Particles

(Talking about an auction.) Pessuma is the feminine vocative singular form of pessumus/pessuma/pessumum (1/2—also pessimus): worst—the superlative form of malus/mala/malum (1/2): bad; evil. Eho (interj.): hey! look here! An (interrog. particle): whether; or (in a question); it can also start a direct question. Audīvistī is the second person singular perfect form of audiō, audīre, audīvī/audiī, audītum (4): to hear; listen (to).

(He’s talking about virtue, or perfected reason.) Dubitās is the second person singular form of dubitō, dubitāre, dubitāvī, dubitātum (1): to doubt; hesitate. An (interrog. particle): whether; or (in a question); it can also start a direct question. Sōlus/sōla/ sōlum (1/2, irreg.): alone; only, sole. Bonum, bonī (2n): a good thing, a good. Sit is the third person singular subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect question).

(He’s talking about anger—īra, īrae (1f)—which was mentioned in the previous sentence.) Dēnique (adv.): finally, at last; in short, to sum up; besides. Interrogō, interrogāre, interrogāvī, interrogātum (1): to ask; interrogate. Valentior/ valentior /valentius (3): more powerful—the comparative form of valēns, valentis (3, adj.): strong, powerful—originally the present active participle of valeō, valēre, valuī, valitum (2): to be healthy, be well, be strong; be able; be of effect; be worth. Est: it is. Quam (rel. adv.): as; than. Ratiō, ratiōnis (3f): reason; calculation; account. An (interrog. particle): whether; or (in a question); it can also start a direct question. Īnfirmior/ īnfirmior /īnfirmius (3): weaker—the comparative form of īnfirmus/īnfirma/īnfirmum (1/2): weak, feeble, infirm.

(The flattering things you’ve just said about yourself.) Ipse /ipsa/ipsum (pron. or adj.): himself/herself yourself/etc. ; in person; the very. Tē is the accusative form of tū: you (used reflexively: yourself). Cōnsule is the singular imperative form of cōnsulō, cōnsulere, cōnsuluī, cōnsultum (3): to consult, ask one’s opinion; give thought to. Vērane is the neuter accusative plural form of vērus/vēra/vērum (1/2): true (the enclitic interrogative particle – ne turns the word into part of a question, and is translated as whether or if when the question is indirect). An (interrog. particle): whether; or (in a question); it can also start a direct question. Falsa is the neuter accusative plural form of falsus/falsa/falsum (1/2): false. Memorāverīs is the second person singular perfect subjunctive form of memorō, memorāre, memorāvī, memorātum (1): to remind of; recount, relate, speak about, say, mention, tell.

(He’s talking about thoughts or sayings—sententia, sententiae (1f).) Cui is the m/f/n dative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Illās is the feminine accusative plural form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she, it. Assignābimus is the first person plural future form of assignō, assignāre, assignāvī, assignātum (1—also appears as adsignō): to assign; impute, ascribe, credit; commit (to someone’s keeping). Zēnōnī is the dative singular form of Zēnō, Zēnōnis (3m—also Zēnōn). An (interrog. particle): whether; or (in a question); it can also start a direct question (notice how an is repeated between all the options—unlike the English or, which tends to come only between the last two). Cleanthī is the dative singular form of Cleanthēs, Cleanthis (3m). Chrȳsippō is the dative singular form of Chrȳsippus, Chrȳsippī (2m). Panaetiō is the dative singular form of Panaetius, Panaetiī (2m). Posīdōniō is the dative singular form of Posīdōnius, Posīdōniī (2m). (The proper names are those of various Stoic philosophers.)

(Speaking about virtue, and whether it must be sought for the sake of something else.) An (interrog. particle): whether; or (in a question); it can also start a direct question. Hic/haec/ hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Parum (adv.): (too) little, not enough. Magnus/magna/ magnum (1/2): great, large; important. Est: is.

Putā is the singular imperative form of putō, putāre, putāvī, putātum (1): to suppose, think. Autem (particle): on the other hand, while, whereas, but, however; and, moreover; for my/your/his/etc. part, as for me/you/him/etc. Mē is the accusative form of ego: I (me). Vetō, vetāre, vetuī, vetitum (1): to forbid, veto.

