Particles

(Talking about an auction.) Pessuma is the feminine vocative singular form of pessumus/pessuma/pessumum (1/2—also pessimus): very bad/worst; very evil/most evil/evilest—the superlative form of malus/mala/malum (1/2): bad; evil. Eho (interj.): hey! look here! An (interrog. particle): whether, if (introducing an indirect question); or (in a question); it can also start a direct question. Audīvistī is the second person singular perfect form of audiō, audīre, audīvī/audiī, audītum (4): to hear; listen (to).

(He’s talking about virtue, or perfected reason.) Dubitās is the second person singular form of dubitō, dubitāre, dubitāvī, dubitātum (1): to doubt; hesitate. An (interrog. particle): whether, if (introducing an indirect question); or (in a question); it can also start a direct question. Sōlus/sōla/sōlum (1/2, irreg.): alone; only, sole. Bonum, bonī (2n): a good thing, a good. Sit is the third person singular subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect question).

(He’s talking about anger—īra, īrae (1f)—which was mentioned in the previous sentence.) Dēnique (adv.): finally, at last; in short, to sum up; besides. Interrogō, interrogāre, interrogāvī, interrogātum (1): to ask; interrogate. Valentior/valentior/valentius (3): stronger, more powerful—the comparative form of valēns, valentis (3, adj.): strong, powerful—originally the present active participle of valeō, valēre, valuī, valitum (2): to be healthy, be well, be strong; be able; be of effect; be worth. Est: is it. Quam (rel. adv.): as; than. Ratiō, ratiōnis (3f): calculation; account; reasoning; reason; method; the way a thing works. An (interrog. particle): whether, if (introducing an indirect question); or (in a question); it can also start a direct question. Īnfirmior/īnfirmior/īnfirmius (3): weaker—the comparative form of īnfirmus/īnfirma/īnfirmum (1/2): weak, feeble, infirm.

(The flattering things you’ve just said about yourself.) Ipse/ipsa/ipsum (pron. or adj.): himself/herself yourself/etc. ; in person; the very. Tē is the accusative form of tū: you (used reflexively: yourself). Cōnsule is the singular imperative form of cōnsulō, cōnsulere, cōnsuluī, cōnsultum (3): to consult, ask one’s opinion; give thought to. Vērane: vēra is the neuter accusative plural form of vērus/vēra/vērum (1/2): true; the enclitic interrogative particle –ne turns the word into part of a question, and is translated as whether or if when the question is indirect. An (interrog. particle): whether, if (introducing an indirect question); or (in a question); it can also start a direct question. Falsa is the neuter accusative plural form of falsus/falsa/falsum (1/2): false. Memorāverīs is the second person singular perfect subjunctive form of memorō, memorāre, memorāvī, memorātum (1): to recount, relate, speak about, tell, say, mention; recall to mind (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect question).

(He’s talking about thoughts or sayings—sententia, sententiae (1f).) Cui is the m/f/n dative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Illās is the feminine accusative plural form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she, it. Assignābimus is the first person plural future form of assignō, assignāre, assignāvī, assignātum (1—also appears as adsignō): to assign; impute, ascribe, credit; commit (to someone’s keeping). Zēnōnī is the dative singular form of Zēnō, Zēnōnis (3m—also Zēnōn). An (interrog. particle): whether, if (introducing an indirect question); or (in a question); it can also start a direct question (notice how an is repeated between all the options—unlike the English or, which tends to come only between the last two). Cleanthī is the dative singular form of Cleanthēs, Cleanthis (3m). Chrȳsippō is the dative singular form of Chrȳsippus, Chrȳsippī (2m). Panaetiō is the dative singular form of Panaetius, Panaetiī (2m). Posīdōniō is the dative singular form of Posīdōnius, Posīdōniī (2m). (The proper names are those of various Stoic philosophers.)

(Speaking about virtue, and whether it must be sought for the sake of something else.) An (interrog. particle): whether, if (introducing an indirect question); or (in a question); it can also start a direct question. Hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Parum (adv.): (too) little, not enough. Magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): great, large; important. Est: is.

