Pronouns

(Imagining a scenario: suppose someone has insulted you.) Contumēliam is the accusative singular form of contumēlia, contumēliae (1f): insult, affront, humiliation. Tibi is the dative form of tū: you (to you). Fēcit is the third person singular perfect form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Contumēliam facere = to insult (lit. , to make an insult); Cicero disapproved of contumēliam facere as an expression (“who talks like that?”—Philippics 3.22), but it was not uncommon. Aliquis/aliqua/aliquid (pron.): someone, something; anyone, anything.

Inter (prep.): among, amid; between; during (takes accusative). Haec is the neuter accusative plural form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it (these things). Tamen (adv.): nevertheless, yet, still. Aliquis/aliqua/aliquid (pron.): someone, something; anyone, anything. Nōn: not. Gemuit is the third person singular perfect form of gemō, gemere, gemuī, gemitum (3): to moan, groan.

Perīt (a contraction of periit) is the third person singular perfect form of pereō, perīre, periī, peritum (irreg.): to disappear; perish, die (or it could be the present tense perit). Aliquis/aliqua/aliquid (pron.): someone, something (in the feminine: some female, some woman); anyone, anything. Cum (prep.): with (takes ablative). Virō is the ablative singular form of vir, virī (2m): man; husband. Prō (prep.): in front of, before; for; instead of, in place of (takes ablative).

(He goes on: It is by a gift of nature that a god is without fear; the sage gives that same gift to himself.) Est: there is. Aliquis/aliqua/aliquid (pron.): someone, something; anyone, anything. Quō is the m/n ablative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Sapiēns, sapientis (3m): wise man, sage. Antecēdat is the third person singular subjunctive form of antecēdō, antecēdere, antecessī, antecessum (3): to precede; surpass (subjunctive because it’s in a relative clause of characteristic). Deum is the accusative singular form of deus, deī (2m, irreg.): god, deity.

Finge is the singular imperative form of fingō, fingere, fīnxī, fictum (3): to shape; create; invent; pretend; imagine. Aliquem is the masculine accusative singular form of aliquis/aliqua/aliquid (pron.): someone, something; anyone, anything. Nunc (adv.): now; as it is. Fīō, fierī, —, — (irreg.): to be done; be made; happen; become. Sapientem is the accusative singular form of sapiēns, sapientis (3m): wise man, sage. Nōndum (adv.): not yet. Esse: to be.

Agātur is the third person singular passive subjunctive form of agō, agere, ēgī, āctum (3): to drive, cause to move; do, perform, deal with, engage in; act (subjunctive because it’s jussive). Aliquis/aliqua/aliquid (pron.): someone, something; anyone, anything.

(He’s talking about the Stoic view of things that are morally indifferent but still preferred.) Quibusdam is the m/f/n (here n; he’s talking about things) dative plural form of quīdam/quaedam/quiddam (pron.): someone, something, a certain one; (in pl.) some, some people, some things. Ex/ē (prep.): from, out of; of (takes ablative). Iīs is the m/f/n (here n) ablative plural form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Tribuitur is the third person singular passive form of tribuō, tribuere, tribuī, tribūtum (3): to grant, bestow. Aliquis/aliqua/aliquid (pron.): someone, something; anyone, anything. Honor, honōris (3m): high esteem accorded to superior worth or rank; honor; office. Multum, multī (2n): a large amount, much, a lot.

Deus, deī (2m, irreg.): god. Respiciet is the third person singular future form of respiciō, respicere, respexī, respectum (3, –iō): to look back (at); turn to look at; look to; consider, turn attention to; have regard for, show concern for. Nōs is the accusative form of nōs: we (us). Aliquis/aliqua/aliquid (pron.): someone, something; anyone, anything; (masculine form used adjectivally) some.

