Prepositions

Abscēde is the singular imperative form of abscēdō, abscēdere, abscessī, abscessum (3): to go away, move away, depart. Ab/ā (prep.): (away) from; by (takes the ablative). Iānuā is the ablative singular form of iānua, iānuae (1f): door.

Haud (adv.): not, not at all, by no means. Procul (adv.): far (away); from afar. Ab/ā (prep.): (away) from; by (takes the ablative). Cibyrā is the ablative singular form of Cibyra, Cibyrae (1f): a city in Asia Minor (modern Turkey). Aberant is the third person plural imperfect form of absum, abesse, āfuī, āfutūrus (irreg.): to be away, be absent, be distant.

Nummum is the accusative singular form of nummus, nummī (2m): coin; sesterce (standard unit of currency, worth the equivalent of a few modern dollars); (often pl.) money. Ab/ā (prep.): (away) from; by (takes the ablative). Mē is the ablative form of ego: I (me). Accipe is the singular imperative form of accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptum (3, –iō): to receive, accept, take.

Repetō, repetere, repetīvī/repetiī, repetītum (3): to return to, make for again; attack again; demand back; seek to get back; repeat. Ab/ā/abs (prep.): (away) from; by (takes the ablative). Tē is the ablative form of tū: you. Verrēs is the vocative singular form of Verrēs, Verris (3m): Gaius Verres, Roman magistrate. Monumentum is the accusative singular form of monumentum, monumentī (2n): monument, memorial; tomb. P. stands for the name Pūblius, Pūbliī (2m)—which would have been in the genitive form here. Āfricānī is the m/n (here m) genitive singular form of Āfricānus/Āfricāna/Āfricānum (1/2): connected with Africa, African—nickname of Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, Roman general in the Second Punic War.

(He’s about to recount theories of why the Nile rises.) Ab/ā (prep.): (away) from; by (takes the ablative). Antīquissimīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of antīquissimus/antīquissima/antīquissimum (1/2): very old/oldest, very/most ancient—the superlative form of antīquus/antīqua/antīquum (1/2): old, ancient. Incipiam is the first person singular future form of incipiō, incipere, incēpī, inceptum (3, –iō): to start, begin.

Ab/ā (prep.): (away) from; by (takes the ablative). Hōrā is the ablative singular form of hōra, hōrae (1f): hour. Tertiā is the feminine ablative singular form of tertius/tertia/tertium (1/2): third. Hōra tertia = the third hour (after sunrise). This might correspond roughly to 8:00 am, though it varied with the time of the year. Bibēbātur is the third person singular imperfect passive form of bibō, bibere, bibī, bibitum (3): to drink. Lūdēbātur is the third person singular imperfect passive form of lūdō, lūdere, lūsī, lūsum (3): to play; gamble. Vomēbātur is the third person singular imperfect passive form of vomō, vomere, vomuī, vomitum (3): to vomit. (All three verbs are impersonal passive.)

(By philosophers.) Ab/ā (prep.): (away) from; by (takes the ablative). Illīs is the m/f/n (here m) ablative plural form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it. Haec is the neuter nominative plural form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it (these things). Dīcuntur is the third person plural passive form of dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say.

Ībō is the first person singular future form of eō, īre, iī/īvī, itum (irreg.): to go. Ad (prep.): to, toward; at, near; until; for; according to (takes the accusative). Portum is the accusative singular form of portus, portūs (4m): port, harbor. Hinc (adv.): from here.

Ībō is the first person singular future form of eō, īre, iī/īvī, itum (irreg.): to go. Ad (prep.): to, toward; at, near; until; for; according to (takes the accusative). Uxōrem is the accusative singular form of uxor, uxōris (3f): wife. Intrō (adv.): inside, indoors, in (usually with motion, as in I’ll go inside); (less often, without motion) inwardly, on the inside, within.

Ad (prep.): to, toward; at, near; until; for; according to (takes the accusative). Compositiōnem is the accusative singular form of compositiō, compositiōnis (3f): the act of putting things together; arrangement; arrangement of words or sounds; composition; settlement of a dispute. Trānseāmus is the first person plural subjunctive form of trānseō, trānsīre, trānsīvī/trānsiī, trānsitum (irreg.): to go over; pass (by); move on (to a new subject); surpass.

(Not to the gods; affronts to them are another order of business.) Dignitās, dignitātis (3f): worthiness, merit; suitability; status; dignity. Ad (prep.): to, toward; at, near; until; for; according to (takes the accusative). Hominēs is the accusative plural form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human. Pertinet is the third person singular form of pertineō, pertinēre, pertinuī, — (2): to extend (to a specific point), reach; relate, apply, pertain, matter, belong (to).

Itaque (adv.): and so, hence, therefore. Paucī is the masculine nominative plural form of paucus/pauca/paucum (1/2): few. Veniunt is the third person plural form of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come. Ad (prep.): to, toward; at, near; until; for; according to (takes the accusative). Senectūtem is the accusative singular form of senectūs, senectūtis (3f): old age.

Quidquid is the neuter accusative singular form of quisquis/quidquid (rel. pron. ; the neuter form is also spelled quicquid): whoever, whatever. Faciēs is the second person singular future form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make (the future tense here shows that the advice is given for the future: whatever you are doing (in the future). . .). Respice is the singular imperative form of respiciō, respicere, respexī, respectum (3, –iō): to look back (at); look (at/to/toward); consider. Ad (prep.): to, toward; at, near; until; for; according to (takes the accusative). Mortem is the accusative singular form of mors, mortis (3f): death.

Quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Ad (prep.): to, toward; at, near; until; for; according to (takes the accusative). Forēs is the accusative plural form of foris, foris (3f, often plural with singular translation): door. Est: is.

(Danger is at hand.) Hannibal, Hannibalis (3m): Hannibal. Ad (prep.): to, toward; at, near; until; for; according to (takes the accusative). Portās is the accusative plural form of porta, portae (1f): gate. (The verb is implied.)

(The veteran knows better.) Ad (prep.): to, toward; at, near; until; for; according to (takes the accusative). Suspīciōnem is the accusative singular form of suspīciō, suspīciōnis (3f): distrust, suspicion; (slight) notion, thought, idea, inkling; appearance, indication. Vulnus, vulneris (3n): wound. Tīrō, tīrōnis (3m): recruit; beginner. Pallēscit is the third person singular form of pallēscō, pallēscere, palluī, — (3): to grow pale.

(Savage creatures are alarmed by trifles.) Ad (prep.): to, toward; at, near; until; for; according to (takes the accusative). Umbram is the accusative singular form of umbra, umbrae (1f): shade; shadow. Aspis, aspidis (3f): asp. Exsurgit is the third person singular form of exsurgō, exsurgere, exsurrēxī, exsurrēctum (3): to rise up.

Ad (prep.): to, toward; at, near; until; for; according to (takes the accusative). Hōram is the accusative singular form of hōra, hōrae (1f): hour. Nōnam is the feminine accusative singular form of nōnus/nōna/nōnum (1/2): ninth. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Ancorīs is the ablative plural form of ancora, ancorae (1f): anchor. Exspectāvit is the third person singular perfect form of exspectō, exspectāre, exspectāvī, exspectātum (1—also expectō): to wait (for); expect; look forward to.

Ad (prep.): to, toward; at, near; until; for; according to (takes the accusative). Vesperam is the accusative singular form of vespera, vesperae (1f): evening. Cōnsequentur is the third person plural future form of cōnsequor, cōnsequī, cōnsecūtus sum (3, deponent): to follow; catch up with, overtake; attain.

Cōmissātum is the accusative supine of cōmissor, cōmissārī, cōmissātus sum (1, deponent—also cōmisor): to carouse, make merry. Omnēs is the m/f nominative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Venītōte is the plural future imperative form of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come. Ad (prep.): to, toward; at, near; until; for; according to (takes the accusative). Mē is the accusative form of ego: I (me). Ad (prep.): to, toward; at, near; until; for; according to; in some contexts also in (for example when saying in ( = after) a certain number of days, years, etc.) (takes the accusative). Annōs is the accusative plural form of annus, annī (2m): year. Sēdecim (indeclinable numeral): sixteen.

(He’s imagining what God would say about the ease of dying: being cut anywhere on your body can do it.) Nōn: not. Certum is the m/n accusative singular form of certus/certa/certum (1/2): fixed, settled, definite, specified, particular; sure, certain. Ad (prep.): to, toward; at, near; until; for; according to (takes the accusative). Hōs is the masculine accusative plural form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Ictūs is the accusative plural form of ictus, ictūs (4m): blow, stroke; sting or bite (esp. of a snake or insect). Dēstinō, dēstināre, dēstināvī, dēstinātum (1): to fasten; fix, set, establish, appoint (for a specific purpose). Locum is the accusative singular form of locus, locī (2m): place, spot, location.

Homō, hominis (3m): man, human. Ad (prep.): to, toward; at, near; until; for; according to (takes the accusative). Inmortālium is the m/f/n (here n) genitive plural form of inmortālis/inmortālis/inmortāle (3—also immortālis): immortal. Cognitiōnem is the accusative singular form of cognitiō, cognitiōnis (3f): the acquiring of knowledge; comprehension; study; inquiry, investigation. Nimis (adv.): too (much), excessively. Mortālis/mortālis/mortāle (3): mortal. Est: is.

Ad (prep.): to, toward; at, near; until; for; according to (takes the accusative). Aquam is the accusative singular form of aqua, aquae (1f): water. Praebendam is the feminine accusative singular form of praebendus/praebenda/praebendum (1/2), the gerundive (needing to be supplied) of praebeō, praebēre, praebuī, praebitum (2): to put forward, offer, present; provide, furnish, supply. Commodum (adv.): a very short time before, this very minute, just, just now; in the nick of time. Adveniō, advenīre, advēnī, adventum (4): to arrive. Domum is the accusative singular form of domus, domūs (2/4f): house (the accusative of end of motion/place to which; this word often expresses that meaning without a preposition).

Cūr (interrog. adv.): why? Nōn: not. Ad (prep.): to, toward; at, near; until; for; according to (takes the accusative). Praescrīptum is the accusative singular form of praescrīptum, praescrīptī (2n): a line drawn to define a boundary, route, or the like; letters traced for children to follow when learning to write; precept (a substantive use of praescrīptus/praescrīpta/praescrīptum (1/2), the perfect passive participle of praescrībō, praescrībere, praescrīpsī, praescrīptum (3): to write at the head of a document; trace the outline of; prescribe). Tuum is the m/n accusative singular form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours. Cēnās is the second person singular form of cēnō, cēnāre, cēnāvī, cēnātum (1): to dine.

Ībō is the first person singular future form of eō, īre, iī/īvī, itum (irreg.): to go. Advorsum (adv.): opposite, facing, in front; toward one; so as to meet one; against one, in opposition. Atque/ac (conj.): and, and also, and then. Ēlectābō is the first person singular future form of ēlectō, ēlectāre, ēlectāvī, ēlectātum (1): to get out artfully, worm out (a secret) (a verb distinctive to Plautus).

Quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one (man, woman, etc.); he, she, it. Est: is. Quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Advorsum (adv.): opposite, facing, in front; toward one; so as to meet one; against one, in opposition. It is the third person singular form of eō, īre, iī/īvī, itum (irreg.): to go, advance, proceed. Mihi is the dative form of ego: I (to/for me).

Regiō, regiōnis (3f): direction; position; region, territory. Est: it is. Continēns, continentis (3f): mainland, continent (a substantive use of continēns, continēns (3, adj.): uninterrupted; forming a continuous mass; adjacent; temperate—originally the present active participle of contineō, continēre, continuī, contentum (2): to link, connect, hold together; keep; contain; restrain; the substantive version is feminine because the noun terra (1f, meaning land) is implied). Adversus (prep.): opposite, facing, in front of; toward; so as to meet; with regard to; against, in opposition to (takes the accusative). Īnsulam is the accusative singular form of īnsula, īnsulae (1f): island.

Patrium is the m/n accusative singular form of patrius/patria/patrium (1/2): of a father, fatherly, paternal. Deus, deī (2m, irreg.): god, deity. Habet is the third person singular form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have. Adversus (prep.): opposite, facing, in front of; toward; so as to meet; with regard to; against, in opposition to (takes the accusative). Bonōs is the masculine accusative plural form of bonus/bona/bonum (1/2): good. Virōs is the accusative plural form of vir, virī (2m): man. Animum is the accusative singular form of animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit; mindset, disposition.