Putā is the singular imperative form of putō, putāre, putāvī, putātum (1): to think, suppose. Autem (particle): on the other hand, while, whereas, but, however; and, moreover; now; for my/your/his/etc. part, as for me/you/him/etc. Mē is the accusative form of ego: I (me). Vetō, vetāre, vetuī, vetitum (1): to forbid, veto.

Quī/quae/quod (interrog. adj.): which. . . ? what. . . ? what kind of. . . ? Autem (particle): on the other hand, while, whereas, but, however; and, moreover; now; for my/your/his/etc. part, as for me/you/him/etc. Vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctum (3): to live. Est: it. Diū (adv.): long, for a long time. Morior, morī, mortuus sum (3, –ior, deponent): to die.

(After stating the urgency of overcoming anger.) Poterimus is the first person plural future form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can. Autem (particle): on the other hand, while, whereas, but, however; and, moreover; now; for my/your/his/etc. part, as for me/you/him/etc. Adnītāmur is the first person plural subjunctive form of adnītor, adnītī, adnīsus sum (3, deponent): to lean or rest (on); try, strive. Modo (adv.): only, just; (with subjunctive) only provided that, if only.

Tū: you. Eum is the masculine accusative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Ōrātō is the singular future imperative form of ōrō, ōrāre, ōrāvī, ōrātum (1): to pray (to), beseech, beg, ask, supplicate; speak in court, plead. Ego: I. Autem (particle): on the other hand, while, whereas, but, however; and, moreover; now; for my/your/his/etc. part, as for me/you/him/etc. Ōrābō is the first person singular future form of ōrō, ōrāre, ōrāvī, ōrātum (1): to pray (to), beseech, beg, ask, supplicate; speak in court, plead. Vīlicum is the accusative singular form of vīlicus, vīlicī (2m): overseer of an estate.

(Here the untranslated autem marks a transition to a new topic. He’s been talking about the river Meuse, which flows into the Rhine; then he turns to the Rhine itself. If you were to insist on translating autem explicitly, you could say as for the Rhine (itself), it rises. . .) Rhēnus, Rhēnī (2m): the Rhine river. Autem (particle): on the other hand, while, whereas, but, however; and, moreover; now; for my/your/his/etc. part, as for me/you/him/etc. Oritur is the third person singular form of orior, orīrī, ortus sum (3, –ior/4, deponent): to come into being, be born, arise; rise. Ex/ē (prep.): from, out of (takes ablative). Lēpontiīs is the ablative form of Lēpontiī, Lēpontiōrum (2m, plural): the Lepontii, a Gallic people. Quī is the masculine nominative plural form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Alpēs is the accusative form of Alpēs, Alpium (3f, plural): the Alps. Incolunt is the third person plural form of incolō, incolere, incoluī, — (3): to inhabit.

(You will let me know is implied. This illustration is similar to the previous one. Cicero changes topic and uses autem to mark the transition. A more explicit translation: As for Faberius, you’ll let me know about him. . .) Dē (prep.): from, down from; about, concerning (takes the ablative). Faberiō is the m/n (here m) ablative singular form of Faberius/Faberia/Faberium (1/2): Roman nomen, here of a debtor of Cicero (and possibly a secretary of Caesar). Autem (particle): on the other hand, while, whereas, but, however; and, moreover; now; for my/your/his/etc. part, as for me/you/him/etc. Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. Vēnerit is the third person singular future perfect form of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come.

(Autem here signals a parenthetical statement.) Erat: he was—the third person singular imperfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Autem (particle): on the other hand, while, whereas, but, however; and, moreover; now; for my/your/his/etc. part, as for me/you/him/etc. Exul, exulis (3m/f—also exsul): exile, banished person. Rhodius/Rhodia/Rhodium (1/2): Rhodian, from or belonging to Rhodes.

(Here autem introduces an additional piece of information.) Erant: (they/there) were—the third person plural imperfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Autem (particle): on the other hand, while, whereas, but, however; and, moreover; now; for my/your/his/etc. part, as for me/you/him/etc. Cum (prep.): with (takes the ablative). Eō is the m/n ablative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Quīnque (indeclinable): five. Mīlia is the nominative plural form of mīlle: thousand (with plural forms of this numeral, the things counted go in the partitive genitive). Peditum is the genitive plural form of pedes, peditis (3m): one who goes on foot; foot soldier.