Quī/quae/ quod (interrog. adj.): which. . . ? what. . . ? what kind of. . . ? Autem (particle): on the other hand, while, whereas, but, however; and, moreover; for my/your/his/etc. part, as for me/you/him/etc. Vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctum (3): to live. Est: is it. Diū (adv.): long, for a long time. Morior, morī, mortuus sum (3, –ior, deponent): to die.

(After stating the urgency of overcoming anger.) Poterimus is the first person plural future form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can. Autem (particle): on the other hand, while, whereas, but, however; and, moreover; for my/your/his/etc. part, as for me/you/him/etc. Adnītāmur is the first person plural subjunctive form of adnītor, adnītī, adnīsus sum (3, deponent): to lean or rest (on); try, strive. Modo (adv.): only, just; (with subjunctive) only provided that, if only.

Tū: you. Eum is the masculine accusative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Ōrātō is the singular future imperative form of ōrō, ōrāre, ōrāvī, ōrātum (1): to plead, beg, ask; pray. Ego: I. Autem (particle): on the other hand, while, whereas, but, however; and, moreover; for my/your/his/etc. part, as for me/you/him/etc. Orabo is the first person singular future form of ōrō, ōrāre, ōrāvī, ōrātum (1): to plead, beg, ask; pray. Vīlicum is the accusative singular form of vīlicus, vīlicī (2m): overseer of an estate.

(Here the untranslated autem marks a transition to a new topic. He’s been talking about the river Meuse, which flows into the Rhine; then he turns to the Rhine itself. If you were to insist translating autem explicitly, you could say as for the Rhine (itself), it rises. . .) Rhēnus, Rhēnī (2m): the Rhine river. Autem (particle): on the other hand, while, whereas, but, however; and, moreover; for my/your/his/etc. part, as for me/you/him/etc. Oritur is the third person singular form of orior, orīrī, ortus sum (3, –ior/4, deponent): to come into being, be born, arise; rise. Ex /ē (prep.): from, out of (takes ablative). Lēpontiīs is the ablative form of Lēpontiī, Lēpontiōrum (2m, plural): the Lepontii, a Gallic people. Quī is the masculine nominative plural form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Alpēs is the accusative form of Alpēs, Alpium (3f, plural only): the Alps. Incolunt is the third person plural form of incolō, incolere, incoluī, — (3): to inhabit.

(You will let me know is implied. This illustration is similar to the previous one. Cicero changes topic and uses autem to mark the transition. A more explicit translation: as for Faberius, you’ll let me know about him. . .) Dē (prep.): from, down from; about, concerning (takes the ablative). Faberiō is the m/n (here m) ablative singular form of Faberius/Faberia/Faberium (1/2): Roman nomen, here of a debtor of Cicero (and possibly a secretary of Caesar). Autem (particle): on the other hand, while, whereas, but, however; and, moreover; for my/your/his/etc. part, as for me/you/him/etc. Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. Vēnerit is the third person singular future perfect form of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come.

(Autem signals here that the point is roughly parenthetical.) Erat: he was—the third person singular imperfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Autem (particle): on the other hand, while, whereas, but, however; and, moreover; for my/your/his/etc. part, as for me/you/him/etc. Exul, exulis (3m/f—also exsul): exile, banished person. Rhodius /Rhodia/Rhodium (1/2): Rhodian, of or belonging to Rhodes.

(Here autem introduces an additional piece of information.) Erant: (they/there) were—the third person plural imperfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Autem (particle): on the other hand, while, whereas, but, however; and, moreover; for my/your/his/etc. part, as for me/you/him/etc. Cum (prep.): with (takes the ablative). Eō is the m/n ablative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Quīnque (indeclinable): five. Mīlia is the nominative plural form of mīlle: thousand. Peditum is the genitive plural form of pedes, peditis (3m): one who goes on foot; foot soldier.