Nōs is the accusative form of nōs: we (us). Aliquid is the neuter accusative singular form of aliquis/aliqua/aliquid (pron.): someone, something; anyone, anything; n. acc. sing. used adverbially: in some respect, to some extent, somewhat, a little. Rutulōs is the masculine accusative plural form of Rutulus/Rutula/Rutulum (1/2): Rutulian, belonging to the Rutuli; (in masc. pl.) the Rutuli, an Italian people who fought against the Trojans in the Aeneid. Contrā (adv.): on the other side, across from one, opposite; against one; to the contrary; in response; in turn. Iūvisse is the perfect infinitive form of iuvō, iuvāre, iūvī, iūtum (1): to help, aid, assist; benefit, avail; delight, gratify, please. Nefandus/nefanda/nefandum (1/2): impious, wicked, abominable. Est: is it.

Ērumpet is the third person singular future form of ērumpō, ērumpere, ērūpī, ēruptum (3): to break out. Occupābit is the third person singular future form of occupō, occupāre, occupāvī, occupātum (1): to seize; occupy. Aliquem is the masculine accusative singular form of aliquī/aliqua/aliquod (adj.): some, a certain, a(n); any. Locum is the accusative singular form of locus, locī (2m): place. Bellum is the accusative singular form of bellum, bellī (2n): war. Patriae is the dative singular form of patria, patriae (1f): country, fatherland (a substantive use of patrius/patria/patrium (1/2): paternal, of a father; the substantive use is feminine because a noun like terra (1f, meaning land) was originally implied). Faciet is the third person singular future form of form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Aliquem here could also be a form of aliquis/aliqua/aliquid—the masculine used adjectivally. It doesn’t make any practical difference since both the form and the meaning are the same either way. It makes sense to consider the adjective as from aliquī by default.

(But nothing invades the spirit of the sage.) Aliquō is the m/n ablative singular form of aliquī/aliqua/aliquod (adj.): some, a certain, a(n); any. Inquam (irreg. and defective): to say. Incommodō is the ablative singular form of incommodum, incommodī (2n): detriment, harm; misfortune; inconvenience. Afflātur is the third person singular passive form of afflō, afflāre, afflāvī, afflātum (1—also adflō): to blow (on), breathe (on); touch lightly, graze.

Errāstī is the second person singular perfect form of errō, errāre, errāvī, erratum (1): to err; wander; go astray (a shorter form of errāvistī). Aliquā is the feminine ablative singular form of aliquī/aliqua/aliquod (adj.): some, a certain, a(n); any. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Rē is the ablative singular form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair.

Cupiō, cupere, cupīvī/cupiī, cupītum (3, –iō): to wish, want, desire, long for. Aliquōs is the masculine accusative plural form of aliquī/aliqua/aliquod (adj.): some, a certain, a(n); any. Pariō, parere, peperī, partum (3, –iō): to give birth to; cause; produce; gain, acquire. Amīcōs is the accusative plural form of amīcus, amīcī (2m): friend. Beneficiō is the ablative singular form of beneficium, beneficiī (2n): a kindness, service, benefit, good action. Meō is the m/n ablative singular form of meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine.

(An impatient outburst toward someone who’s slow to act.) Fac is the singular imperative form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Sī (conj.): if. Quid is the neuter accusative singular form of quis/qua/quid (indef. pron.): someone, something; anyone, anything (replacing aliquis/aliqua/aliquid in some contexts). Facis is the second person singular form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make.

Num (interrog. particle): creates a question, often with the expected answer no: is it possible? surely not? Quis/qua/quid (indef. pron.): someone, something; anyone, anything (replacing aliquis/aliqua/aliquid in some contexts). Negat is the third person singular form of negō, negāre, negāvī, negātum (1): to deny, say that not; refuse; say no.

Timeō, timēre, timuī, — (2): to fear, be afraid. Nē (conj. , with subjunctive): lest, that not; in a fear clause, it can be translated as that. Quem is the masculine accusative singular form of quis/qua/quid (indef. pron.): someone, something; anyone, anything (replacing aliquis/aliqua/aliquid in some contexts). Ex/ē (prep.): out of, from (takes the ablative). Meīs is the m/f/n (here m) ablative plural form of meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine. Vidērem is the first person singular imperfect subjunctive form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see.

Sī (conj.): if. Quī/qua/quod (indef. adj.): any (replacing aliquī/aliqua/aliquod in some contexts). Est: there is. Crīmen, crīminis (3n): charge, accusation; crime; fault, guilt, matter for accusation or blame. Meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine. Est: it is.