(Offered as a specimen of bad logic; autem introduces the next step in the reasoning.) Quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Homō, hominis (3m): man, human. Est: is. Nōn: not. Hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Equus, equī (2m): horse. Autem (particle): on the other hand, while, whereas, but, however; and, moreover; now; for my/your/his/etc. part, as for me/you/him/etc. Animal, animālis (3n): animal, living thing. Igitur (conj.): so, therefore, then.

Nōn: not. Opus, operis (3n): work, labor, toil; (in the expression opus esse) need. Est: there is. Accūsō, accūsāre, accūsāvī, accūsātum (1): to blame, accuse, reproach, censure, impugn. Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here acc.): nothing; (accusative used adverbially) in nothing, in no respect, to no extent, in no way, not at all. Enim (particle): for, indeed, truly, after all, well, you see. Tibi is the dative form of tū: you. Prōderit is the third person singular future form of prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuī, prōfutūrus (irreg.): to be helpful, be useful, do good, avail (+ dative).

Ratiōnālis/ratiōnālis/ratiōnāle (3): dialectical, connected with reasoning; rational, endowed with reason. Enim (particle): for, indeed, truly, after all, well, you see. Animal, animālis (3n): animal, living thing. Est: is. Homō, hominis (3m): man, human being.

Peccāvit is the third person singular perfect form of peccō, peccāre, peccāvī, peccātum (1): to sin, do wrong, commit a fault. Hoc is the neuter accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Enim (particle): for, indeed, truly, after all, well, you see. Prīmum is the m/n accusative singular form of prīmus/prīma/prīmum (1/2): first; foremost; chief—or prīmum (adv.): first, for the first time.

Quis/quis/quid (pron.): who? what? Ergō (particle): therefore, so, then. Fēcit is the third person singular perfect form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make.

Nēmō, nēminis (3m): no one. Ergō (particle): therefore, so, then. Nōn: not. Miser/misera/miserum (1/2): wretched, miserable. (The verb est is implied.)

Quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Est: is. Ergō (particle): therefore, so, then. Ratiō, ratiōnis (3f): calculation; reasoning; reason; method; the way a thing works. Nātūra, nātūrae (1f): nature. Imitātiō, imitātiōnis (3f): imitation.

Dubitātur is the third person singular passive form of dubitō, dubitāre, dubitāvī, dubitātum (1): to doubt; hesitate (impersonal passive). Etiam (particle): still; even; also, too, as well; again; yes.

Inviolātōs is the masculine accusative plural form of inviolātus/inviolāta/inviolātum (1/2): unharmed, unhurt, undamaged, unviolated; inviolable. Nōs is the accusative form of nōs: we (us, ourselves). Etiam (particle): still; even; also, too, as well; again; yes. Inimīcīs is the dative plural form of inimīcus, inimīcī (2m): enemy. Iūdicāmus is the first person plural form of iūdicō, iūdicāre, iūdicāvī, iūdicātum (1): to judge. Esse: to be. Dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitum (2): to owe; ought, should, have to.

Officia is the accusative plural form of officium, officiī (2n): a service, kindness, favor, good office; duty; function, office. Etiam (particle): still; even; also, too, as well; again; yes. Ferae is the nominative plural form of fera, ferae (1f): wild animal (a substantive use of ferus/fera/ferum (1/2): wild, fierce, savage, ferocious—the feminine form is used because the noun bēstia, bēstiae (1f, meaning beast) was originally implied). Sentiunt is the third person plural form of sentiō, sentīre, sēnsī, sēnsum (4): to feel; perceive; experience, undergo; think, opine.

Dīxērunt is the third person plural perfect form of dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say, speak. Etiam (adv.): still; even; also, too, as well; again; yes. Aliī is the masculine nominative plural form of alius/alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): other, another; different (used as a substantive).

Hoc is the neuter accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Etiam (adv.): still; even; also, too, as well; again; yes. Praestat is the third person singular form of praestō, praestāre, praestitī/praestāvī, praestātum/praestitum (1): to excel, be better or best; offer, give, supply, provide. Harēna, harēnae (1f—also arēna): sand; arena. Tibi is the dative form of tū: you.