(Offered as a specimen of bad logic; autem introduces the next step in the reasoning.) Quī/quae/ quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Homō, hominis (3m): man, human. Est: is. Nōn: not. Hic/haec/ hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Equus, equī (2m): horse. Autem (particle): on the other hand, while, whereas, but, however; and, moreover; for my/your/his/etc. part, as for me/you/him/etc. Animal, animālis (3n): animal; living thing. Igitur (conj.): so, therefore, then.

Nōn: not. Opus, operis (3n): work, labor, toil; need. Est: there is. Accūsō, accūsāre, accūsāvī, accūsātum (1): to blame, accuse; reproach, censure, impugn. Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here acc.): nothing. Enim (particle): for, indeed, truly, after all, well. Tibi is the dative form of tū: you. Prōderit is the third person singular future form of prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuī, prōfutūrus (irreg.): to be helpful, be useful, do good, avail (+ dative).

Ratiōnālis/ratiōnālis/ ratiōnāle (3): dialectical, connected with reasoning; rational, endowed with reason. Enim (particle): for, indeed, truly, after all, well. Animal, animālis (3n): animal; living thing. Est: is. Homō, hominis (3m): man, human.

Peccāvit is the third person singular perfect form of peccō, peccāre, peccāvī, peccātum (1): to sin, do wrong, commit a fault. Hoc is the neuter accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Enim (particle): for, indeed, truly, after all, well. Prīmum is the m/n accusative singular form of prīmus/prīma/prīmum (1/2): first; foremost; chief—or prīmum (adv.): first, for the first time.

Quis /quis/quid (pron.): who? What? Ergō (particle): therefore, then. Fēcit is the third person singular perfect form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make.

Nēmō, nēminis (3m): no one. Ergō (particle): therefore, then. Nōn: not. Miser /misera/miserum (1/2): wretched, miserable. (The verb est is implied.)

Quis/quis/ quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Est: is. Ergō (particle): therefore, then. Ratiō, ratiōnis (3f): reason; method; calculation. Nātūra, nātūrae (1f): nature. Imitātiō, imitātiōnis (3f): imitation.

Dubitātur is the third person singular passive form of dubitō, dubitāre, dubitāvī, dubitātum (1): to doubt; hesitate (impersonal passive). Etiam (particle): still; even; also, too, as well; again; yes.

Inviolātōs is the masculine accusative plural form of inviolātus/inviolāta/inviolātum (1/2): unharmed, unhurt, undamaged, unviolated; inviolable. Nōs is the accusative form of nōs: we (us). Etiam (particle): still; even; also, too, as well; again; yes. Inimīcīs is the dative plural form of inimīcus, inimīcī (2m): enemy. Iūdicāmus is the first person plural form of iūdicō, iūdicāre, iūdicāvī, iūdicātum (1): to judge. Esse: to be. Dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitum (2): to owe; ought, should, have to.

Officia is the accusative plural form of officium, officiī (2n): a service, kindness, favor; duty, office. Etiam (particle): still; even; also, too, as well; again; yes. Ferae is the nominative plural form of fera, ferae (1f): wild animal (a substantive use of the feminine form of ferus/fera/ferum (1/2): wild, fierce, savage, ferocious—the feminine form is used because the noun bēstia, bēstiae (1f, meaning beast) was originally implied). Sentiunt is the third person plural form of sentiō, sentīre, sēnsī, sēnsum (4): to feel; perceive; experience, undergo; think, opine.

Dīxerunt is the third person plural perfect form of dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say, speak. Etiam (adv.): still; even; also, too, as well; again; yes. Aliī is the masculine nominative plural form of alius/alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): other, another; different (used as a substantive).

Hoc is the neuter accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Etiam (adv.): still; even; also, too, as well; again; yes. Praestat is the third person singular form of praestō, praestāre, praestitī/praestāvī, praestātum/praestitum (1): to excel, be better or best; offer, give, supply, provide. Harēna, harēnae (1f—also arēna): sand; arena. Tibi is the dative form of tū: you.