(Sorrows, etc. ; he’s suggesting that this is what God would say.) Animōs is the accusative plural form of animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit. Vestrōs is the masculine accusative plural form of vester/vestra/vestrum (1/2): your, yours (with reference to a plural you). Adversus (prep.): opposite, facing, in front of; toward; so as to meet; with regard to; against, in opposition to (takes the accusative). Omnia is the neuter accusative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Armō, armāre, armāvī, armātum (1): to arm.

Bōs, bovis (3m/f): ox; bull; cow. Adversus (prep.): opposite, facing, in front of; toward; so as to meet; with regard to; against, in opposition to. Sē: himself—the accusative form of the reflexive pronoun. Ipsum is the m/n accusative singular form of ipse/ipsa/ipsum (adj.): himself/herself/itself/myself/etc. ; in person; the very. Pulverem is the accusative singular form of pulvis, pulveris (3m): dust. Movet is the third person singular form of moveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtum (2): to move, stir (up), set in motion.

Paulō (adv. —also paullō): by a small amount, a little. Ante (adv.): before, earlier, previously; in front. Pictor, pictōris (3m): painter. Imāgine is the ablative singular form of imāgō, imāginis (3f): representation, image; vision; comparison; example. Ūtēbar is the first person singular imperfect form of ūtor, ūtī, ūsus sum (3, deponent): to use (takes an ablative object).

Plūs (adv.): more. Dolet is the third person singular form of doleō, dolēre, doluī, dolitum (2): to suffer, feel pain; hurt; be painful; grieve. Quam (rel. adv.): than. Necesse (adj. , indeclinable, used only in a few expressions like necesse est): necessary, inevitable. Est: is. Quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Ante (adv.): before, earlier, previously; in front. Dolet is the third person singular form of doleō, dolēre, doluī, dolitum (2): to suffer, feel pain; hurt; be painful; grieve. Quam (rel. adv.): than. Necesse (adj. , indeclinable, used only in a few expressions like necesse est): necessary, inevitable. Est: is.

(In other words, before the danger is here.) Ante (prep.): before; in front of (takes the accusative). Tubam is the accusative singular form of tuba, tubae (1f): long trumpet (blown as a signal for war). Trepidās is the second person singular form of trepidō, trepidāre, trepidāvī, trepidātum (1): to be afraid, nervous, anxious, or in a state of panic; tremble; act in haste, scurry, bustle.

Moriantur is the third person plural subjunctive form of morior, morī, mortuus sum (3, –ior, deponent): to die (subjunctive because it’s jussive). Ante (prep.): before; in front of (takes the accusative). Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Vitia is the nominative plural form of vitium, vitiī (2n): vice, fault, flaw.

Suspendit is the third person singular perfect form of suspendō, suspendere, suspendī, suspēnsum (3): to suspend, hang. Sē: herself—the accusative form of the reflexive pronoun. Ante (prep.): before; in front of (takes the accusative). Iānuam is the accusative singular form of iānua, iānuae (1f): door. Eius: his/of him—the m/f/n genitive singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that.

Ita (adv.): thus, so, accordingly. Apud (prep.): at, near, by (denoting location); with, among; in front of, in the presence of; at the house of; in the eyes of; in the writings of (takes the accusative). Antium is the accusative singular form of Antium, Antiī (2n): a town in Latium. Dōnum, dōnī (2n): gift, present, offering. Statuitur is the third person singular passive form of statuō, statuere, statuī, statūtum (3): to set up, erect; establish; place (it’s in the historical present).

Quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Apud (prep.): at, near, by (denoting location); with, among; in front of, in the presence of; at the house of; in the eyes of; in the writings of (takes the accusative). Hāsce: hās is the feminine accusative plural form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this; the enclitic particle –ce adds emphasis to a demonstrative. Aedīs is the accusative plural form of aedis, aedis (3f): temple; (pl. with singular translation) house. Negōtium, negōtī (2n; the genitive can also be negōtiī): occupation, business, affair; official transaction. Est: is there. Tibi is the dative form of tū: you (to/for you).

Pecūnia, pecūniae (1f): money. Apud (prep.): at, near, by (denoting location); with, among; in front of, in the presence of; at the house of; in the eyes of; in the writings of (takes the accusative). Egnātium is the m/n (here m) accusative singular form of the family name Egnātius/Egnātia/Egnātium (1/2). Est: is.

Molestus/molesta/molestum (1/2): annoying, troublesome, tiresome. Sapientem is the accusative singular form of sapiēns, sapientis (3m): wise man, sage. Apud (prep.): at, near, by (denoting location); with, among; in front of, in the presence of; at the house of; in the eyes of; in the writings of (takes the accusative). Stultōs is the masculine accusative plural form of stultus/stulta/stultum (1/2): foolish, stupid. Loquor, loquī, locūtus sum (3, deponent): to speak.

(Seeing someone in a rage.) Numquam (adv.): never. Inquit is the third person singular form of inquam (irreg. and defective): to say (inquit = he/she/it says or said). Hoc is the neuter accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Apud (prep.): at, near, by (denoting location); with, among; in front of, in the presence of; at the house of; in the eyes of; in the writings of (takes the accusative). Platōnem is the accusative form of Platō, Platōnis (3m): Plato. Videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see.

Apud (prep.): at, near, by (denoting location); with, among; in front of, in the presence of; at the house of; in the eyes of; in the writings of (takes the accusative). Mē is the accusative form of ego: I (me). Dīvitiae, dīvitiārum (1f, plural only): wealth, riches. Aliquem is the masculine accusative singular form of aliquī/aliqua/aliquod (adj.): some, a certain. Locum is the accusative singular form of locus, locī (2m): place. Habent is the third person plural present form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (3): to have. Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Summum is the m/n accusative singular form of summus/summa/summum (1/2): highest.

Veterēs is the m/f (here m) accusative plural form of vetus, veteris (3, adj.): old, ancient. Id is the neuter accusative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say. Solitōs is the masculine accusative plural form of solitus/solita/solitum (1/2), the perfect active participle of soleō, solēre, solitus sum (2 semi-deponent): to be accustomed to (doing something), be in the habit of (doing something), do (something) habitually (it’s completed by an infinitive, here dīcere) (esse is implied: solitōs esse is the perfect infinitive—to have been accustomed). Appāret is the third person singular form of appāreō, appārēre, appāruī, appāritum (2): to be visible; come into sight, appear; be or become clear, evident, obvious, etc. Apud (prep.): at, near, by (denoting location); with, among; in front of, in the presence of; at the house of; in the eyes of; in the writings of (takes the accusative). Plautum is the accusative singular form of Plautus, Plautī (2m): cognomen of Titus Maccius Plautus, early Roman playwright.

Sed (conj.): but. Nōn: not. Passī sunt is the third person masculine plural perfect form of patior, patī, passus sum (3, –ior, deponent): to suffer, undergo; endure; permit, allow. Iī is the masculine nominative plural form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Quī is the masculine nominative plural form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Circā (adv.): round about, around; thereabouts. Erant: (they) were—the third person plural imperfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

(Talking about the rainbow.) Sī (conj.): if. Ab/ā (prep.): (away) from; by (takes the ablative). Ortū is the ablative singular form of ortus, ortūs (4m): rising (of a heavenly body); sunrise; a coming into being, birth, origin; east. Circāve: circā (adv.): round about, around; thereabouts; the enclitic conjunction –ve adds or. Surrēxit is the third person singular perfect form of surgō, surgere, surrēxī, surrēctum (3): to rise, get up. Serēna is the neuter accusative plural form of serēnus/serēna/serēnum (1/2): clear, tranquil, serene; (n. pl. used substantively) clear weather. Prōmittit is the third person singular form of prōmittō, prōmittere, prōmīsī, prōmissum (3): to send forth; let grow long; promise.

(Why you shouldn’t admire someone because he owns fancy things.) Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here nom.): nothing. Hōrum is the m/n (here n) genitive plural form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it (of these things). In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Ipsō is the m/n (here m) ablative singular form of ipse/ipsa/ipsum (pron.): (he) himself, (she) herself, (it) itself. Est: is. Sed (conj.): but. Circā (prep.): about, around (takes accusative). Ipsum is the m/n (here m) accusative singular form of ipse/ipsa/ipsum (pron.): (he) himself, (she) herself, (it) itself.

(As slaves are summoned by their master.) Circā (prep.): about, around (takes accusative). Lūcem is the accusative singular form of lūx, lūcis (3f): light; daylight. Discurritur is the third person singular passive form of discurrō, discurrere, discurrī, discursum (3): to run different ways, run in all directions, run to and fro, run about (it’s in the impersonal passive).

Circā (prep.): about, around (takes accusative). Praemium is the accusative singular form of praemium, praemiī (2n): prize. Rixa, rixae (1f): quarrel, strife, brawl. Est: is.

Circā (prep.): about, around (takes accusative). Pecūniam is the accusative singular form of pecūnia, pecūniae (1f): money. Plūrimus/plūrima/plūrimum (1/2): most; very much, very many (neuter used substantively). Vōciferātiō, vōciferātiōnis (3f): clamor, outcry. Est: is.

Plēbēs, plēbēī (5f): (the body of) plebeians, common people. Contrā (adv.): on the other side, across from one, in front of one, opposite; against one, in opposition; to the contrary; conversely; the other way round; on the other hand; in return; in response. Fremit is the third person singular form of fremō, fremere, fremuī, fremitum (3): to rumble, roar, growl, mutter, grumble; complain (it’s in the historical present).

Contrā (adv.): on the other side, across form one, in front of one, opposite; against one, in opposition; to the contrary; conversely; the other way round; on the other hand; in return; in response. Est: it is.

(The wisest person sees the truth, and the next-wisest accepts the truth when spoken by others, but with stupid people it’s the other way around: the worst accept bad ideas from others.) In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Stultitiā is the ablative singular form of stultitia, stultitiae (1f): stupidity, foolishness, folly. Contrā (adv.): on the other side, across form one, in front of one, opposite; against one, in opposition; to the contrary; conversely; the other way round; on the other hand; in return; in response. Est: it is.

Erant: there were—the third person plural imperfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Contrā (adv.): on the other side, across form one, in front of one, opposite; against one, in opposition; to the contrary; conversely; the other way round; on the other hand; in return; in response. Quī is the masculine nominative plural form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Tantam is the feminine accusative singular form of tantus/tanta/tantum (1/2): so great, so much; as great, as much. Fortūna, fortūnae (1f): fortune, chance, luck. Commūtātiōnem is the accusative singular form of commūtātiō, commūtātiōnis (3f): change, alteration, reversal. Miserārentur is the third person plural imperfect subjunctive form of miseror, miserārī, miserātus sum (1, deponent): to pity, feel sorry for (subjunctive because it’s in a relative clause of characteristic).

Agedum (interjection): come now! come on! —formed from age, the singular imperative form of agō, agere, ēgī, āctum (3): to drive, cause to move; do, perform, achieve, transact, manage, conduct, deal with; act, behave (the imperative is used idiomatically to mean come! come on! as an exhortation to do something) and –dum, which adds emphasis to a command. Pauca is the neuter accusative plural form of paucus/pauca/paucum (1/2): few (used substantively: a few things/words). Accipe is the singular imperative form of accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptum (3, –iō): to receive, accept; hear. Contrā (adv.): on the other side, across form one, in front of one, opposite; against one, in opposition; to the contrary; conversely; the other way round; on the other hand; in return; in response.

Quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Illic/illaec/illuc (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it. Est: is. Quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Contrā (prep.): across from, in front of, facing, opposite; against; contrary to (with accusative). Mē is the accusative form of ego: I (me). Astat is the third person singular form of astō, astāre, astitī, — (1): to stand near, stand by.

(Side = latus, lateris (3n); the word is used earlier in the passage. Caesar is describing Britain as having a roughly triangular shape.) Tertius/tertia/tertium (1/2): third. Est: is. Contrā (prep.): across from, in front of, facing, opposite; against; contrary to (with accusative). Septentriōnēs is the accusative plural form of septentriō, septentriōnis (3m, often plural): the seven stars near the north pole (Ursa Major/Minor); the north.

Contrā (prep.): across from, in front of, facing, opposite; against; contrary to (with accusative). Torrentem is the accusative singular form of torrēns, torrentis (3m): rushing stream, torrent; current. Nītor, nītī, nīxus/nīsus sum (3, deponent): to lean (on); rely (on); strain, strive, struggle.

Quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Ergō (particle): therefore, so, then. Aliquis/aliquis/aliquid (pron.): someone, something; anyone, anything. Contrā (prep.): across from, in front of, facing, opposite; against; contrary to (with accusative). Nātūram is the accusative singular form of nātūra, nātūrae (1f): nature. Bonum, bonī (2n): a good thing, a good. Est: is.