Iūdicia is the nominative plural form of iūdicium, iūdiciī (2n): judgment; trial; choice, decision. Nostra is the neuter nominative plural form of noster/nostra/nostrum (1/2): our, ours. Nōn: not. Tantum (adv.): so much; as much; only. Prāva is the neuter nominative plural form of prāvus/prāva/prāvum (1/2): crooked; depraved, wicked; wrong. Sed (conj.): but. Etiam (adv.): still; even; also, too, as well; again; yes. Levia is the neuter nominative plural form of levis/levis/leve (3): light; gentle; easy; fickle. Sunt: (they) are.

Hoc is the neuter accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Vehementer (adv.): strongly; violently; very much, extremely. Etiam (adv.): still; even; also, too, as well; again; yes. Atque/ac (conj.): and, and also, and then. Etiam atque etiam = again and again; earnestly, insistently. Rogō, rogāre, rogāvī, rogātum (1): to ask, request (it can take a double accusative—the thing asked for and the person asked).

Num (interrog. particle): starts a question, often implying disbelief or tentativeness (is it really. . . ? do you by any chance. . . ?). Quid is the neuter accusative singular form of quis/qua/quid (indef. pron.): anyone, anything; someone, something (it replaces aliquis/aliqua/aliquid in some clauses, especially after sī, nisi, num and nē). Vīs is the second person singular form of volō, velle, voluī, — (irreg.): to want, wish; be willing. Etiam (adv.): still; even; also, too, as well; again; yes. Ut (conj. , with subjunctive): that, so that. Āctūtum (adv.): immediately, quickly, instantly, without delay. Adveniās is the second person singular subjunctive form of adveniō, advenīre, advēnī, adventum (4): to come (to a place), arrive.

Servī is the nominative plural form of servus, servī (2m): slave, servant. Sunt: they are. Immō (particle): nay, (or) rather; no, on the contrary; indeed, actually, in fact (correcting what was just said). Hominēs is the nominative plural form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human being.

Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here acc.): nothing. Ignōverīs is the second person singular perfect subjunctive form of ignōscō, ignōscere, ignōvī, ignōtum (3): to forgive, pardon (perfect subjunctive because it’s a second-person prohibitive after nihil). Immō (particle): nay, (or) rather; no, on the contrary; indeed, actually, in fact (correcting what was just said). Aliquid is the neuter accusative singular form of aliquis/aliqua/aliquid (pron.): someone, something. Nōn: not. Omnia is the neuter accusative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every; (n. pl. used substantively) all things, everything.

Haec is the neuter nominative plural form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Inter (prep.): among; between (takes accusative). Sē: themselves—the accusative form of the reflexive pronoun. Dīversa is the neuter nominative plural form of dīversus/dīversa/dīversum (1/2): turned, facing, going, etc. , in a different direction or different directions; situated apart or on opposite sides/on the opposite side; separate; different. Sunt: are (they). Immō (particle): nay, (or) rather; no, on the contrary; indeed, actually, in fact (correcting what was just said). Dissimilia is the neuter nominative plural form of dissimilis/dissimilis/dissimile (3): dissimilar, unlike.

(Latin version of Plato explaining why he wanted someone else to inflict a punishment on a slave: he was too angry himself to do it fairly.) Nam (particle): for, because. Ego: I. Īrāscor, īrāscī, īrātus sum (3, deponent): to be or become angry.

(He’s been observing the fact that some people are more susceptible than others to certain specific diseases; now he’s saying that’s true generally.) Nam (particle): for, because. Pertinet is the third person singular form of pertineō, pertinēre, pertinuī, — (2): to extend (to a specific point), reach; pertain, apply, matter, belong (to). Ad (prep.): to (takes the accusative). Omnēs is the m/f accusative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Perturbātiōnēs is the accusative plural form of perturbātiō, perturbātiōnis (3f): confusion, disorder, disturbance; strong emotion, passion.

(He’s just said that good can’t arise from dishonorable conduct.) Nam (particle): for, because. Īdem/eadem/idem (pron.): the same. Est: is. Honestum, honestī (2n): the honorable, that which is honorable, rectitude (a substantive use of honestus/honesta/honestum (1/2): honorable, noble). Et (conj.): and. Bonum, bonī (1/2): a good thing or that which is good, a good or the good (a substantive use of bonus/bona/bonum (1/2): good).