Iūdicia is the nominative plural form of iūdicium, iūdiciī (2n): judgment; trial; choice, decision. Nostra is the neuter nominative plural form of noster/nostra/nostrum (1/2): our, ours. Nōn: not. Tantum (adv.): only. Prāva is the neuter nominative plural form of prāvus/prāva/prāvum (1/2): depraved, wicked, vicious, wrong. Sed (conj.): but. Etiam (adv.): still; even; also, too, as well; again; yes. Levia is the neuter nominative plural form of levis/levis/leve (3): light; gentle; easy; fickle. Sunt: are.

Hoc is the neuter accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Vehementer (adv.): strongly, very much. Etiam (adv.): still; even; also, too, as well; again; yes. Atque /ac (conj.): and, and also, and then (etiam atque etiam = again and again; insistently). Rogō, rogāre, rogāvī, rogātum (1): to ask, request.

Num (interrog. particle): starts a question, often implying disbelief or tentativeness (is it really. . . ? do you by any chance. . . ?). Quid is the neuter accusative singular form of quis/qua/quid (indef. pron.): anyone, anything; someone, something (it replaces aliquis/aliqua/aliquid in some clauses, especially after sī, nisi, num and nē). Vīs is the second person singular form of volō, velle, voluī, — (irreg.): to want, wish; be willing. Etiam (adv.): still; even; also, too, as well; again; yes. Ut (conj. , with subjunctive): that, so that. Āctūtum (adv.): immediately, quickly, instantly. Adveniās is the second person singular subjunctive form of adveniō, advenīre, advēnī, adventum (4): to come (to a place), arrive.

Servī is the nominative plural form of servus, servī (2m): slave, servant. Sunt: they are. Immō (particle): nay, rather; no, on the contrary; indeed, actually, in fact (correcting what was just said). Hominēs is the nominative plural form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human being.

Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here acc.): nothing. Ignōverīs is the second person singular perfect subjunctive form of ignōscō, ignōscere, ignōvī, ignōtum (3): to forgive, pardon (perfect subjunctive because it’s a prohibitive after nihil). Immō (particle): nay, rather; no, on the contrary; indeed, actually, in fact (correcting what was just said). Aliquid is the neuter accusative singular form of aliquis/aliqua/aliquid (pron.): someone, something; anyone, anything. Nōn: not. Omnia is the neuter accusative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every.

Haec is the neuter nominative plural form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Inter (prep.): among; between (takes accusative). Sē: themselves—the accusative form of the reflexive pronoun. Dīversa is the neuter nominative plural form of dīversus/dīversa/dīversum (1/2): different; separate. Sunt: are. Immō (adv.): nay, rather; no, on the contrary; indeed, actually, in fact (correcting what was just said). Dissimilia is the neuter nominative plural form of dissimilis/dissimilis/dissimile (3): dissimilar, unlike, different.

(Latin version of Plato explaining why he wanted someone else to inflict a punishment on a slave: he was too angry himself to do it fairly.) Nam (particle): for, because. Ego: I. Īrāscor, īrāscī, īrātus sum (3, deponent): to be angry.

(He’s been observing the fact that some people are more susceptible than others to certain specific diseases; now he’s saying that’s true generally.) Nam (particle): for, because. Pertinet is the third person singular form of pertineō, pertinēre, pertinuī, — (2): to reach; matter, pertain, apply, affect; belong. Ad (prep.): to (takes the accusative). Omnēs is the m/f accusative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Perturbātiōnēs is the accusative plural form of perturbātiō, perturbātiōnis (3f): confusion, disorder, disturbance; strong emotion, passion.

(He’s just said that good can’t arise from dishonorable conduct.) Nam (particle): for, because. Īdem/eadem/ idem (pron.): the same. Est: is. Honestum, honestī (2n): the honorable, that which is honorable, rectitude (a substantive use of honestus/honesta/honestum (1/2): honorable, noble). Et (conj.): and. Bonum, bonī (1/2): a good thing, a good or the good (a substantive use of bonus/bona/bonum (1/2): good).