(Instead of doing things for the sake of seeming to be doing something.) Omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Itaque (adv.): (and) so, therefore. Labor, labōris (3m): labor, work, effort. Aliquō (adv.): somewhere (with motion), to some place; to some object or purpose. Referātur is the third person singular passive subjunctive form of referō, referre, rettulī, relātum (3, irreg.): to bring back; give back, return; redirect; direct; apply; refer, ascribe. Respiciat is the third person singular subjunctive form of respiciō, respicere, respexī, respectum (3, –iō): to look back (at); look (at/to); consider, turn attention to.

Vereorque: vereor, verērī, veritus sum (2, deponent): to revere, have respect for; fear; the enclitic conjunction –que adds and. Nē (conj. , with subjunctive): lest, that not; (in a fear clause) that. Uxor, uxōris (3f): wife. Aliquā (adv.): in some way, by some means. Hoc is the neuter accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it. Rescīscat is the third person singular subjunctive form of rescīscō, rescīscere, rescīvī/resciī, rescītum (3): to learn, find out. Meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine.

Ego: I. Mē is the accusative form of ego: I (me, myself). Dēfendō, dēfendere, dēfendī, dēfēnsum (3): to defend. Dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitum (2): to owe; ought.

Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here acc.): nothing. Enim (particle): for, indeed. Contrā (prep.): across from, facing, opposite; against (takes the accusative). Mē is the accusative form of ego: I (me). Fēcit is the third person singular perfect form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Odiō is the ablative singular form of odium, odiī (2n): hatred, odium. Meī is the genitive form of ego: I (of me).

Ipse/ipsa/ipsum (pron. or adj.): himself/herself/itself/myself/etc. ; in person; the very. Mihi is the dative form of of ego: I (to me, to myself). Dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say.

Hoc is the neuter accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it. Tibi is the dative form of tū: you (to you, to yourself). Dē (prep.): from, down from; about, concerning (takes ablative). Mē is the ablative form of of ego: I (me). Recipe is the singular imperative form of recipiō, recipere, recēpī, receptum (3, –iō): to get back, regain, recover; receive, accept.

Cēnāvistī is the second person singular perfect form of cēnō, cēnāre, cēnāvī, cēnātum (1): to dine. Mēcum: with me (mē = me; cum = with).

Dā is the singular imperative form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give. Mī is a contracted form of mihi, the dative form of ego: I (to me). Istās is the feminine accusative plural form of iste/ista/istud (adj.): that (often with a second-person reference, like that of yours). Vīgintī (indeclinable numeral): twenty. Minās is the accusative plural form of mina, minae (1f—also mna): a Greek unit of weight, approximately equivalent to 430 grams; that same weight in silver used as a unit of currency.

Suffēcit is the third person singular perfect form of sufficiō, sufficere, suffēcī, suffectum (3, –iō): to supply; appoint in place of another; substitute; suffice; be adequate; be equal (to a task or the like). Ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it. Huic is the m/f/n dative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Sarcinae is the dative singular form of sarcina, sarcinae (1f): bundle, luggage; burden, load.

(Speaking of nātūra, nātūrae (1f): nature.) Hanc is the feminine accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it. Ratiō, ratiōnis (3f): calculation; reasoning; reason; method; the way a thing works. Observat is the third person singular form of observō, observāre, observāvī, observātum (1): to observe, watch; abide by. Cōnsulit is the third person singular form of cōnsulō, cōnsulere, cōnsuluī, cōnsultum (3): to consult (with accusative); give thought to (with dative).

Patrēs is the nominative plural form of pater, patris (3m): father. Hī is the masculine nominative plural form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Quōs is the masculine accusative plural form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Vidētis is the second person plural form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see. Iacēbant is the third person plural imperfect form of iaceō, iacēre, iacuī, iacitum (2): to lie (in a certain place or state), be in a recumbent position; lie overthrown, be laid low. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Līmine is the ablative singular form of līmen, līminis (3n): threshold, doorway.