Percontātōrem is the accusative singular form of percontātor, percontātōris (3m): inquirer, questioner. Fugitō is the singular future imperative form of fugiō, fugere, fūgī, fugitūrus (3, –iō): to flee, run away. Nam (particle): for, because. Garrulus/garrula/garrulum (1/2): talkative, garrulous. Īdem/eadem/idem (pron.): the same. Est: is.

Tum (adv.): then. Mortemne: mortem is the accusative singular form of mors, mortis (3f): death; the enclitic interrogative particle –ne turns the word into part of a question. Fugiēbam is the first person singular imperfect form of fugiō, fugere, fūgī, fugitūrus (3, –iō): to flee, run away.

Rogāvit is the third person singular perfect form of rogō, rogāre, rogāvī, rogātum (1): to ask, request, beg, pray, inquire; invite. Essentne fūsī: essent fūsī is the third person masculine plural pluperfect passive form of fundō, fundere, fūdī, fūsum (3): to pour; spread, scatter; rout; the enclitic interrogative particle –ne turns the word into part of a question; when the question is indirect (like here) the particle is typically translated as whether or if. Hostēs is the nominative plural form of hostis, hostis (3m/f): enemy.

(Something must.) Nihilne: nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only, here nom.): nothing; the enclitic interrogative particle –ne turns the word into part of a question. Iīs (also eīs or īs) is the m/f/n (here m) dative plural form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Inānis/inānis/ināne (3): empty, void; illusory; foolish, inane. Vidētur is the third person singular passive form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see; (in the passive) seem.

(There was.) Nēmōne: nēmō, nēminis (3m): no one; the enclitic interrogative particle –ne turns the word into part of a question. Fuit is the third person singular perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Cui is the m/f/n dative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what (to whom). Dēbēret is the third person singular imperfect subjunctive form of dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitum (2): to owe; ought (subjunctive because it’s in a relative clause of characteristic). Quīnctius/Quīnctia/Quīnctium (1/2): a Roman family name.

(Yes, you would indeed think he is.) Nōnne (interrog. particle): not—in a question that expects a “yes” answer (nōn = not; the enclitic interrogative particle –ne turns the word into part of a question). Tibi: to you—the dative form of tū: you. Videātur is the third person singular passive subjunctive form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see; (in the passive) seem (subjunctive because it describes potential action—it’s part of a future-less-vivid conditional). Stultissimus/stultissima/stultissimum (1/2): very/most stupid, stupidest—the superlative degree of stultus/stulta/stultum (1/2): stupid.

(I am.) Nōnne (interrog. particle): not—in a question that expects a “yes” answer (nōn = not; the enclitic interrogative particle –ne turns the word into part of a question). Caveam is the first person singular subjunctive form of caveō, cavēre, cāvī, cautum (2): to beware (of); take care; guard against (subjunctive because it’s in a deliberative question) (cavēre nē = to take care that not, be careful not to). Nē (conj. , with subjunctive): lest, that not. Scelus is the accusative singular form of scelus, sceleris (3n): crime. Faciam is the first person singular subjunctive form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make; commit.

Advolōne: advolō, advolāre, advolāvī, advolātum (1): to fly (to a place), hasten (to a place); the enclitic interrogative particle –ne turns the word into part of a question. An (interrog. particle): whether (introducing an indirect question); or (in a question); it can also start a direct question. Maneō, manēre, mānsī, mānsum (2): to remain, stay; wait (for). (This illustration shows how a deliberative question can also use the indicative although it often takes the subjunctive.)

(Cicero’s Latin rendering of a Greek line from Sophocles.) Iam (adv.): already; now; soon. Cernam is the first person singular future form of cernō, cernere, crēvī, crētum (3): to discern, see. Mēne: mē is the accusative form of ego: I; the enclitic interrogative particle –ne turns the word into part of a question. An (interrog. particle): whether (introducing an indirect question); or (in a question); it can also start a direct question. Illam is the feminine accusative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one (that man, that woman, etc.); he, she, it. Potiōrem is the m/f accusative singular form of potior/potior/potius (3): preferable, better, more desirable; more powerful—the comparative form of potis/potis/pote (3): able. Putēs is the second person singular subjunctive form of putō, putāre, putāvī, putātum (1): to think, suppose, regard as (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect question).