Percontātōrem is the accusative singular form of percontātor, percontātōris (3m): asker, inquirer, questioner. Fugitō is the singular future imperative form of fugiō, fugere, fūgī, fugitūrus (3, –iō): to flee, run away. Nam (particle): for, because. Garrulus /garrula/garrulum (1/2): talkative, garrulous. Īdem /eadem/idem (pron.): the same. Est: is.

Num (interrog. particle): creates a question with the expected answer no: does one really. . . ? is it possible? surely not? —or sometimes just conveying some tentativeness: does one by any chance. . . ? Negō, negāre, negāvī, negātum (1): to deny; refuse. Audēs is the second person singular form of audeō, audēre, ausus sum (2, semi-deponent): to dare.

(So nor should we feel hatred of a wrongdoer we expel from society.) Num (interrog. particle): creates a question with the expected answer no: does one really. . . ? is it possible? surely not? —or sometimes just conveying some tentativeness: does one by any chance. . . ? Quis /qua/quid (indef. pron.): (in some clauses, especially after sī, nisi, num or nē) anyone, anything; someone, something. Membra is the accusative plural form of membrum, membrī (2n): limb; penis; portion. Sua: his (own)—the neuter accusative plural form of suus/sua/suum (1/2). Tunc (adv.): then, at that time, at the time. Ōdit is the third person singular form of ōdī, ōdisse, ōsum (irreg.): to hate (perfect form with present meaning). Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. Abscīdit is the third person singular form of abscīdō, abscīdere, abscīdī, abscīsum (3): to cut off.

Numquid (interrog. particle) is a strengthened form of num, creating a question with the expected answer no. Invidiōsus/invidiōsa/ invidiōsum (1/2): envious, hostile; invidious, exciting envy or hatred. Est: is it.

(After noting that some friendships are entered for convenience.) Numquid (interrog. particle) is a strengthened form of num, creating a question with the expected answer no. Ergō (particle): therefore, then. Quisquam /quicquam (pron.): anyone, anything. Amat is the third person singular form of amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum (1): to love. Lucrum, lucrī (2n): profit, advantage. Causā is the ablative singular form of causa, causae (1f): cause, reason; (in the ablative singular) for the sake (of).

(Juno is wondering aloud why she hasn’t stopped the Trojans, whom she hates, from heading to Italy.) Quippe (particle): for; of course, naturally, indeed, as is to be expected; as being. Vetor is the first person singular passive form of vetō, vetāre, vetuī, vetitum (1): to forbid, veto. Fātīs is the ablative plural form of fātum, fātī (2n): fate.

(After saying: It was of weak material that god fashioned us. So quippe introduces a statement that elaborates on how the previous one is true. A translation of the word isn’t strictly necessary here, but it could be rendered as for.) Quippe (particle): for; of course, naturally, indeed, as is to be expected; as being. Minimīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of minimus/minima/minimum (1/2—used substantively): very small/smallest, least—the superlative form of parvus/parva/parvum (1/2): small, little. Succidunt is the third person plural form of succidō, succidere, succidī, — (3): to fall or give way under one, sink. Corpora is the nominative plural form of corpus, corporis (3n): body.

Rēctē (adv.): rightly. Igitur (conj.): therefore, so, then. Dīcerēs is the second person singular imperfect subjunctive form of dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say (imperfect subjunctive because it’s part of a present contrary-to-fact conditional). Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Restituisse is the perfect infinitive form of restituō, restituere, restituī, restitūtum (3): to replace, restore, rebuild, repair. Quippe (particle): for; of course, naturally, indeed, as is to be expected; as being (this use of a standalone quippe answering a question is typically followed by an enim clause offering further explanation—which is what follows here).