(He’s talking about prosperity.) Aliōs is the masculine accusative plural form of alius/alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): other, another; different. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Aliud is the neuter accusative singular form of alius/alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): other, another; different. Irrītat is the third person singular form of irrītō, irrītāre, irrītāvī, irrītātum (1—also inrītō): to excite, provoke; irritate. Hōs is the masculine accusative plural plural form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it. Potentiam is the accusative singular form of potentia, potentiae (1f): power. Illōs is the masculine accusative plural form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it. Luxuriam is the accusative singular form of luxuria, luxuriae (1f): luxury, extravagance, self-indulgence.

Hoc is the neuter accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it. Agāmus is the first person plural subjunctive form of agō, agere, ēgī, āctum (3): to drive, cause to move; do, perform, achieve, deal with, work at, be engaged in. Nē (conj. , with subjunctive): lest, that not. Quis/qua/quid (indef. pron.): someone, something; anyone, anything (it replaces aliquis/aliqua/aliquid in some contexts, especially after sī, nisi, num and nē). Quicquam is the neuter accusative form of quisquam/quicquam (pron.): anyone, anything. Habeat is the third person singular subjunctive form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have.

(The previous sentence: A man who has been saved by his son disinherits him. Ille here means that (other) one; i.e., not the subject of the previous sentence but the other person recently mentioned. This is among the typical uses of the word.) Ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it. Praescrībit is the third person singular form of praescrībō, praescrībere, praescrīpsī, praescrīptum (3): to write (something) at the head (of a document, etc.); prescribe; object (in legal settings; strictly, to write an objection at the head of a fōrmula—a document summarizing a case).

(He’s speaking of nature—natura, naturae (1f).) Ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it. Aequum is the accusative singular form of aequum, aequī (2n): level ground; that which is fair, fairness, equity (a substantive use of the neuter form of aequus/aequa/aequum (1/2): level; just, fair; tranquil, calm, enduring). Iūstumque: iūstum is the accusative singular form of iūstum, iūstī (2n): that which is just, justice (a substantive use of the neuter form of iūstus/iūsta/iūstum (1/2): just; lawful; merited; exact); the enclitic conjunction –que adds and. Composuit is the third person singular perfect form of compōnō, compōnere, composuī, compositum (3): to compose, arrange, build, establish.

Sed (conj.): but. Sēcūrus/sēcūra/sēcūrum (1/2): unconcerned, untroubled; careless. Dē (prep.): from, down from; about, concerning (takes ablative). Illō is the m/n ablative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it. Sum: I am.

(That is, than philosophers if they perfectly followed their own advice.) Quis/quis/quid (pron.): who? what? Esset is the third person singular imperfect subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be (imperfect subjunctive because it’s present contrary to fact). Illīs is the m/f/n (here m) ablative plural form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it (the ablative of comparison). Beātior/beātior/beātius (3): happier, more happy, more blessed, more fortunate—the comparative form of beātus/beāta/beātum (1/2): happy, blessed, fortunate.

(Freedom lies at the bottom of it.) Vidēs is the second person singular form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see. Illud is the neuter accusative singular form of ille/illa/illud (adj.): that. Mare is the accusative singular form of mare, maris (3n): sea. Flūmen is the accusative singular form of flūmen, flūminis (3n): river. Illum is the masculine accusative singular form of ille/illa/illud (adj.): that. Puteum is the accusative singular form of puteus, puteī (2m): a well; pit.

Omnēs is the m/f nominative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Illī is the masculine nominative plural form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it. Quī is the masculine nominative plural form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Sibi: to/for themselves—the dative form of the reflexive pronoun. Advocant is the third person plural form of advocō, advocāre, advocāvī, advocātum (1): to call, summon; summon to one’s assistance; call in as a counselor. Tibi: to/for you—the dative form of tū: you. Abdūcunt is the third person plural form of abdūcō, abdūcere, abdūxī, abductum (3): to lead away, take away, carry off; abduct; entice away.

(Cicero is being sarcastic: you think you understand better than the great Scipio did!) Haec is the neuter accusative plural form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it. Scīpiō, Scīpiōnis (3m): Roman cognomen, esp. of Scipio Africanus and others in his family. Ille/illa/illud (adj.): that; sometimes implying that/the great/famous. Nōn: not. Intellegēbat is the third person singular imperfect form of intellegō, intellegere, intellēxī, intellēctum (3): to understand; realize.