Reliquās is the feminine accusative plural form of reliquus/reliqua/reliquum (1/2): left, remaining, the rest of. Cōpiās is the accusative plural form of cōpia, cōpiae (1f): abundance, plenty; means, opportunity; troop, (in pl.) troops, force(s); (in pl.) resources. Contrā (prep.): across from, in front of, facing, opposite; against; contrary to (with accusative). Labiēnum is the m/n (here m) accusative singular form of Labiēnus/Labiēna/Labiēnum (1/2): a Roman family name, here of Titus Labienus, one of Caesar’s lieutenants. Dūxērunt is the third person plural form of dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductum (3): to lead, guide, bring, take (to a place); draw; think, consider.

Contrā (prep.): across from, in front of, facing, opposite; against; contrary to (with accusative). Opīniōnem is the accusative singular form of opīniō, opīniōnis (3f): opinion, belief; expectation; reputation. Iugurtha, Iugurthae (1m): an African king. Ad (prep.): to, toward; at (takes the accusative). Thalam is the accusative singular form of Thala, Thalae (1f): town in northwest Africa. Perveniunt is the third person plural form of perveniō, pervenīre, pervēnī, perventum (4): to come (all the way to a place), arrive (it’s in the historical present).

(Animals are born knowing how to do certain things.) Cum (prep.): with (takes ablative). Hāc is the feminine ablative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Scientiā is the ablative singular form of scientia, scientiae (1f): knowledge. Prōdeunt is the third person plural form of prōdeō, prōdīre, prōdiī, prōditum (irreg.): to come forth; advance; appear; come into existence.

Nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, — (irreg.): to be unwilling, not want. Habitō, habitāre, habitāvī, habitātum (1): to inhabit, dwell, live (in a place). Cum (prep.): with (takes ablative). Adversāriō is the ablative singular form of adversārius, adversāriī (2m): adversary, opponent, enemy. Meō is the m/n ablative singular form of meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine.

Cum (prep.): with (takes the ablative). Hāc is the feminine ablative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one (man, woman, etc.); he, she, it. Tū: you. Lacrimās is the accusative plural form of lacrima, lacrimae (1f): tear (from crying). Tuās is the feminine accusative plural form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours. Miscuistī is the second person singular perfect form of misceō, miscēre, miscuī, mixtum/mistum (2): to mix, blend, mingle.

Magnō is the m/n ablative singular form of magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): great, large. Loquor, loquī, locūtus sum (3, deponent): to speak. Cum (prep.): with (takes the ablative). Dolōre is the ablative singular form of dolor, dolōris (3m): pain.

Itaque (adv.): (and) so, therefore. Mēcum: with me (mē = me; cum = with). Studē is the singular imperative form of studeō, studēre, studuī, — (2): to be diligent, apply oneself; strive; study. Cēnā is the singular imperative form of cēnō, cēnāre, cēnāvī, cēnātum (1): to dine. Ambulā is the singular imperative form of ambulō, ambulāre, ambulāvī, ambulātum (1): to walk.

Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here nom.): nothing. Mihi is the dative form of ego: I. Tēcum: with you (tē = you; cum = with). Fortūna is the vocative singular form of fortūna, fortūnae (1f): fortune, luck; fate.

Quisquis/quidquid (rel. pron. ; the neuter form is also spelled quicquid): whoever, whatever; everyone who, everything that. Faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Potest is the third person singular form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can. Bonum is the m/n accusative singular form of bonus/bona/bonum (1/2): good. Tēcum: with you (tē = you; cum = with). Est: is.

Vīvēs is the second person singular future form of vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctum (3): to live. Cum (prep.): with (takes the ablative). Tuīs is the m/f/n (here m) ablative plural form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours. Nōbīscum: with us (nōbīs = us; cum = with).

Vir, virī (2m): man; husband. Hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it. Est: is. Illīus is the m/f/n genitive singular form of ille/illa/illud (adj.): that. Mulier, mulieris (3f): woman. Quācum: with whom (quā is the feminine ablative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what; cum (prep.): with (takes the ablative)). Accubat is the third person singular form of accubō, accubāre, —, — (1): to lie, recline.

Quīcum: with whom (quī is an alternative m/f/n ablative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.); who? what? —cum (prep.): with (takes the ablative)). Hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Mulier, mulieris (3f): woman. Loquitur is the third person singular form of loquor, loquī, locūtus sum (3, deponent): to speak, talk.

Hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it. Cum (prep.): with (takes the ablative). Quō is the m/n ablative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Lūdis is the second person singular form of lūdō, lūdere, lūsī, lūsum (3): to play; jest, joke. Timet is the third person singular form of timeō, timēre, timuī, — (2): to fear, be afraid.

In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Servitūtem is the accusative singular form of servitūs, servitūtis (3f): slavery, servitude. Cadō, cadere, cecidī, cāsum (3): to fall. Dē (prep.): from, down from; of; according to; about, concerning (takes ablative). Rēgnō is the ablative singular form of rēgnum, rēgnī (2n): kingship; reign; kingdom. Gravis/gravis/grave (3): heavy; grave, serious; hard, grievous, painful. Est: (it) is.

Bene (adv.): well. Dē (prep.): from, down from; of; according to; about, concerning (takes ablative). Tē is the ablative form of tū: you. Merēbimur is the first person plural future form of mereor, merērī, meritus sum (2, deponent): to earn; deserve.

Etiam (particle): still; also; even. Sī (conj.): if. Cecidit is the third person singular perfect form of cadō, cadere, cecidī, cāsum (3): to fall. Dē (prep.): from, down from; of; according to; about, concerning (takes ablative). Genū is the ablative singular form of genū, genūs (4n): knee. Pugnat is the third person singular form of pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātum (1): to fight.

Cōgitēmus is the first person plural subjunctive form of cōgitō, cōgitāre, cōgitāvī, cōgitātum (1): to think, reflect; plan, intend (a hortatory subjunctive). Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here acc.): nothing. Pereō, perīre, periī, peritum (irreg.): to disappear; be destroyed, perish, die. Dē (prep.): from, down from; of; according to; about, concerning (takes ablative). Nostrō is the m/n ablative singular form of noster/nostra/nostrum (1/2): our, ours, our own (neuter used substantively: our own, our possession, that which belongs to us).

Sī (conj.): if. Fortūna, fortūnae (1f): fortune, chance, luck. Volet is the third person singular future form of volō, velle, voluī, — (irreg.): to want, wish. Fīēs is the second person singular future form of fīō, fierī, —, — (irreg.): to be done; be made; happen; become. Dē (prep.): from, down from; of; according to; about, concerning (takes ablative). Rhētore is the ablative singular form of rhētor, rhētoris (3m): teacher of rhetoric; rhetorician. Cōnsul, cōnsulis (3m): consul.

Armātaeque: armātae is the feminine nominative plural form of armātus/armāta/armātum (1/2), the perfect passive participle (armed) of armō, armāre, armāvī, armātum (1): to arm; the enclitic conjunction –que adds and. Rogum is the accusative singular form of rogus, rogī (2m): funeral pyre. Celebrant is the third person plural form of celebrō, celebrāre, celebrāvī, celebrātum (1): to crowd, fill; celebrate, solemnize, honor with crowds or ceremony. Dē (prep.): from, down from; of; according to; about, concerning (takes ablative). Mōre is the ablative singular form of mōs, mōris (3m): habit, custom; (in the plural) ways, manners, morals, character. Cohortēs is the nominative plural form of cohors, cohortis (3f): farmyard; armed force; (military) company, division, cohort; band, group, company.

Quā is the feminine ablative singular form of quī/quae/quod (interrog. adj.): which. . . ? what. . . ? Dē (prep.): from, down from; of; according to; about, concerning (sometimes idiomatically translated as for, especially when combined with causā or causīs) (takes ablative). Causā is the ablative singular form of causa, causae (1f): cause, reason; (legal) case; situation. Scīs is the second person singular form of sciō, scīre, scīvī/sciī, scītum (4): to know; know how (to).

Hīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Dē (prep.): from, down from; of; according to; about, concerning (sometimes idiomatically translated as for, especially when combined with causā or causīs) (takes ablative). Causīs is the ablative plural form of causa, causae (1f): cause, reason; (legal) case; situation. Aguntur is the third person plural passive form of agō, agere, ēgī, āctum (3): to drive, cause to move; do, perform, deal with; act (it’s in the historical present). Omnia is the neuter nominative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every; (n. pl. used substantively) all things, everything. Raptim (adv.): hastily. Atque/ac (conj.): and, and also, and then. Turbātē (adv.): in a confused or disorderly manner.

Idem is the neuter accusative singular form of īdem/eadem/idem (pron.): the same. Dē (prep.): from, down from; of; according to; about, concerning (takes ablative). Virtūtibus is the ablative plural form of virtūs, virtūtis (3f): virtue, moral excellence or any positive quality; courage, valor. Dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say.

Oculīs is the dative plural form of oculus, oculī (2m): eye. Dē (prep.): from, down from; of; according to; about, concerning (takes ablative). Homine is the ablative singular form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human. Nōn: not. Crēdō, crēdere, crēdidī, crēditum (3): to entrust; lend (money); believe; trust (the person or thing trusted goes in the dative).

Dē (prep.): from, down from; of; according to; about, concerning (takes ablative). Sē: himself—the ablative form of the reflexive pronoun. Nōn: not. Mē is the ablative form of ego: I (me). Querētur is the third person singular future form of queror, querī, questus sum (3, deponent): to complain; make a complaint in court.

Servī is the nominative plural form of servus, servī (2m): slave, servant. Ex/ē (prep.): out of, from; of; in accordance with (takes the ablative). Cubiculō is the ablative singular form of cubiculum, cubiculī (2n): room, especially a bedroom. Recessērunt is the third person plural perfect form of recēdō, recēdere, recessī, recessum (3): to recede, retreat, withdraw.

Omnem is the m/f accusative singular form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Ex/ē (prep.): out of, from; of; in accordance with (takes the ablative). Animō is the ablative singular form of animus, animī (2m): mind, soul; will, intention. Ērāde is the singular imperative form of ērādō, ērādere, ērāsī, ērāsum (3): to scratch out, scrape away; delete, erase; remove, extirpate, eradicate. Nēquitiam is the accusative singular form of nēquitia, nēquitiae (1f): moral badness or worthlessness, wickedness, vice, depravity.

Magnam is the feminine accusative singular form of magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): great, large; important. Ex/ē (prep.): out of, from; of; in accordance with (takes the ablative). Epistulā is the ablative singular form of epistula, epistulae (1f—also epistola): letter. Tuā is the feminine ablative singular form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours. Percipiō, percipere, percēpī, perceptum (3, –iō): to harvest, reap; receive, acquire, get, derive; perceive, feel; grasp mentally. Voluptātem is the accusative singular form of voluptās, voluptātis (3f): pleasure.

Uter/utra/utrum (interrog. pron. , 1/2, irreg.): which (of two)? Ex/ē (prep.): out of, from; of; in accordance with (takes the ablative). Hīs is the m/f/n (here m) ablative plural form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it (these). Sapiēns, sapientis (3, adj. and m. noun): wise; wise man. Tibi is the dative form of tū: you (to you). Vidētur is the third person singular passive form of video, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see; (in the passive) seem.

Quid is the neuter accusative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Ego: I. Ex/ē (prep.): out of, from; of; in accordance with (takes the ablative). Tē is the ablative form of tū: you. Audiō, audīre, audīvī/audiī, audītum (4): to hear; listen to.

Ex/ē (prep.): out of, from; of; in accordance with (takes the ablative). Eō is the m/n ablative singular form of is/ea/id (adj.): this, that. Tempore is the ablative singular form of tempus, temporis (3n): time. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Duās is the feminine accusative form of duo/duae/duo (irreg.): two. Partēs is the accusative plural form of pars, partis (3f): part, share; party. Discessit is the third person singular perfect form of discēdō, discēdere, discessī, discessum (3): to part company, separate; depart, move away. Cīvitās, cīvitātis (3f): citizenship; state, city-state; citizenry, the citizens of a state.

Ex/ē (prep.): out of, from; of; in accordance with (takes the ablative). Plūribus is the m/f/n ablative form of plūrēs/plūrēs/plūra (3, plural): more numerous, more (in number); the greater number; more than one, several; many. Ūnus/ūna/ūnum (1/2, irreg.): one; alone; only, sole, single.

Nōn: not. Fuit is the third person singular perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Ūnus/ūna/ūnum (1/2, irreg.): one; alone; only, sole, single. Ex/ē (prep.): out of, from; of; in accordance with (takes the ablative). Multīs is the m/f/n (here m) ablative plural form of multus/multa/multum (1/2): much, many.