(He’s making fun of the idea that distress is appropriate so long as it’s kept within a limit.) Trānsīsse is the perfect infinitive form of trānseō, trānsīre, trānsīvī/trānsiī, trānsitum (irreg.): to pass (over), go across. Vidētur is the third person singular passive form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see; (in the passive) seem. Modum is the accusative singular form of modus, modī (2m): quantity; limit; moderation; way, manner. Quippe (particle): for; of course, naturally, indeed, as is to be expected; as being. Quī /quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Ob (prep.): toward; against; because of, for (takes the accusative). Eam is the feminine accusative singular form of is/ea/id (adj.): this, that. Causam is the accusative singular form of causa, causae (1f): cause, reason; (legal) case; situation. Ab/ ā (prep.): (away) from; by (takes the ablative). Vītā is the ablative singular form of vīta, vītae (1f): life. Recesserit is the third person singular perfect subjunctive form of recēdō, recēdere, recessī, recessum (3): to recede, retreat, withdraw, leave.

(Quoting Marcus Claudius Marcellus, a Roman consul involved in the Second Punic War.) Nōn: not. Estis: you are (pl.). Extrēmī is the masculine nominative plural form of extrēmus/extrēma/extrēmum (1/2): situated at the end or edge; last; extreme; least in importance, lowest. Syrācūsānōrum is the m/n (here m) genitive plural form of Syrācūsānus/Syrācūsāna/Syrācūsānum (1/2): of Syracuse, Syracusan. Quippe (particle): for; of course, naturally, indeed, as is to be expected; as being. Quī is the masculine nominative plural form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Aliīs is the m/f/n (here m) dative plural form of alius/alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): other, another. Humilitātem is the accusative singular form of humilitās, humilitātis (3f): lowliness, insignificance; submissiveness. Obiciātis is the second person plural subjunctive form of obiciō, obicere, obiēcī, obiectum (3, –iō): to throw (to); expose; throw against, reproach, bring up as a charge (against someone in the dative).

Neque/ nec: (conj.) and not, nor; (adv.) neither, not either, not even. Reprehendō, reprehendere, reprehendī, reprehēnsum (3): to seize; find fault with, censure, reprehend, criticize. Quippe (particle): for; of course, naturally, indeed, as is to be expected; as being. Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. Ipse /ipsa/ipsum (pron. or adj.): himself/herself/itself/myself/etc. Istam is the feminine accusative singular form of iste/ista/istud (adj.): that. Reprehēnsiōnem is the accusative singular form of reprehēnsiō, reprehēnsiōnis (3f): blame, censure; a particular criticism. Nōn: not. Fūgerim is the first person singular perfect subjunctive form of fugiō, fugere, fūgī, fugitūrus (3, –iō): to flee, run away, escape.

Sōl, sōlis (3m): sun. Dēmocritō is the dative singular form of Dēmocritus, Dēmocritī (2m): Greek philosopher. Magnus /magna/magnum (1/2): great, large. Vidētur is the third person singular passive form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see; (in the passive) seem. Quippe (particle): for; of course, naturally, indeed, as is to be expected; as being. Hominī is the dative singular form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human. Ērudītō is the m/n dative singular form of ērudītus/ērudīta/ērudītum (1/2): learned, educated—originally the perfect passive participle of ērudiō, ērudīre, ērudiī/ērudīvī, ērudītum (4): to instruct, train, educate. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Geōmetriāque is the ablative singular form of geōmetria, geōmetriae (1f): geometry (the enclitic conjunction – que adds and). Perfectō is the m/n dative singular form of perfectus/perfecta/perfectum (1/2): perfect, complete, accomplished, fully developed—originally the perfect passive participle (having been completed) of perficiō, perficere, perfēcī, perfectum (3, –iō): to complete, finish. Hominī ērudītō. . . perfectō is in the dative case because it refers to Dēmocritō. Since quippe here doesn’t start a new clause—it doesn’t have its own verb—the phrase after it is grammatically linked to the rest of the sentence (and to the word Dēmocritō in particular).

Quid is the neuter accusative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Interest is the third person singular form of intersum, interesse, interfuī, interfutūrus (irreg.): to lie between; differ; (impersonally) to make a difference, matter. Utrum (interrog. particle): starts a question, usually a two-part one: (whether). . . or. . . ? Ēiciar is the first person singular passive subjunctive form of ēiciō, ēicere, ēiēcī, ēiectum (3, –iō): to expel, throw out, drive out. An (interrog. particle): whether; or (in a question); it can also start a direct question. Trānsferar is the first person singular passive subjunctive form of trānsferō, trānsferre, trānstulī, trānslātum (3, irreg.): to carry over, transport; transfer. (Ēiciar and trānsferar are subjunctive because they’re in an indirect question.)

