. Senior /senior/— (3): older, elder—the comparative form of senex, senis (3, adj.): old (but more often used as a noun meaning old man).

In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Arce is the ablative singular form of arx, arcis (3f): citadel. Rēgnum, rēgnī (2n): kingship; reign; kingdom. Palūdātus /palūdāta/palūdātum (1/2): wearing a military cloak. Iūs is the accusative singular form of iūs, iūris (3n): law; right; authority, jurisdiction; obligations. Dīxit is the third person singular perfect form of dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say, declare.

(He’s talking about manifestations of grief and how some are out of your control.) Quaedam is the neuter nominative plural form of quīdam/quaedam/quiddam (pron.): someone, something; (in pl.) some people, some things. Sunt: (they) are. Suī: (of) their (own)—the m/n genitive singular form of suus/sua/suum (1/2). Iūs, iūris (3n): law; right; authority, jurisdiction; obligations.

Māter, mātris (3f): mother. Sēdulus/ sēdula /sēdulum (1/2): attentive, careful, painstaking, sedulous. Iūs, iūris (3n): law; right; authority, jurisdiction; obligations (iūris perītus, also sometimes written as one word = a law expert, lawyer, jurist). Perītōs is the masculine accusative plural form of perītus/perīta/perītum (1/2): experienced, practiced, expert (often with genitive of the field of expertise). Cōnsulit is the third person singular form of cōnsulō, cōnsulere, cōnsuluī, cōnsultum (3): to consult (with acc.); take thought for, look after the interests of, give thought to (with dat.) (it’s in the historical present). .

Rettulit is the third person singular perfect form of referō, referre, rettulī, relātum (3, irreg.): to bring back; give back, return; trace back, refer, ascribe; report, relate, mention. Ad (prep.): to (takes the accusative). Iūs, iūris (3n): law; right; authority, jurisdiction; obligations (iūris cōnsultus, also sometimes written as one word = a law expert, lawyer, jurist). Cōnsultōs is the masculine accusative plural form of cōnsultus/cōnsulta/cōnsultum (1/2): practiced, learned (esp. in law); deliberate, considered; well-advised—originally the perfect passive participle of cōnsulō, cōnsulere, cōnsuluī, cōnsultum (3): to consult (with acc.); take thought for, look after the interests of, give thought to (with dat.).

Tamen (adv.): nevertheless, yet, still. Iūsiūrandum is the accusative singular form of iūsiūrandum, iūrisiūrandī (also written as two words, iūs iūrandum): oath. Servābat is the third person singular imperfect form of servō, servāre, servāvī, servātum (1): to observe; keep; save.

Iūre is the ablative singular form of iūs, iūris (3n): law; right; authority, jurisdiction; obligations (the use of the ablative singular form to mean by right = rightfully, justly, deservedly, with good reason is sometimes classified as an adverb). Factum is the m/n (here n) accusative singular form of factus/facta/factum (1/2), the perfect passive participle of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Iūdicō, iūdicāre, iūdicāvī, iūdicātum (1): to judge, deem.