(He also made them out of bronze; you can create virtue out of whatever life gives you.) Nōn: not. Ex/ē (prep.): out of, from; of; in accordance with (takes the ablative). Ebore is the ablative singular form of ebur, eboris (3n): ivory. Tantum (adv.): so much; as much; only. Phīdiās, Phīdiae (1m, with some unusual features because it’s from Greek): a famous Greek sculptor. Sciēbat is the third person singular imperfect form of sciō, scīre, scīvī/sciī, scītum (4): to know; know how (to). Faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Simulācra is the accusative plural form of simulācrum, simulācrī (2n): likeness, image; statue.

(That is, a creditor took the property of a debtor.) Bona is the accusative plural form of bonum, bonī (2n): a good; (in pl.) possessions. Omnia is the neuter accusative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Ex/ē (prep.): out of, from; of; in accordance with (takes the ablative). Lēge is the ablative singular form of lēx, lēgis (3f): law. Occupāvit is the third person singular perfect form of occupō, occupāre, occupāvī, occupātum (1): to seize, take possession of; occupy.

Ex/ē (prep.): out of, from; of; in accordance with (takes the ablative). Rē is the ablative singular form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair; fact; property; interest. Tuā is the feminine ablative singular form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours. Ut (rel. adv.): as. Opīnor, opīnārī, opīnātus sum (1, deponent): to think. Ut opīnor: according to my opinion. Fēceris is the second person singular future perfect form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make.

Concors, concordis (3, adj.): in agreement, united, harmonious. Et (conj.): and. Ex/ē (prep.): out of, from; of; in accordance with (takes the ablative). Rē is the ablative singular form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair; fact; property; interest. Pūblicā is the feminine ablative singular form of pūblicus/pūblica/pūblicum (1/2): public, of the state. Rēs pūblica = the republic, the state; the public interest, the common good of the state. Ex/ē rē pūblicā = in the interest of the state, in the public interest. Cēnsūra, cēnsūrae (1f): censorship (i.e., the office of censor; not the act of suppressing speech); appraisal; oversight in moral matters. Fuit: was—the third person singular perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

(He’s talking about people who are close to wisdom but not there yet.) Etiam (particle): still; also; even. Quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what (that which). Prope (adv.): near, nearby. Est: is. Extrā (adv.): outside.

(In reply to: what reward will virtue give you for being virtuous?) Quod (conj.): that; the fact that; as for the fact that; regarding the fact that; in respect to the fact that; in that; because. Fēceris is the second person singular future perfect form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here nom.): nothing. Tibi is the dative form of tū: you. Extrā (adv.): outside (here outside (that) = besides, other than that). Prōmittitur is the third person singular passive form of prōmittō, prōmittere, prōmīsī, prōmissum (3): to send forth; let grow long; promise.

Extrā (prep.): outside (of) (takes accusative). Oppidum is the accusative singular form of oppidum, oppidī (2n): town. Eā is the feminine ablative singular form of is/ea/id (adj.): this, that. Nocte is the ablative singular form of nox, noctis (3f): night. Mānsit is the third person singular perfect form of maneō, manēre, mānsī, mānsum (2): to remain, stay; wait for, await.

(Describing the fate of a noble nature.) Pōnet is the third person singular future form of pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positum (3): to place, put. Sē: himself—the accusative form of the reflexive pronoun. Extrā (prep.): outside (of) (takes accusative). Iūs is the accusative singular form of iūs, iūris (3n): law; right; justice; prerogative; authority. Diciōnemque: diciōnem is the accusative singular form of diciō, diciōnis (3f): dominion, sway, control, authority; the enclitic conjunction –que adds and. Fortūna, fortūnae (1f): fortune.

(He’s saying that we can’t control fear and desire once we give in to them.) Quārē (interrog. adv.): why? Quia (conj.): because. Extrā (prep.): outside (of) (takes accusative). Nōs is the accusative form of nōs: we (us). Sunt: (they) are. Quibus is the m/f/n (here n) ablative plural form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Inrītantur is the third person plural passive form of inrītō, inrītāre, inrītāvī, inrītātum (1)—also irrītō): to excite, provoke, stir up, irritate.

(Condemnation without a hearing.) In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on, at, among (denoting position—where someone/something is); (with acc.) into, onto (or in or on denoting motion toward an object or in a certain direction), to, toward, at (again with motion; e. g. , to rush at someone); until; according to (a pattern or sim.), in (a manner or the like); against; for; per; (increasingly) with the passage of (days, etc.). Caelō is the ablative singular form of caelum, caelī (2n): sky, heaven. Nōn: not. Fit is the third person singular form of fīō, fierī, —, — (irreg.): to be done; be made; happen; come into being; become.

(Of a ship.) Sedēbāmus is the first person plural imperfect form of sedeō, sedēre, sēdī, sessum (2): to sit. Ergō (particle): therefore, so, then. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on, at, among (denoting position—where someone/something is); (with acc.) into, onto (or in or on denoting motion toward an object or in a certain direction), to, toward, at (again with motion; e. g. , to rush at someone); until; according to (a pattern or sim.), in (a manner or the like); against; for; per; (increasingly) with the passage of (days, etc.). Puppī is the ablative singular form of puppis, puppis (1f): stern (rear) of a boat. Simul (adv.): at the same time, simultaneously; together. Ūniversī is the masculine nominative plural form of ūniversus/ūniversa/ūniversum (1/2): the whole of, all (especially all at the same time, as one body).

Tōtus/tōta/tōtum (1/2, irreg.): whole, entire, all. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on, at, among (denoting position—where someone/something is); (with acc.) into, onto (or in or on denoting motion toward an object or in a certain direction), to, toward, at (again with motion; e. g. , to rush at someone); until; according to (a pattern or sim.), in (a manner or the like); against; for; per; (increasingly) with the passage of (days, etc.). Vultū is the ablative singular form of vultus, vultūs (4m): (facial) expression; face; appearance. Est: is. Dolor, dolōris (3m): pain; grief, sorrow; resentment.

Est: there is. Aliquis/aliqua/aliquid (pron.): someone, something; anyone, anything. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on, at, among (denoting position—where someone/something is); (with acc.) into, onto (or in or on denoting motion toward an object or in a certain direction), to, toward, at (again with motion; e. g. , to rush at someone); until; according to (a pattern or sim.), in (a manner or the like); against; for; per; (increasingly) with the passage of (days, etc.). Illō is the m/n ablative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it. Stōicī is the m/n genitive singular form of Stōicus/Stōica/Stōicum (1/2): Stoic. Deus, deī (2m, irreg.): god.

Ecce (interj.): behold! see! here is! In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on, at, among (denoting position—where someone/something is); (with acc.) into, onto (or in or on denoting motion toward an object or in a certain direction), to, toward, at (again with motion; e. g. , to rush at someone); until; according to (a pattern or sim.), in (a manner or the like); against; for; per; (increasingly) with the passage of (days, etc.). Mediā is the feminine ablative singular form of medius/media/medium (1/2): middle (this adjective often occurs where English would use middle as a noun followed by of). Tempestāte is the ablative singular form of tempestās, tempestātis (3f): time, season; weather; storm, tempest. Tranquillitās, tranquillitātis (3f): tranquility, calmness (of weather, mind, or affairs), serenity.

(He’s imagining an argument of Carneades, a Greek skeptic.) Est: is. Autem (particle): on the other hand, but, however; and, moreover; for my/your/his/etc. part, as for me/you/him/etc. Aliquis/aliqua/aliquid (pron.): someone, something; anyone, anything. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on, at, among (denoting position—where someone/something is); (with acc.) into, onto (or in or on denoting motion toward an object or in a certain direction), to, toward, at (again with motion; e. g. , to rush at someone); until; according to (a pattern or sim.), in (a manner or the like); against; for; per; (increasingly) with the passage of (days, etc.). Nostrā is the feminine ablative singular form of noster/nostra/nostrum (1/2): our, ours. Potestāte is the ablative singular form of potestās, potestātis (3f): power, ability; control; authority.

Cōnstitit is the third person singular perfect form of cōnsistō, cōnsistere, cōnstitī, — (3): to stop, halt; take up a position, stand; stand still. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on, at, among (denoting position—where someone/something is); (with acc.) into, onto (or in or on denoting motion toward an object or in a certain direction), to, toward, at (again with motion; e. g. , to rush at someone); until; according to (a pattern or sim.), in (a manner or the like); against; for; per; (increasingly) with the passage of (days, etc.). Saxō is the ablative singular form of saxum, saxī (2n): rock.

(Those who joined Catiline’s conspiracy.) In (prep.): -(with abl.) in, on, at, among (denoting position—where someone/something is); (with acc.) into, onto (or in or on denoting motion toward an object or in a certain direction), to, toward, at (again with motion; e. g. , to rush at someone); until; according to (a pattern or sim.), in (a manner or the like); against; for; per; (increasingly) with the passage of (days, etc.). Iīs is the m/f/n (here m) ablative plural form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Erat: (there) was—the third person singular imperfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Fulvius/Fulvia/Fulvium (1/2): Roman family name. Senātor, senātōris (3m): senator. Fīlius, fīliī (2m): son.

Pergam is the first person singular future form of pergō, pergere, perrēxī, perrēctum (3): to make one’s way, go on, proceed, continue. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on, at, among (denoting position—where someone/something is); (with acc.) into, onto (or in or on denoting motion toward an object or in a certain direction), to, toward, at (again with motion; e. g. , to rush at someone); until; according to (a pattern or sim.), in (a manner or the like); against; for; per; (increasingly) with the passage of (days, etc.). Aedīs is the accusative plural form of aedēs, aedis (3f—also aedis): temple; (in pl.) house (translates as singular). Nunciam (adv.): right now, this instant.

Ego: I. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on, at, among (denoting position—where someone/something is); (with acc.) into, onto (or in or on denoting motion toward an object or in a certain direction), to, toward, at (again with motion; e. g. , to rush at someone); until; according to (a pattern or sim.), in (a manner or the like); against; for; per; (increasingly) with the passage of (days, etc.). Caelum is the accusative singular form of caelum, caelī (2n): sky, heaven; climate. Migrō, migrāre, migrāvī, migrātum (1): to migrate, move, change residence, depart.

(. . . and anger drove him into his madness.) Aiācem is the accusative singular form of Aiāx, Aiācis (3m): Ajax (Greek hero of the Iliad who commits suicide at the end of the Trojan war). In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on, at, among (denoting position—where someone/something is); (with acc.) into, onto (or in or on denoting motion toward an object or in a certain direction), to, toward, at (again with motion; e. g. , to rush at someone); until; according to (a pattern or sim.), in (a manner or the like); against; for; per; (increasingly) with the passage of (days, etc.). Mortem is the accusative singular form of mors, mortis (3f): death. Ēgit is the third person singular perfect form of agō, agere, ēgī, āctum (3): to drive, cause to move; do, perform, deal with, be engaged in; act. Furor, furōris (3m): madness; rage, fury.

Dum (conj.): while, as; until; as long as, provided that (the meaning while often takes a present-tense verb when referring to the past). Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Petō, petere, petīvī/petiī, petītum (3): to direct one’s course to, make for; seek; attack; ask for. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on, at, among (denoting position—where someone/something is); (with acc.) into, onto (or in or on denoting motion toward an object or in a certain direction), to, toward, at (again with motion; e. g. , to rush at someone); until; according to (a pattern or sim.), in (a manner or the like); against; for; per; (increasingly) with the passage of (days, etc.). Illam is the feminine accusative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it. Incidō, incidere, incidī, incāsum (3): to fall upon; come (upon someone/something) by chance, happen (on), run (into); happen (to), befall.

(Calling for an ugly civil war.) Frāter, frātris (3m): brother. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on, at, among (denoting position—where someone/something is); (with acc.) into, onto (or in or (up)on denoting motion toward an object or in a certain direction), to, toward, at (again with motion; e. g. , to rush at someone); until; according to (a pattern or sim.), in (a manner or the like); against; for; per; (increasingly) with the passage of (days, etc.). Frātrem is the accusative singular form of frāter, frātris (3m): brother. Ruat is the third person singular subjunctive form of ruō, ruere, ruī, ruitūrus (3): to rush; fall, collapse.

Rāpa is the nominative plural form of rāpum, rāpī (2n): turnip. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on, at, among (denoting position—where someone/something is); (with acc.) into, onto (or in or on denoting motion toward an object or in a certain direction), to, toward, at (again with motion; e. g. , to rush at someone or, like here, to throw something at someone); until; according to (a pattern or sim.), in (a manner or the like); against; for; per; (increasingly) with the passage of (days, etc.). Eum is the masculine accusative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Iacta sunt is the third person neuter plural perfect passive form of iaciō, iacere, iēcī, iactum (3, –iō): to throw.