Utrum (interrog. particle): starts a question, usually a two-part one: (whether). . . or. . . ? Meritō (adv.): deservedly, justly, rightly. Mihi: to me—the dative form of ego: I. Ista is the neuter nominative plural form of iste/ista/istud (pron.): that, this; he, she, it (these things). Accidunt is the third person plural form of accidō, accidere, accidī, — (3): to fall down, descend; come to pass, happen, occur, befall (takes a dative object). An (interrog. particle): whether; or (in a question); it can also start a direct question. Immeritō (adv.): undeservedly, unjustly, without cause.

Quibusve is the m/f/n ablative plural form of quī/quae/quod (interrog. adj.): which. . . ? what. . . ? (the enclitic conjunction – ve adds or). Urguentur is the third person plural passive form of urgueō, urguēre, ursc ī, — (2—also urgeō): to press; oppress; threaten. Poenīs is the ablative plural form of poena, poenae (1f): punishment, penalty; torment, suffering.

(That is, for Fortune—nothing.) Quis/quis/ quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Illī: for her—the m/f/n dative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she, it. Arduus/ardua/ arduum (1/2): high, elevated; steep; difficult, laborious, arduous. Quis/quis/ quidve (interrog. pron.): who? what? quidve (the enclitic conjunction – ve adds or). Difficilis/difficilis/ difficile (3): hard, difficult, troublesome. Est: is.

Quis /quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Enim (particle): for, indeed. Dubitatve is the third person singular form of dubitō, dubitāre, dubitāvī, dubitātum (1): to doubt; hesitate (the enclitic conjunctions – ve add either/or). Negatve is the third person singular form of negō, negāre, negāvī, negātum (1): to deny; refuse (the enclitic conjunction – ve adds either/or).

Quī /quae/quod (interrog. adj.): which. . . ? what. . . ? Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Cāsusve, cāsūs (4m): fall; chance; accident; misfortune (the enclitic conjunction – ve adds or). Deusve, deī (2m, irreg.): god, deity (the enclitic conjunction – ve adds or). Servat is the third person singular form of servō, servāre, servāvī, servātum (1): to save; protect; keep.

Dē (prep.): from, down from; about, concerning (takes the ablative). Danaīs is the m/f/n (here m) ablative plural form of Danaus/Danaa/Danaum (1/2): Greek. Quis /quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Laudatve is the third person singular form of laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātum (1): to praise (the enclitic conjunction – ve adds either/or). Petitve is the third person singular form of petō, petere, petīvī/petiī, petītum (3): to direct one’s course to, make for; aim at; go for, attack; seek; ask (the enclitic conjunction – ve adds or).

Memorat is the third person singular form of memorō, memorāre, memorāvī, memorātum (1): to recall to mind; recount, speak about, say, tell. Nōmenque is the accusative singular form of nōmen, nōminis (3n): name (the enclitic conjunctions – que add both. . . and). Genusque is the accusative singular form of genus, generis (3n): kind, type; race, birth, descent (the enclitic conjunction – que adds and). Quidve is the neuter accusative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? (the enclitic conjunction – ve adds either/or.) Petat is the third person singular subjunctive form of petō, petere, petīvī/petiī, petītum (3): to direct one’s course to, make for; aim at; go for, attack; seek; ask. Quidve is the neuter accusative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? (the enclitic conjunction – ve adds either/or.) Ipse /ipsa/ipsum (pron. or adj.): (he) himself, (she) herself (etc.); that very person or thing. Ferat is the third person singular subjunctive form of ferō, ferre, tulī, lātum (3, irreg.): to carry, bear, bring; endure. (Petat and ferat are subjunctive because they’re in indirect questions.)