Num (interrog. particle): creates a question with the expected answer no or with a nuance of disbelief, caution, or tentativeness: does one really. . . ? is it possible? surely not? I don’t suppose that. . . ? does one by any chance. . . ? Negō, negāre, negāvī, negātum (1): to deny; refuse. Audēs is the second person singular form of audeō, audēre, ausus sum (2, semi-deponent): to dare.

(So nor should we feel hatred of a wrongdoer we expel from society.) Num (interrog. particle): creates a question with the expected answer no or with a nuance of disbelief, caution, or tentativeness: does one really. . . ? is it possible? surely not? I don’t suppose that. . . ? does one by any chance. . . ? Quis/qua/quid (indef. pron.): (in some clauses, especially after sī, nisi, num or nē) anyone, anything; someone, something. Membra is the accusative plural form of membrum, membrī (2n): limb; penis; portion. Sua: his (own)—the neuter accusative plural form of suus/sua/suum (1/2). Tunc (adv.): then, at that time, at the time. Ōdit is the third person singular form of ōdī, ōdisse, ōsum (irreg. ; perfect forms with present meaning): to hate. Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. Abscīdit is the third person singular form of abscīdō, abscīdere, abscīdī, abscīsum (3): to cut off.

Num (interrog. particle): creates a question with the expected answer no or with a nuance of disbelief, caution, or tentativeness: does one really. . . ? is it possible? surely not? I don’t suppose that. . . ? does one by any chance. . . ? Quidnam: quis/qua/quid (indef. pron.): anyone, anything (used mostly after sī, nisi, num, and nē); the particle –nam adds strength to the question. Inquam (irreg. and defective): to say (inquam = I say or I said). Novī is the m/n (here n) genitive singular form of novus/nova/novum (1/2): new; young; fresh; recent; novel; strange (the partitive genitive).

Circumspiciēbam is the first person singular imperfect form of circumspiciō, circumspicere, circumspexī, circumspectum (3, –iō): to look around (for); ponder, consider. Tamen (adv.): nevertheless, yet, still. Num (interrog. particle): creates a question with the expected answer no or with a nuance of disbelief, caution, or tentativeness: does one really. . . ? is it possible? surely not? I don’t suppose that. . . ? does one by any chance. . . ? —or, when it starts an indirect question: whether (by any chance), if (by any chance). Quis/qua/quid (indef. pron.): anyone, anything (used mostly after sī, nisi, num, and nē). Mē is the accusative form of ego: I. Praeterīsset is the third person singular pluperfect subjunctive form of praetereō, praeterīre, praeteriī/praeterīvī, praeteritum (irreg.): to pass by; pass over, neglect; escape (the notice or memory of) (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect question).

Numquid (interrog. particle) is a strengthened num, creating a question with the expected answer no. Invidiōsus/invidiōsa/invidiōsum (1/2): invidious, odious, exciting envy or hatred; envious. Est: is it.

Numquid (interrog. particle) is a strengthened num, creating a question with the expected answer no. Ergō (particle): therefore, so, then. Quisquam/quicquam (pron.): anyone, anything. Amat is the third person singular form of amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum (1): to love. Lucrum, lucrī (2n): gain, profit. Causā is the ablative singular form of causa, causae (1f): trial; case; cause, reason; (in the ablative singular) for the sake (of).

(He’s just noted hard questions about whether the mind is immortal.) Hoc is the neuter accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Quidem (particle): at any rate, at all events; indeed; at that, what is more. Certum is the m/n accusative singular form of certus/certa/certum (1/2): certain. Habē is the singular imperative form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have; hold, consider (certum habēre is an idiom: to know for a certainty).

Mors, mortis (3f): death. Quidem (particle): at any rate, at all events; indeed; at that, what is more. Omnium is the m/f/n (here m) genitive plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Pār, paris (3, adj.): equal. Est: is.

(An approach to dying.) Ēicior is the first person singular passive form of ēiciō, ēicere, ēiēcī, ēiectum (3): to expel, throw out, thrust out. Quidem (particle): at any rate, at all events; indeed; at that, what is more. Sed (conj.): but. Tamquam (conj.): just as, like; as if (often takes a subjunctive verb). Exeam is the first person singular subjunctive form of exeō, exīre, exīvī/exiī, exitum (irreg.): to go out, exit, depart.