(The this is virtue (virtūs, virtūtis (3f)); the parts are moderation, bravery, prudence, etc.) Hanc is the feminine accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on, at, among (denoting position—where someone/something is); (with acc.) into, onto (or in or on denoting motion toward an object or in a certain direction), to, toward, at (again with motion; e. g. , to rush at someone); until; according to (a pattern or sim.), in (a manner or the like); against; for; per; (increasingly) with the passage of (days, etc.). Partēs is the accusative plural form of pars, partis (3f): part. Dīvīsimus is the first person plural perfect form of dīvidō, dīvidere, dīvīsī, dīvīsum (3): to divide.

(Most of the things that make us angry.) Plēraque is the neuter nominative plural form of plērusque/plēraque/plērumque (1/2): most. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on, at, among (denoting position—where someone/something is); (with acc.) into, onto (or in or on denoting motion toward an object or in a certain direction), to, toward, at (again with motion; e. g. , to rush at someone); until; according to (a pattern or sim.), in (a manner or the like); against; for; per; (increasingly) with the passage of (days, etc.). Lūsum is the accusative singular form of lūsus, lūsūs (4m): play, sport, game. Iocumque: iocum is the accusative singular form of iocus, iocī (2m): joke, jest; the enclitic conjunction –que adds and. Vertantur is the third person plural passive subjunctive form of vertō, vertere, vertī, versum (3): to turn; turn around, reverse (a jussive subjunctive).

(An old crow has been been explaining her tricks to avoid death: respect the strong and despise the helpless.) Ideō (adv.): therefore, on that account, that is why, for this/that/the reason. Senectam is the accusative singular form of senecta, senectae (1f): old age. Mīlle: thousand. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on, at, among (denoting position—where someone/something is); (with acc.) into, onto (or in or on denoting motion toward an object or in a certain direction), to, toward, at (again with motion; e. g. , to rush at someone); until; according to (a pattern or sim.), in (a manner or the like); against; for; per; (increasingly) with the passage of (days, etc.). Annōs is the accusative plural form of annus, annī (2m): year. Prōrogō, prōrogāre, prōrogāvī, prōrogātum (1): to prolong, extend, continue.

Urbe is the ablative singular form of urbs, urbis (3f): city. Tamen (adv.): nevertheless, yet, still. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on, at, among (denoting position—where someone/something is); (with acc.) into, onto (or in or on denoting motion toward an object or in a certain direction), to, toward, at (again with motion; e. g. , to rush at someone); until; according to (a pattern or sim.), in (a manner or the like); against; for; per; (increasingly) with the passage of (days, etc.). Decem (indeclinable): ten. Annōs is the accusative plural form of annus, annī (2m): year. Prohibita est is the third person feminine singular perfect passive form of prohibeō, prohibēre, prohibuī, prohibitum (2): to keep off; prevent, hold back, restrain; forbid; debar, ban.

In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on, at, among (denoting position—where someone/something is); (with acc.) into, onto (or in or on denoting motion toward an object or in a certain direction), to, toward, at (again with motion; e. g. , to rush at someone); until; according to (a pattern or sim.), in (a manner or the like); against; for; per; (increasingly) with the passage of (days, etc.). Hunc is the masculine accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Modum is the accusative singular form of modus, modī (2m): quantity, measure; limit; moderation; way, manner. Fīlia, fīliae (1f): daughter. Iniūriam is the accusative singular form of iniūria, iniūriae (1f): injury, wrong, insult. Tulit is the third person singular perfect form of ferō, ferre, tulī, lātum (3, irreg.): to carry, bear; endure.

Largissimus/largissima/largissimum (1/2): most generous—the superlative form of largus/larga/largum (1/2): abundant; generous, liberal. Fuit: he was—the third person singular perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on, at, among (denoting position—where someone/something is); (with acc.) into, onto (or in or on denoting motion toward an object or in a certain direction), to, toward, at (again with motion; e. g. , to rush at someone); until; according to (a pattern or sim.), in (a manner or the like); against; for; per; (increasingly) with the passage of (days, etc.). Amīcōs is the accusative plural form of amīcus, amīcī (2m): friend.

Dīc is the singular imperative form of dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say, speak. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on, at, among (denoting position—where someone/something is); (with acc.) into, onto (or in or on denoting motion toward an object or in a certain direction), to, toward, at (again with motion; e. g. , to rush at someone); until; according to (a pattern or sim.), in (a manner or the like); against; for; per; (increasingly) with the passage of (days, etc.). Avāritiam is the accusative singular form of avāritia, avāritiae (1f): greed. Luxuriam is the accusative singular form of luxuria, luxuriae (1f): luxury, extravagance.

(Good men who suffer; he means they teach endurance by their example.) Nātī sunt is the third person masculine plural perfect form of nāscor, nāscī, nātus sum (3, deponent): to be born. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on, at, among (denoting position—where someone/something is); (with acc.) into, onto (or in or on denoting motion toward an object or in a certain direction), to, toward, at (again with motion; e. g. , to rush at someone); until; according to (a pattern or sim.), in (a manner or the like); against; for; per; (increasingly) with the passage of (days, etc.). Exemplar is the accusative singular form of exemplar, exemplāris (3n): example; pattern, model, exemplar; copy, reproduction.

In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on, at, among (denoting position—where someone/something is); (with acc.) into, onto (or in or on denoting motion toward an object or in a certain direction), to, toward, at (again with motion; e. g. , to rush at someone); until; according to (a pattern or sim.), in (a manner or the like); against; for (here idiomatically in); per; (increasingly) with the passage of (days, etc.). Memoriam is the accusative singular form of memoria, memoriae (1f): memory. (The idea of a memorial is to create continued memory; therefore “memory” is a purpose, a figurative end of motion, and goes in the accusative.)

(Feeding peacocks—pāvō, pāvōnis (3m).) Sēius/Sēia/Sēium (1/2): a family name. Iīs is the m/f/n (here m) dative plural form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Dat is the third person singular form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on, at, among (denoting position—where someone/something is); (with acc.) into, onto (or in or on denoting motion toward an object or in a certain direction), to, toward, at (again with motion; e. g. , to rush at someone); until; according to (a pattern or sim.), in (a manner or the like); against; for; per; (increasingly) with the passage of (days, etc.). Mēnsēs is the accusative plural form mēnsis, mēnsis (3m): month. Singulōs is the masculine accusative plural form of singulus/singula/singulum (1/2): taken individually, single, separate, isolated, individual; (in pl. only) one each, one by one, one at a time, each individually, every single, distributed by sets of one. Hordeum, hordeī (2n): barley. Singulōs is the masculine accusative plural form of singulus/singula/singulum (1/2): taken individually, single, separate, isolated, individual; (in pl. only) one each, one by one, one at a time, each individually, every single, distributed by sets of one. Modiōs is the accusative plural form of modius, modiī (2m): a Roman dry measure, roughly equivalent to a peck (more or less nine liters).

Auget is the third person singular form of augeō, augēre, auxī, auctum (2): to increase (something), make bigger or more intense. Tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours. Amīcus, amīcī (2m): (male) friend. Furōrem is the accusative singular form of furor, furōris (3m): madness; rage, fury. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on, at, among (denoting position—where someone/something is); (with acc.) into, onto (or in or on denoting motion toward an object or in a certain direction), to, toward, at (again with motion; e. g. , to rush at someone); until; according to (a pattern or sim.), in (a manner or the like); against; for; per; (increasingly) with the passage of (days, etc.). Diēs is the accusative plural form of diēs, diēī (5m/f): day. In diēs = by the day; daily, every day.

Est: is. Iūdaeam is the accusative singular form of Iūdaea, Iūdaeae (1f): southwestern part of Palestine; the country of the Jewish people. Inter (prep.): among; between; in the course of, during (takes the accusative). Syriamque: Syriam is the accusative singular form of Syria, Syriae (1f): Syria; the enclitic conjunction –que adds and. Carmēlus, Carmēlī (2m): a mountain located in current-day Israel.

Inter (prep.): among; between; in the course of, during (takes the accusative). Caecōs is the accusative plural form of caecus/caeca/caecum (1/2): blind; dark; invisible. Rēgnat is the third person singular form of rēgnō, rēgnāre, rēgnāvī, rēgnātum (1): to reign. Strabus/straba/strabum (1/2): squinting, cross-eyed.

Malī is the masculine nominative plural form of malus/mala/malum (1/2): bad; evil, wicked. Inter (prep.): among; between; in the course of, during (takes the accusative). Malōs is the masculine accusative plural form of malus/mala/malum (1/2): bad; evil, wicked. Vīvimus is the first person plural form of vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctum (3): to live.

Nōn: not. Est: it is. Facilis/facilis/facile (3): easy. Inter (prep.): among; between; in the course of, during (takes the accusative). Magna is the neuter accusative plural form of magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): large, great. Mala is the accusative plural form of malum, malī (2n): evil; misfortune, disaster. Cōnsipiō, cōnsipere, —, — (3, –iō): to be sane, be in one’s right mind.

Hoc is the neuter accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it. Inter (prep.): among; between; in the course of, during (takes the accusative). Cēnam is the accusative singular form of cēna, cēnae (1f): dinner. Tīrōnī is the dative singular form of Tīrō, Tīrōnis (3m): cognomen (nickname) of Cicero’s secretary. Dictō, dictāre, dictāvī, dictātum (1): to dictate.

Prōsunt is the third person plural form of prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuī, prōfutūrus (irreg.): to benefit, serve, be helpful. Inter (prep.): among; between; in the course of, during (takes the accusative). Sē: themselves—the accusative form of the reflexive pronoun. Bonī is the masculine nominative plural form of bonus/bona/bonum (1/2): good (used substantively: good men).

Vagus/vaga/vagum (1/2): roving, wandering. Intrā (adv.): within, inside. Terror, terrōris (3m): great fear, terror. Oberrat is the third person singular form of oberrō, oberrāre, oberrāvī, oberrātum (1): to wander (up), advance this way and that; hover before (with dative).

(. . . while the corrupting parts of them are plainly visible. He’s talking to an Epicurean.) Honesta is the neuter nominative plural form of honestus/honesta/honestum (1/2): honorable, noble. Praecepta is the nominative plural form of praeceptum, praeceptī (2n): piece of advice or teaching, precept; instruction. Intrā (adv.): within, inside. Latent is the third person plural form of lateō, latēre, latuī, — (2): to be hidden, hide, lurk; be obscure or unknown.

(He’s talking about an asthma attack.) Intrā (prep.): within, inside (takes accusative). Hōram is the accusative singular form of hōra, hōrae (1f): hour. Ferē (adv.): approximately, about; nearly; usually, in general. Dēsinit is the third person singular form of dēsinō, dēsinere, dēsiī/dēsīvī, dēsitum (3): to leave off, stop, end, cease.

Nūllus/nūlla/nūllum (1/2, irreg.): no, not any. Intrā (prep.): within, inside (takes accusative). Sē: itself—the accusative form of the reflexive pronoun. Manet is the third person singular form of maneō, manēre, mānsī, mānsum (2): to remain, stay. Vitium, vitiī (2n): vice, fault, flaw.

Sacer/sacra/sacrum (1/2): sacred. Intrā (prep.): within, inside (takes accusative). Nōs is the accusative form of nōs: we (us). Spīritus, spīritūs (4m): breath; spirit. Sedet is the third person singular form of sedeō, sedēre, sēdī, sessum (2): to sit; lodge; be situated.

(That is, over his mouth—to stop his spirit from escaping when he sleeps.) Follem is the accusative singular form of follis, follis (3m): bag or sack. Obstringit is the third person singular form of obstringō, obstringere, obstrīnxī, obstrictum (3): to constrict; restrain; tie, bind. Ob (prep.): toward; against, in front of, in the way of (so as to block); because of, for (takes the accusative). Gulam is the accusative singular form of gula, gulae (1f): throat, gullet.

Mors, mortis (3f): death. Ob (prep.): toward; against, in front of, in the way of (so as to block); because of, for (takes the accusative). Oculōs is the accusative plural form of oculus, oculī (2m): eye. Saepe (adv.): often. Versāta est is the third person feminine singular perfect passive form of versō, versāre, versāvī, versātum (1): to turn over, spin, whirl, twist; turn over in the mind, ponder; (in the passive) to be constantly in a certain place, situation, activity, etc. ; dwell, remain; be involved (in), concern oneself (with).