(The apparent good fortune of wretched people.) Crusta, crustae (1f): the hard surface of a body, outer casing; rind, shell, crust, bark. Est: it is. Et (conj.): and. Quidem (particle): at any rate, at all events; indeed; at that, what is more. Tenuis/tenuis/tenue (3): thin, meager; modest, plain.

(Juno is wondering aloud why she hasn’t stopped the Trojans, whom she hates, from heading to Italy.) Quippe (particle): for; of course, naturally, certainly, indeed, as is natural, as is to be expected; as being. Vetor is the first person singular passive form of vetō, vetāre, vetuī, vetitum (1): to forbid, veto. Fātīs is the ablative plural form of fātum, fātī (2n): fate.

(After saying: It was of weak material that god fashioned us. So quippe introduces a statement that elaborates on how the previous one is true. A translation of the word isn’t strictly necessary here, but it could be rendered as for.) Quippe (particle): for; of course, naturally, certainly, indeed, as is natural, as is to be expected; as being. Minimīs is the m/f/n ablative (or maybe dative) plural form of minimus/minima/minimum (1/2—used substantively): very small/smallest, least—the superlative form of parvus/parva/parvum (1/2): small, little. Succidunt is the third person plural form of succidō, succidere, succidī, — (3): to fall or give way under one; sink down, collapse. Corpora is the nominative plural form of corpus, corporis (3n): body.

Rēctē (adv.): rightly. Igitur (conj.): therefore, so, then. Dīcerēs is the second person singular imperfect subjunctive form of dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say (imperfect subjunctive because it’s present contrary to fact). Tē is the accusative form of tū: you (used reflexively: yourself). Restituisse is the perfect infinitive form of restituō, restituere, restituī, restitūtum (3): to replace, restore, rebuild, repair. Quippe (particle): for; of course, naturally, certainly, indeed, as is natural, as is to be expected; as being (this use of a standalone quippe answering a question is typically followed by an enim clause offering further explanation—which is what follows here).

(He’s making fun of the idea that distress is appropriate so long as it’s kept within a limit.) Trānsīsse is the perfect infinitive form of trānseō, trānsīre, trānsīvī/trānsiī, trānsitum (irreg.): to go across; pass; go beyond. Vidētur is the third person singular passive form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see; (in the passive) seem. Modum is the accusative singular form of modus, modī (2m): quantity, measure; limit; moderation; way, manner. Quippe (particle): for; of course, naturally, certainly, indeed, as is natural, as is to be expected; as being. Quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Quippe followed by a form of quī/quae/quod = as can be expected from one who. . . , as is natural with one that. . . , as being one who. . . , inasmuch as he/she/it. . . , since he/she/it. . . (often with a subjunctive verb). Ob (prep.): toward; against; because of, for (takes the accusative). Eam is the feminine accusative singular form of is/ea/id (adj.): this, that. Causam is the accusative singular form of causa, causae (1f): cause, reason; (legal) case; situation. Ab/ā (prep.): (away) from; by (takes the ablative). Vītā is the ablative singular form of vīta, vītae (1f): life. Recesserit is the third person singular perfect subjunctive form of recēdō, recēdere, recessī, recessum (3): to recede, retreat, withdraw, leave.

(Quoting Marcus Claudius Marcellus, a Roman consul involved in the Second Punic War.) Nōn: not. Estis: you are (pl.). Extrēmī is the masculine nominative plural form of extrēmus/extrēma/extrēmum (1/2): situated at the end or edge; last; extreme; least in importance, lowest. Syrācūsānōrum is the m/n (here m) genitive plural form of Syrācūsānus/Syrācūsāna/Syrācūsānum (1/2): of Syracuse, Syracusan. Quippe (particle): for; of course, naturally, certainly, indeed, as is natural, as is to be expected; as being. Quī is the masculine nominative plural form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Quippe followed by a form of quī/quae/quod = as can be expected from one who. . . , as is natural with one that. . . , as being one who. . . , inasmuch as he/she/it. . . , since he/she/it. . . (often with a subjunctive verb). Aliīs is the m/f/n (here m) dative plural form of alius/alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): other, another. Humilitātem is the accusative singular form of humilitās, humilitātis (3f): lowness; lowliness, humble condition, insignificance; submissiveness. Obiciātis is the second person plural subjunctive form of obiciō, obicere, obiēcī, obiectum (3, –iō): to throw (to); expose; throw against, reproach, bring up as a charge (against someone in the dative).