(Suffering on account of someone else’s error.) Ob (prep.): towards; against, in front of, in the way of (so as to block); because of, for (a reason) (takes the accusative). Textor, textōris (3m): weaver. Errātum is the accusative singular form of errātum, errātī (2n): error, mistake.

Ob (prep.): towards; against, in front of, in the way of (so as to block); because of, for (a reason) (takes the accusative). Hoc is the neuter accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it. Prōfice is the singular imperative form of prōficiō, prōficere, prōfēcī, prōfectum (3, –iō): to advance, progress; gain results, achieve something; be useful, profit, benefit. Ut (conj. , with subjunctive): that, so that, in order to. Amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum (1): to love. Discās is the second person singular subjunctive form of discō, discere, didicī, discitūrus (3): to learn.

Quam is the feminine accusative singular form of quī/quae/quod (interrog. adj.): which. . . ? what. . . ? Ob (prep.): towards; against, in front of, in the way of (so as to block); because of, for (a reason) (takes the accusative). Causam is the accusative singular form of causa, causae (1f): cause, reason; case.

Cēterī is the masculine nominative plural form of cēterus/cētera/cēterum (1/2): (all) (the) other(s), the rest (of). Vādunt is the third person plural form of vādō, vādere, vāsī, — (3): to go, advance, proceed (especially in a quick, violent or purposeful manner). Per (prep.): through; throughout; by, by means of, by the agency of; during (takes the accusative). Opāca is the neuter accusative plural form of opācus/opāca/opācum (1/2): shaded, dark, obscure (used substantively). Trīstēs is the m/f nominative plural form of trīstis/trīstis/trīste (3): sad, sorrowful, depressed; harsh, bitter, distressing; grim, dreadful, forbidding; stern, austere.

Iuvat is the third person singular form of iuvō, iuvāre, iūvī, iūtum (1): to help; benefit, avail; delight, gratify, please. Per (prep.): through; throughout; by, by means of, by the agency of; during (takes the accusative). Ipsōs is the masculine accusative plural form of ipse/ipsa/ipsum (adj.): himself/herself/itself/oneself/myself/etc. ; in person; the very. Ingredior, ingredī, ingressus sum (3, –ior, deponent): to go into, enter; move forward, advance; embark (on an activity), begin. Stygiōs is the masculine accusative plural form of Stygius/Stygia/Stygium (1/2): Stygian, of the Styx. Lacūs is the accusative plural form of lacus, lacūs (4m): lake, pond, pool.

Torpor, torpōris (3m): numbness; sluggishness, inactivity. Īnsēdit is the third person singular perfect form of īnsīdō, īnsīdere, īnsēdī, īnsessum (3): to sit or settle (upon). Per (prep.): through; throughout; by, by means of, by the agency of; during (takes the accusative). Artūs is the accusative plural form of artus, artūs (4m): joint, articulation; limb.

Per (prep.): through; throughout; by, by means of, by the agency of; during (takes the accusative). Fās (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here acc.): something that is right or permissible (primarily by divine law but sometimes extended to other types of right). Et (conj.): and. Nefās (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here acc.): a wrong, wicked or sacrilegious act; a thing forbidden (primarily by divine law but sometimes extended to other types of wrong).

(Advice on rearing a child.) Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here acc.): nothing. Per (prep.): through; throughout; by, by means of, by the agency of; during (takes the accusative). Īrācundiam is the accusative singular form of īrācundia, īrācundiae (1f): irascibility, hastiness of temper, proneness to anger; anger. Exōret is the third person singular subjunctive form of exōrō, exōrāre, exōrāvī, exōrātum (1): to persuade, win over; obtain by entreaty, win (something one has requested) (subjunctive because it’s jussive).

(That is, his other wars—besides the two that he conducted himself.) Reliqua is the neuter accusative plural form of reliquus/reliqua/reliquum (1/2): left, remaining, the rest (of). Per (prep.): through; throughout; by, by means of, by the agency of; during (takes the accusative). Lēgātōs is the accusative plural form of lēgātus, lēgātī (2m): ambassador, envoy, deputy, delegate. Administrāvit is the third person singular perfect form of administrō, administrāre, administrāvī, administrātum (1): to assist; manage, carry out, conduct.

Dīgladientur is the third person plural subjunctive form of dīgladior, dīgladiārī, dīgladiātus sum (1, deponent): to fight fiercely or to the death. Illī is the masculine nominative plural form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it. Per (prep.): through; throughout; by, by means of, by the agency of; during (takes the accusative). Mē is the accusative form of ego: I (me). Licet, licēre, licuit/licitum est (2): it is allowed, it is permitted, it is possible (impersonal) (what is permitted can be expressed with a subjunctive clause).

(That is, above foolishness; everyone needs help.) Nēmō, nēminis (3m): no man, no one, nobody. Per (prep.): through; throughout; by, by means of, by the agency of; during (takes the accusative). Sē: himself—the accusative form of the reflexive pronoun. Satis (adv.): enough. Valet is the third person singular form of valeō, valēre, valuī, valitum (2): to be healthy or strong; be worth; be of effect. Ut (conj. , with subjunctive): that, so that. Ēmergat is the third person singular subjunctive form of ēmergō, ēmergere, ēmersī, ēmersum (3): to come up out of the water; emerge; come forth, appear; extricate oneself.

Sed (conj.): but. Properā is the singular imperative form of properō, properāre, properāvī, properātum (1): to hasten, hurry. Per (prep.): through; throughout; by, by means of, by the agency of; during (takes the accusative). Deōs is the accusative plural form of deus, deī (2m, irreg.): god, deity.

Rōmae is the locative singular form of Rōma, Rōmae (1f): Rome. Per (prep.): through; throughout; by, by means of, by the agency of; during (takes the accusative). Idem is the neuter accusative singular form of īdem/eadem/idem (adj.): the same. Tempus is the accusative singular form of tempus, temporis (3n): time. Duo/duae/duo (irreg.): two. Maximī is the masculine nominative plural form of maximus/maxima/maximum (1/2): greatest, very great—the superlative form of magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): great, large. Fuērunt: there were—the third person plural perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Terrōrēs is the nominative plural form of terror, terrōris (3m): great fear, terror; object of fear, cause of alarm.

Senātus, senātūs (4m): senate. Per (prep.): through; throughout; by, by means of, by the agency of; during (takes the accusative). Tōtum is the m/n accusative singular form of tōtus/tōta/tōtum (1/2, irreg.): whole, entire. Diem is the accusative singular form of diēs, diēī (5 m/f): day. Saepe (adv.): often. Cōnsulitur is the third person singular passive form of cōnsulō, cōnsulere, cōnsuluī, cōnsultum (3): to consult, deliberate, ask one’s opinion (with accusative); give thought to (with dative).

Andromachēn is the accusative singular form of Andromachē, Andromachēs (1f, Greek declension): Andromache, tall wife of Hector. Ab/ā (prep.): (away) from; by (takes the ablative). Fronte is the ablative singular form of frōns, frontis (3f): forehead, brow; front, façade; that which is outwardly visible, appearance. Vidēbis is the second person singular future form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see. Post (adv.): behind (sometimes from behind); afterward, later. Minor/minor/minus (3): smaller, lesser; less important—the comparative form of parvus/parva/parvum (1/2): small, little; unimportant. Est: she is.

Ego: I. Post (adv.): behind; afterward, later. Tibi: to you—the dative form of tū: you. Reddam is the first person singular future form of reddō, reddere, reddidī, redditum (3): to give back, return. Duplex is the neuter accusative singular form of duplex, duplicis (3, adj.): twofold, double.

Sciēs is the second person singular future form of sciō, scīre, scīvī/sciī, scītum (4): to know. Haud (adv.): not, not at all, by no means. Multō (adv.): much, by much. Post (adv.): behind; afterward, later.

(From a letter written to Cicero; the author is narrating a voyage.) Post (prep.): behind; after (takes accusative). Mē is the accusative form of ego: I (me). Erat: was—the third person singular imperfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Aegīna, Aegīnae (1f): Greek island.

Tū: you. Post (prep.): behind; after (takes accusative). Cārecta is the accusative plural form of cārectum, cārectī (2n): a bed of sedge or rushes (marshy grasses). Latēbās is the second person singular imperfect form of lateō, latēre, latuī, — (3): to hide, lurk; be obscure or unknown.

Repente (adv.): suddenly. Post (prep.): behind; after (takes accusative). Tergum is the accusative singular form of tergum, tergī (2n): back; rear. Equitātus, equitātūs (4m): cavalry. Cernitur is the third person singular passive form of cernō, cernere, crēvī, crētum (3): to discern, perceive, see (it’s in the historical present).

Post (prep.): behind; after (takes accusative). Haec is the neuter accusative plural form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it (these things). Ait is the third person singular form of aiō (3, defective): to say.

(But you never know.) Post (prep.): behind; after (takes accusative). Mē is the accusative form of ego: I (me). Morior, morī, mortuus sum (3, –ior, deponent): to die. Dēbet is the third person singular form of dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitum (2): to owe; ought.

Hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it. Erit is the third person singular future form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrum (irreg.): to be. Post (prep.): behind; after (takes accusative). Mē is the accusative form of ego: I (me). Quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Ante (prep.): before; in front of (takes accusative). Fuit is the third person singular perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrum (irreg.): to be.

Eam is the feminine accusative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Postquam (conj.): after (post = later; quam = than). Peperit is the third person singular perfect form of pariō, parere, peperī, partum (3): to give birth to; cause; produce; get, acquire. Iussit is the third person singular perfect form of iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussum (2): to order, command, bid. Parvam is the feminine accusative singular form of parvus/parva/parvum (1/2): small, little; unimportant. Prōicī is the passive infinitive form of prōiciō, prōicere, prōiēcī, prōiectum (3, –iō): to throw or fling forth, cast away; reject; abandon.

Iacet is the third person singular form of iaceō, iacēre, iacuī, iacitum (2): to lie (in a certain place or state, or be in a recumbent position); lie overthrown; lie dead. Post (prep.): behind; after (takes accusative). Āmissum is the m/n accusative singular form of āmissus/āmissa/āmissum (1/2), the perfect passive participle (having been lost) of āmittō, āmittere, āmīsī, āmissum (3): to lose; let go. Scaurus, Scaurī (2m): Scaurus, Roman cognomen. Exercitum is the accusative singular form of exercitus, exercitūs (4m): army.

Eunt is the third person plural form of eō, īre, iī/īvī, itum (irreg.): to go, advance, proceed. Praeter (adv.): past, by, across; in addition, besides. Sēcūra is the neuter nominative plural form of sēcūrus/sēcūra/sēcūrum (1/2): unconcerned, unafraid; secure. Armenta is the nominative plural form of armentum, armentī (2n): cattle or head of cattle; herd. Gregēsque: gregēs is the nominative plural form of grex, gregis (3m): flock, pack; group; the enclitic conjunction –que adds and.

(Crimes, evils—they’re everywhere and aren’t even hidden anymore.) Praeter (prep.): past, by, across; beyond; contrary to; besides, except, aside from (takes accusative). Oculōs is the accusative plural form of oculus, oculī (2m): eye. Eunt is the third person plural form of eō, īre, iī/īvī, itum (irreg.): to go, advance, proceed.

(Yet we don’t think about death.) Tot (indeclinable adj.): so many. Praeter (prep.): past, by, across; beyond; contrary to; besides, except, aside from (takes accusative). Domum is the accusative singular form of domus, domūs (2/4f): house, home. Nostram is the feminine accusative singular form of noster/nostra/nostrum (1/2): our, ours. Dūcuntur is the third person plural passive form of dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductum (3): to lead, guide, bring, take (to a place); draw; think, consider. Exequiae, exequiārum (1f, plural only—also exsequiae): funeral procession (or processions; it can refer to one or more).

(When affliction draws near.) Praeter (prep.): past, by, across; beyond; contrary to; besides, except, aside from (takes accusative). Modum is the accusative singular form of modus, modī (2m): measured amount, quantity, measure; limit; moderation; way, manner. Plērīque is the masculine nominative plural of plērusque/plēraque/plērumque (1/2): most (m. pl. used substantively to mean most people). Exterrentur is the third person plural passive form of exterreō, exterrēre, exterruī, exterritum (2): to strike with terror, frighten, terrify.

Praeter (prep.): past, by, across; beyond; contrary to; besides, except, aside from (takes accusative). Spem is the accusative singular form of spēs, speī (5f): hope; expectation. Ēvēnit is the third person singular perfect form of ēveniō, ēvenīre, ēvēnī, ēventum (4): to turn out, result; happen.

(Describing the view of Parmenides.) Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here nom.): nothing. Est: there is. Praeter (prep.): past, by, across; beyond; contrary to; besides, except, aside from (takes accusative). Ūnum is the m/n accusative singular form of ūnus/ūna/ūnum (1/2, irreg.): one.

Nēmō, nēminis (3m): no one. Ergō (particle): therefore, so, then. Scit is the third person singular form of sciō, scīre, scīvī/sciī, scītum (4): to know; know how (to). Praeter (prep.): past, by, across; beyond; contrary to; besides, except, aside from (takes accusative). Sapientem is the accusative singular form of sapiēns, sapientis (3m): wise man, sage. Referō, referre, rettulī, relātum (3, irreg.): to bring back; give back, return; report, register, record. Grātiam is the accusative singular form of grātia, grātiae (1f): favor; popularity; friendship; gratitude. Grātiam referre is a common expression: to return a favor.

Nīl (contraction of nihil; n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here nom.): nothing, naught. Praeter (usually a preposition taking the accusative, but here used as a conjunction): besides, except, aside from. Salicēs is the nominative plural form of salix, salicis (3f): willow. Cassaque: cassus/cassa/cassum (1/2): hollow, empty; fruitless; the enclitic conjunction –que adds and. Canna, cannae (1f): reed, cane. Fuit: there was—the third person singular perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

Ipsī is the masculine nominative plural form of ipse/ipsa/ipsum (pron. or adj.): himself/herself/itself/oneself/yourself/etc. ; in person; the very. Intus (adv.): within, inside. Dextrā: on the right-hand side—the ablative singular form of dextra, dextrae (1f—also dextera): the right hand; the right-hand side, the right (a substantive use of the feminine form of dexter/dext(e)ra/dext(e)rum (1/2): situated on the right). Atque/ac (conj.): and, and also, and then. Laevā: on the left-hand side—the ablative singular form of laeva, laevae (1f): the left hand; the left-hand side, the left (a substantive use of the feminine form of laevus/laeva/laevum (1/2): situated on the left). Prō (prep.): in front of, before; for; in place of, instead of; in exchange for; in return for; as, as if, in the capacity of; on behalf of; in defense of; in favor of; in view of; in proportion to, according to (takes the ablative). Turribus is the ablative plural form of turris, turris (3f): tower. Astant is the third person plural form of astō, astāre, astitī, — (1): to stand near, stand by.

Nē (adv.): not (in a command, wish, or purpose). Verba is the accusative plural form of verbum, verbī (2n): word. Prō (prep.): in front of, before; for; in place of, instead of; in exchange for; in return for; as, as if, in the capacity of; on behalf of; in defense of; in favor of; in view of; in proportion to, according to (takes the ablative). Farīnā is the ablative singular form of farīna, farīnae (1f): flour. (The verb is implied.)

Age is the singular imperative form of agō, agere, ēgī, āctum (3): to drive, cause to move; do, perform. Potius (adv.): rather, preferably; in a manner more to one’s liking. Grātiās is the accusative plural form of grātia, grātiae (1f): favor; gratitude, (in plural) thanks; grace. Grātiās agere = to give, or express, thanks. Prō (prep.): in front of, before; for; in place of, instead of; in exchange for; in return for; as, as if, in the capacity of; on behalf of; in defense of; in favor of; in view of; in proportion to, according to (takes the ablative). Hīs is the m/f/n (here n) ablative plural form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it (these things). Quae is the neuter accusative plural form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Accēpistī is the second person singular perfect form of accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptum (3, –iō): to receive, accept, take.

Quīdam/quaedam/quiddam (pron.): a certain one, somebody, something. Expositum is the m/n accusative singular form of expositus/exposita/expositum (1/2), the perfect passive participle (exposed) of expōnō, expōnere, exposuī, expositum (3): to expose; exhibit; explain. Sustulit is the third person singular perfect form of tollō, tollere, sustulī, sublātum (3): to lift, raise; pick up, take up; take (away), remove, do away with. Prō (prep.): in front of, before; for; in place of, instead of; in exchange for; in return for; as, as if, in the capacity of; on behalf of; in defense of; in favor of; in view of; in proportion to, according to (takes the ablative). Fīliō is the ablative singular form of fīlius, fīliī (2m): son. Ēducāvit is the third person singular perfect form of ēducō, ēducāre, ēducāvī, ēducātum (1): to raise, bring up, rear (a child).

Omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Ignōtus/ignōta/ignōtum (1/2): unknown. Prō (prep.): in front of, before; for; in place of, instead of; in exchange for; in return for; as, as if, in the capacity of; on behalf of; in defense of; in favor of; in view of; in proportion to, according to (takes the ablative). Magnificō is the m/n (here n) ablative singular form of magnificus/magnifica/magnificum (1/2): magnificent, splendid, excellent, great. Est: is.

(He’s quoting Democritus.) Ūnus/ūna/ūnum (1/2, irreg.): one; alone; only, sole, single. Mihi is the dative form of ego: I (to me). Prō (prep.): in front of, before; for; in place of, instead of; in exchange for; in return for; as, as if, in the capacity of; on behalf of; in defense of; in favor of; in view of; in proportion to, according to (takes the ablative). Populō is the ablative singular form of populus, populī (2m): people; nation; populace; crowd, multitude. Est: is. Et (conj.): and. Populus, populī (2m): people; nation; populace; crowd, multitude. Ūnō is the m/n (here m) ablative singular form of ūnus/ūna/ūnum (1/2, irreg.): one; alone; only, sole, single.

Dolōrem is the accusative singular form of dolor, dolōris (3m): pain; grief, sorrow. Refugiō, refugere, refūgī, — (3, –iō): to flee; avoid; shrink from. Prō (prep.): in front of, before; for; in place of, instead of; in exchange for; in return for; as, as if, in the capacity of; on behalf of; in defense of; in favor of; in view of; in proportion to, according to (takes the ablative). Quō is the m/n (here m) ablative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Mē is the ablative form of ego: I (me, myself).

Dulcis/dulcis/dulce (3): sweet, delightful. Et (conj.): and. Decōrus/decōra/decōrum (1/2): good-looking, handsome, beautiful, elegant; becoming, fitting, proper; noble, honorable. Est: it is. Prō (prep.): in front of, before; for; in place of, instead of; in exchange for; in return for; as, as if, in the capacity of; on behalf of; in defense of; in favor of; in view of; in proportion to, according to (takes the ablative). Patriā is the ablative singular form of patria, patriae (1f): fatherland, country. Morior, morī, mortuus sum (3, –ior, deponent): to die.

(She = philosophy.) Mūtat is the third person singular form of mūtō, mūtāre, mūtāvī, mūtātum (1): to change, transform. Prō (prep.): in front of, before; for; in place of, instead of; in exchange for; in return for; as, as if, in the capacity of; on behalf of; in defense of; in favor of; in view of; in proportion to, according to (takes the ablative). Tempore is the ablative singular form of tempus, temporis (3n): time, season, period, moment; circumstance(s), situation, occasion. Dēliciārum is the genitive plural form of dēlicia, dēliciae (1f, usually plural): delight, pleasure. Varietātem is the accusative singular form of varietās, varietātis (3f): variety.

Interdum (adv.): sometimes, occasionally, now and then, from time to time. Propter (adv.): near, hard by, close at hand. Dormiet is the third person singular future form of dormiō, dormīre, dormīvī/dormiī, dormītum (4): to sleep.

In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on (denoting position); (with acc.) into, onto (or in or on denoting motion toward an object, in a direction, etc.). Prātulō is the ablative singular form of prātulum, prātulī (2n): small meadow. Propter (prep.) near, hard by, close to; because of, on account of (takes accusative). Platō, Platōnis (3m): Plato. Statuam is the accusative singular form of statua, statuae (1f): statue. Cōnsēdimus is the first person plural perfect form of cōnsīdō, cōnsīdere, cōnsēdī, cōnsessum (3): to sit down.

Propter (prep.): near, hard by, close to; because of, on account of (takes accusative). Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Morior, morī, mortuus sum (3, –ior, deponent): to die. Cupiō, cupere, cupīvī/cupiī, cupītum (3, –iō): to desire, wish, long (for/to).

Quid (interrog. adv.): why? Igitur (conj.): therefore, so, then. Fugiēbant is the third person plural imperfect form of fugiō, fugere, fūgī, fugitūrus (3, –iō): to flee, run away. Propter (prep.): near, hard by, close to; because of, on account of (takes accusative). Metum is the accusative singular form of metus, metūs (4m): fear.

Post (prep.): after; behind (takes the accusative). Hoc is the neuter accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it. Ergō (particle): therefore, so, then. Propter (prep.): near, hard by, close to; because of, on account of (takes accusative).

Age is the singular imperative form of agō, agere, ēgī, āctum (3): to drive, cause to move; do, perform; the imperative is used idiomatically to mean come (on)! as a call to action. Ī is the singular imperative form of eō, īre, iī/īvī, itum (irreg.): to go, advance, proceed. Tū: you (could be nominative or vocative). Secundum (adv.): in a position following, behind; alongside.

Secundum (prep.): along, alongside; next to; after; according to (takes accusative). Lītus is the accusative singular form of lītus, lītoris (3n): shore, coast, beach. Facit is the third person singular form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make (it’s in the historical present). Castra is the accusative plural form of castrum, castrī (2n): fortified place; (in the plural only, with singular translation) camp.

Secundum (prep.): along, alongside; next to; after; according to (takes accusative). Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here nom.): nothing. Est: is. Mihi: to me—the dative form of ego: I. Amīcior/amīcior/amīcius (3): friendlier—the comparative form of amīcus/amīca/amīcum (1/2): friendly. Sōlitūdine is the ablative singular form of sōlitūdō, sōlitūdinis (3f): solitude (the ablative of comparison).

Secundum (prep.): along, alongside; next to; after; according to (with accusative). Lēgem is the accusative singular form of lēx, lēgis (3f): law, rule, principle. Fīat is the third person singular subjunctive form of fīō, fierī, —, — (irreg.): to be done; be made; happen; become (a jussive subjunctive).

Virtūs, virtūtis (3f): virtue, excellence or any positive quality; courage. Secundum (prep.): along, alongside; next to; after; according to. Nātūram is the accusative singular form of nātūra, nātūrae (1f): nature. Est: is.

(Taking control of life; the first task is to view life itself as not so important.) Secundus/secunda/secundum (1/2): moving alongside one, moving in the same direction; favorable; second. Opus, operis (3n): work; task. Est: it is.

Hūc (adv.): here (as a destination), hither, to this place. Secundus/secunda/secundum (1/2): moving alongside one, moving in the same direction; favorable; second. Ventus, ventī (2m): wind. Nunc (adv.): now. Est: there is.

Sine (prep.): without (takes ablative). Dolōre is the ablative singular form of dolor, dolōris (3m): pain. Peperit is the third person singular perfect form of pariō, parere, peperī, partum (3): to give birth (to = accusative); cause; produce; get, acquire.

Sine (prep.): without (takes ablative). Pennīs is the ablative plural form of penna, pennae (1f): wing; feather. Volā is the singular imperative form of volō, volāre, volāvī, volātum (1): to fly.

Nūllus/nūlla/nūllum (1/2, irreg.): no, none, not any. Est: is. Vitium, vitiī (2n): vice, fault, flaw. Sine (prep.): without (takes ablative). Patrōciniō is the ablative singular form of patrōcinium, patrōciniī (2n): defense (in court), advocacy; plea; excuse.

Quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Fortis/fortis/forte (3): brave, courageous; strong. Est: is. Sine (prep.): without (takes ablative). Timōre is the ablative singular form of timor, timōris (3m): fear, dread. Trīstitiā is the ablative singular form of trīstitia, trīstitiae (1f): sadness, sorrow. Beātus/beāta/beātum (1/2): happy, fortunate; prosperous.

Sine is the singular imperative form of sinō, sinere, sīvī, situm (3): to allow. Mē is the accusative form of ego: I (me). Et (adv.): also. Inquīrō, inquīrere, inquīsīvī/inquīsiī, inquīsītum (3): to inquire into, investigate, make inquiries.

Pervenit is the third person singular form of perveniō, pervenīre, pervēnī, perventum (4): to come (all the way to a place), arrive (it’s in the historical present; we know the e is short because of the meter). Ad (prep.): to, toward (takes the accusative). Tumulum is the accusative singular form of tumulus, tumulī (2m): mound, hill; burial mound, grave. Dictāque: dictā is the feminine ablative singular form of dictus/dicta/dictum (1/2), the perfect passive participle (having been said/appointed) of dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say; fix, appoint; the enclitic conjunction –que adds and. Sub (prep.): (with abl.) under, in a position under; (with acc.) under (with motion), to a position under, toward and under. Arbore is the ablative singular form of arbor, arboris (3f): tree. Sēdit is the third person singular perfect form of sedeō, sedēre, sēdī, sessum (2): to sit.