Neque/nec: (conj.) and not, nor; (adv.) neither, not either, not even. Reprehendō, reprehendere, reprehendī, reprehēnsum (3): to seize; find fault with, censure, reprehend, criticize. Quippe (particle): for; of course, naturally, certainly, indeed, as is natural, as is to be expected; as being. Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. Ipse/ipsa/ipsum (pron. or adj.): himself/herself/itself/myself/etc. Istam is the feminine accusative singular form of iste/ista/istud (adj.): that. Reprehēnsiōnem is the accusative singular form of reprehēnsiō, reprehēnsiōnis (3f): blame, censure; a particular criticism. Nōn: not. Fūgerim is the first person singular perfect subjunctive form of fugiō, fugere, fūgī, fugitūrus (3, –iō): to flee, run away, escape (subjunctive because it’s in a causal cum clause).

Sōl, sōlis (3m): sun. Dēmocritō is the dative singular form of Dēmocritus, Dēmocritī (2m): Greek philosopher. Magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): great, large. Vidētur is the third person singular passive form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see; (in the passive) seem; be seen as, be thought, be deemed (with dative of the person holding the opinion). Quippe (particle): for; of course, naturally, certainly, indeed, as is natural, as is to be expected (from); as being. Hominī is the dative singular form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human. Ērudītō is the m/n dative singular form of ērudītus/ērudīta/ērudītum (1/2): learned, educated—originally the perfect passive participle of ērudiō, ērudīre, ērudiī/ērudīvī, ērudītum (4): to instruct, train, educate. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Geōmetriāque: geōmetriā is the ablative singular form of geōmetria, geōmetriae (1f): geometry; the enclitic conjunction –que adds and. Perfectō is the m/n dative singular form of perfectus/perfecta/perfectum (1/2): perfect; complete; accomplished; fully developed—originally the perfect passive participle (having been completed) of perficiō, perficere, perfēcī, perfectum (3, –iō): to complete, finish; bring to perfection. Hominī ērudītō. . . perfectō is in the dative case because it refers to Dēmocritō. Since quippe here doesn’t start a new clause—it doesn’t have its own verb—the phrase after it is grammatically linked to the rest of the sentence (and to the word Dēmocritō in particular).

Quid is the neuter accusative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? —neuter accusative singular used adverbially: in what respect? to what extent? why? how? Interest is the third person singular form of intersum, interesse, interfuī, interfutūrus (irreg.): to lie between; differ; (impersonally) to make a difference, matter. Utrum (interrog. particle): starts a question, usually a two-part one ((whether). . . or. . . ?); when the question is indirect, utrum is translated as whether or if. Ēiciar is the first person singular passive subjunctive form of ēiciō, ēicere, ēiēcī, ēiectum (3, –iō): to expel, throw out, drive out. An (interrog. particle): whether, if (introducing an indirect question); or (in a question); it can also start a direct question. Trānsferar is the first person singular passive subjunctive form of trānsferō, trānsferre, trānstulī, trānslātum (3, irreg.): to carry over, transport; transfer. (Ēiciar and trānsferar are subjunctive because they’re in an indirect question.)

Utrum (interrog. particle): starts a question, usually a two-part one ((whether). . . or. . . ?); when the question is indirect, utrum is translated as whether or if; when the question is direct, utrum isn’t translated with a particular word but just by arranging the sentence as a question (is it. . . ? do you. . . ? etc.). Meritō (adv.): deservedly, justly, rightly. Mihi: to me—the dative form of ego: I. Ista is the neuter nominative plural form of iste/ista/istud (pron.): that, this; he, she, it (these things). Accidunt is the third person plural form of accidō, accidere, accidī, — (3): to fall down, descend; come to pass, happen, occur, befall (takes a dative object). An (interrog. particle): whether, if (introducing an indirect question); or (in a question); it can also start a direct question. Immeritō (adv.): undeservedly, unjustly, without cause.