(The sage.) Stat is the third person singular form of stō, stāre, stetī, statum (1): to stand. Rēctus/rēcta/rēctum (1/2): straight; right; upright, erect—originally the perfect passive participle of regō, regere, rēxī, rēctum (3): to direct, guide; rule; set right. Sub (prep.): (with abl.) under, in a position under; (with acc.) under (with motion), to a position under, toward and under. Quōlibet is the m/n ablative singular form of quīlibet/quaelibet/quodlibet (adj.): any, any you like. Pondere is the ablative singular form of pondus, ponderis (3n): weight; load, burden.

(He’s asking why people are so impressed by gold ceilings or fancy titles.) Scīmus is the first person plural form of sciō, scīre, scīvī/sciī, scītum (4): to know. Enim (particle): for, indeed. Sub (prep.): (with abl.) under, beneath, in a position under/beneath; (with acc.) under, beneath (with motion), to a position under/beneath, toward and under/beneath. Illō is the m/n ablative singular form of ille/illa/illud (adj.): that. Aurō is the ablative singular form of aurum, aurī (2n): gold. Foeda is the neuter accusative plural form of foedus/foeda/foedum (1/2): foul, repulsive, disgusting; ugly. Ligna is the accusative plural form of lignum, lignī (2n): timber, wood. Latitō, latitāre, latitāvī, latitātum (1): to be hid, be concealed, hide, lurk.

Crēvistī is the second person singular perfect form of crēscō, crēscere, crēvī, crētum (3): to grow; grow up. Sub (prep.): (with abl.) under, in a position under; (with acc.) under (with motion), to a position under, toward and under. Novercā is the ablative singular form of noverca, novercae (1f): stepmother.

Nōn: not. Sumus: we are. Sub (prep.): (with abl.) under, in a position under; (with acc.) under (with motion), to a position under, toward and under. Rēge is the ablative singular form of rēx, rēgis (3m): king.

(He’s talking about a thistle that works as a remedy and as an aphrodisiac.) Aliquī is the masculine nominative plural form of aliquis/aliqua/aliquid (pron.): someone, something; (in pl.) some, some people, some things. Ex/ē (prep.): out of, from; of; in accordance with (takes the ablative). Nostrīs is the m/f/n (here m) ablative plural form of noster/nostra/nostrum (1/2): our, ours. Sub (prep.): (with abl.) under, in a position under; during; just before, at the approach of; (with acc.) under (with motion), to a position under, toward and under (and some temporal meanings as well). Sōlstitiō is the ablative singular form of sōlstitium, sōlstitiī (2n): solstice; often specifically the summer solstice. Colligī is the passive infinitive form of colligō, colligere, collēgī, collēctum (3): to gather, collect, assemble. Eam is the feminine accusative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Iussēre is the third person plural perfect form of iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussum (2): to order, command, bid, prescribe.

Ēmergēbat is the third person singular imperfect form of ēmergō, ēmergere, ēmersī, ēmersum (3): to come up out of the water; emerge; come forth, appear; extricate oneself. Subitō (adv.): suddenly. Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. Sub (prep.): (with abl.) under(neath), in a position under(neath); (with acc.) under (with motion), to a position under(neath), toward and under(neath). Tabulās is the accusative plural form of tabula, tabulae (1f): board, plank; tablet. Subrēpserat is the third person singular pluperfect form of subrēpō, subrēpere, subrēpsī, subrēptum (3—also surrēpō): to creep (under); creep up (to), steal (upon).

(Spoken when someone plunges into disaster; the comparison is to clubbing a pig to death.) Sūs, suis (3 m/f): pig, hog or sow. Sub (prep.): (with abl.) under, in a position under; (with acc.) under (with motion), to a position under, toward and under. Fūstem is the accusative singular form of fūstis, fūstis (3m): cudgel, club. (Some verb of motion is implied.)

Sub (prep.): (with abl.) under, in a position under; during; just before, at the approach of; (with acc.) under (with motion), to a position under, toward and under; just before, at the approach of; until; directly after; toward, at about. Haec is the neuter accusative plural form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Dicta is the accusative plural form of dictum, dictī (2n): word(s), utterance, saying, something that has been said (a substantive use of the neuter form of dictus/dicta/dictum (1/2), the perfect passive participle (having been said) of dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say). Lacrimantēs is the m/f nominative plural form of lacrimāns, lacrimantis (3), the present active participle (weeping) of lacrimō, lacrimāre, lacrimāvī, lacrimātum (1): to weep. Prōcubuērunt is the third person plural perfect form of prōcumbō, prōcumbere, prōcubuī, prōcubitum (3): to fall down; prostrate oneself.

Sub (prep.): (with abl.) under, in a position under; during; just before, at the approach of; (with acc.) under (with motion), to a position under, toward and under; just before, at the approach of; until; directly after; toward, at about. Idem is the neuter accusative singular form of īdem/eadem/idem (adj.): the same. Tempus is the accusative singular form of tempus, temporis (3n): time. Cōnsulēs is the nominative plural form of cōnsul, cōnsulis (3m): consul. Rōmam is the accusative singular form of Rōma, Rōmae (1f): Rome (the accusative of end of motion/place to which). Vēnērunt is the third person plural perfect form of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come.

Is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Victōs is the masculine accusative plural form of victus/victa/victum (1/2), the perfect passive participle (defeated) of vincō, vincere, vīcī, victum (3): to conquer, defeat; win, be victorious. Hostēs is the accusative plural form of hostis, hostis (3m/f): enemy. Sub (prep.): (with abl.) under, in a position under; (with acc.) under (with motion), to a position under, toward and under. Iugum is the accusative singular form of iugum, iugī (2n): yoke (in various senses; here it refers to a ritual arch of spears under which defeated enemies were sent as a symbol of subjection); ridge, cliff; summit (or upper ridges near the summit). Mīsit is the third person singular perfect form of mittō, mittere, mīsī, missum (3): to send; throw.

Imminet is the third person singular form of immineō, imminēre, —, — (2): to overhang; tower; threaten, menace, impend. Īda, Īdae (1f): a mountain range in Phrygia (part of modern-day Turkey); a mountain on Crete. Super (adv.): above, over, on top; beyond; in addition.

Pauca is the neuter accusative plural form of paucus/pauca/paucum (1/2): few. Super (adv.): above, over, on top; beyond; in addition. Referam is the first person singular future form of referō, referre, rettulī, relātum (3, irreg.): to bring back; give back, return; report, register, record.

Contrā (prep.): against (takes accusative). Epicūrum is the accusative singular form of Epicūrus, Epicūrī (2m): Epicurus. Satis (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here nom. ; it can also be an adverb): enough. Superque: super (adv.): above, over, on top; beyond; in addition; the enclitic conjunction –que adds and. Dictum est is the third person neuter singular perfect passive form of dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say.

Īnstābam is the first person singular imperfect form of īnstō, īnstāre, īnstitī, īnstātūrus (1): to stand on or over (often in a threatening or pressing manner); press; loom, threaten; insist; press on, urge on. Super (prep.): (with acc.) above, over, on top of, on; (with abl.) about, concerning. Caput is the accusative singular form of caput, capitis (3n): head. Nōn: not. Accūsātor, accūsātōris (3m): accuser; plaintiff. Sed (conj.): but. Tortor, tortōris (3m): torturer.

(In a state of eternal calm.) Tālis/tālis/tāle (3): such, of such a kind. Est: is. Sapiēns, sapientis (3m): wise man, sage. Animus, animī (2m): mind, soul. Quālis/quālis/quāle (3, rel. adj.): (such) as, (of the same kind or quality) as, like. Mundus, mundī (2m): heavens; universe; world. Super (prep.): (with acc.) above, over, on top of, on; (with abl.) about, concerning. Lūnam is the accusative singular form of lūna, lūnae (1f): moon.

(Above money, for example; virtue is appraised in its own currency.) Virtūs, virtūtis (3f): virtue, moral excellence or any positive quality; courage, valor. Super (prep.): (with acc.) above, over, on top of, on; (with abl.) about, concerning. Ista is the neuter accusative plural form of iste/ista/istud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it (those things). Cōnsistit is the third person singular form of cōnsistō, cōnsistere, cōnstitī, — (3): to stop, come to a halt; take up position, stand; be located.

(Based on an Aesop fable.) Leō, leōnis (3m): lion. Exuvium, exuviī (2n): something that has been stripped from one, such as spoils or a skin. Super (prep.): (with acc.) above, over, on top of, on; (with abl.) about, concerning. Asinum is the accusative singular form of asinus, asinī (2m): donkey, jackass.

(Talking about the Nile.) Sī (conj.): if. Crēvit is the third person singular perfect form of crēscō, crēscere, crēvī, crētum (3): to grow. Super (prep.): (with acc.) above, over, on top of, on; (with abl.) about, concerning. Dēbitum is the accusative singular form of dēbitum, dēbitī (2n): that which is owed, debt; that which is due (a substantive use of dēbitus/dēbita/dēbitum (1/2), the perfect passive participle of dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitum (2): to owe; ought). Nocuit is the third person singular perfect form of noceō, nocēre, nocuī, nocitum (2): to be harmful, do harm, injure, hurt, harm, impair.

Super (prep.): (with acc.) above, over, on top of, on; (with abl.) about, concerning. Haec is the neuter accusative plural form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it (these things). Timor, timōris (3m): fear, dread. Incessit is the third person singular perfect form of incēdō, incēdere, incessī, incessum (3): to step, walk, advance, march; (of circumstances) come, arise. Sabīnī is the m/n genitive singular form of Sabīnus/Sabīna/Sabīnum (1/2): Sabine (relating to the Sabine people, an ancient people of Italy). Bellum, bellī (2n): war.

Nīl (contraction of nihil; n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here acc.): nothing; (accusative used adverbially) in no respect, to no degree, not at all. Super (prep.): (with acc.) above, over, on top of, on; (with abl.) about, concerning. Imperiō is the ablative singular form of imperium, imperiī (2n): power, authority, rule; empire; command, order. Moveor is the first person singular passive form of moveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtum (2): to move, stir; disturb.

Quid is the neuter accusative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Nūntiās is the second person singular form of nūntiō, nūntiāre, nūntiāvī, nūntiātum (1): to report, announce. Super (prep.): (with acc.) above, over, on top of, on; (with abl.) about, concerning. Anū is the ablative singular form of anus, anūs (4f): old woman.

Ad (prep.): to, toward (takes the accusative). Ea is the neuter accusative plural form of is/ea/id (adj.): this, that. Castra is the accusative plural form of castrum, castrī (2n): fortified place; (in the plural only) camp. Quae is the neuter accusative plural form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Suprā (adv.): on top, over, above; further. Dēmōnstrāvimus is the first person plural perfect form of dēmōnstrō, dēmōnstrāre, dēmōnstrāvī, dēmōnstrātum (1): to show, point out, indicate; explain, describe; demonstrate, prove; mention, speak of, name. Contendit is the third person singular perfect (or it could be the historical present) form of contendō, contendere, contendī, contentum (3): to stretch; strain or strive; press forward, strive to get to a place; compete, contend.

Centēsimus/centēsima/centēsimum (1/2): hundredth. Tibi: to/for you—the dative form of tū: you. Vel (conj.): or. Suprā (adv.): on top, over, above; further. Premitur is the third person singular passive form of premō, premere, pressī, pressum (3): to press, squeeze; pressure; weigh down; urge; squeeze out; pursue, harass, attack. Annus, annī (2m): year.

Suprā (prep.): on top of, over, above; beyond (takes accusative). Ipsum is the m/n accusative singular form of ipse/ipsa/ipsum (adj.): himself/herself/itself/etc. ; in person; the very. Balneum is the accusative singular form of balneum, balneī (2n): bath, bathing place. Habitō, habitāre, habitāvī, habitātum (1): to inhabit, dwell, live (in a place).

(He’s speaking of one who has learned not to fear death.) Suprā (prep.): on top of, over, above; beyond (takes accusative). Omnem is the m/f accusative singular form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every; any. Potentiam is the accusative singular form of potentia, potentiae (1f): power. Est: he is.

Suprā (prep.): on top of, over, above; beyond (takes accusative). Mīlle: thousand. Et (conj.): and. Quīngentōs is the masculine accusative form of quīngentī/quīngentae/quīngenta (1/2, plural): five hundred. Mīlitēs is the accusative plural form of mīles, mīlitis (3m): soldier. Āmīsērunt is the third person plural form of āmittō, āmittere, āmīsī, āmissum (3): to lose; let go.