Illud is the neuter accusative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it. Quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī/quaesiī, quaesītum (3): to seek; seek to know, ask. Peregrīnum is the m/n accusative singular form of peregrīnus/peregrīna/peregrīnum (1/2): foreign; (used substantively) foreigner. Cūr (interrog. adv.): why? Mē is the accusative form of ego: I. Esse: to be. Dīxerīs is the second person singular perfect subjunctive form of dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect question).

Ipse/ipsa/ipsum (pron. or adj.): himself/herself/itself/oneself/myself/etc. ; in person; the very; the actual. Sē: himself—the accusative form of the reflexive pronoun. Prōdit is the third person singular form of prōdō, prōdere, prōdidī, prōditum (3): to betray; reveal; hand down, transmit; produce. (Notice the emphatic role of ipse. The sentence would still be grammatically correct without it, and would translate into English the same way. But ipse emphasizes the subject: he does it himself.)

Ipse/ipsa/ipsum (adj.): himself/herself/itself/oneself/myself/etc. ; in person; the very; the actual (nominative forms can sometimes be translated non-literally as by himself, of itself, etc. , when the point is that the subject itself acts without external intervention). Enim (particle): for, indeed. Sē: itself—the accusative form of the reflexive pronoun. Fēlīcitās, fēlīcitātis (3f): good fortune. Nisi (conj.): unless, if not; except. Temperātur is the third person singular passive form of temperō, temperāre, temperāvī, temperātum (1): to temper, moderate, regulate; restrain oneself, refrain. Premit is the third person singular form of premō, premere, pressī, pressum (3): to press, compress; crush; overwhelm; pursue.

(That is, the evil that afflicts us.) Intrā (prep.): within, inside (takes accusative). Nōs is the accusative form of nōs: we (us). Est: it is. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Vīsceribus is the ablative plural form of vīscus, vīsceris (3n, usually plural): internal organs; inmost part. Ipsīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of ipse/ipsa/ipsum (adj.): himself/herself/itself/oneself/myself/etc. ; in person; the very; the actual. Sedet is the third person singular form of sedeō, sedēre, sēdī, sessum (2): to sit; lodge; be situated.

Honestum is the accusative singular form of honestum, honestī (2n): the honorable, that which is honorable, virtue, rectitude (a substantive use of honestus/honesta/honestum (1/2): honorable, virtuous, noble). Propter (prep.): because of, on account of, for the sake of, for (takes the accusative). Nūllam is the feminine accusative singular form of nūllus/nūlla/nūllum (1/2, irreg.): no, none, not any. Aliam is the feminine accusative singular form of alius/alia/aliud (1.2, irreg.): other, another. Causam is the accusative singular form of causa, causae (1f): cause, reason. Quam (rel. adv.): as; than. Ipsum is the masculine accusative singular form of ipse/ipsa/ipsum (pron.): (he) himself, (she) herself, (it) itself. Sequimur is the first person plural form of sequor, sequī, secūtus sum (3, deponent): to follow; pursue.

Id is the neuter accusative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Ipsum is the m/n accusative singular form of ipse/ipsa/ipsum (adj.): himself/herself/itself/oneself/myself/etc. ; in person; the very; the actual. Incrēdibiliter (adv.): incredibly, extraordinarily. Gaudeō, gaudēre, gāvīsus sum (2, semi-deponent): to be glad, rejoice, be joyful, take pleasure in. Ab/ā (prep.): (away) from; by (takes the ablative). Tē is the ablative form of tū: you. Eum is the masculine accusative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Dīligī is the passive infinitive form of dīligō, dīligere, dīlēxī, dīlēctum (3): to love, hold dear, hold in special regard.

(A pet sparrow.) Suamque: suam is the feminine accusative singular form of suus/sua/suum (1/2): his (own); the enclitic conjunction –que adds and. Nōrat is the third person singular pluperfect form of nōscō, nōscere, nōvī, nōtum (3): (in present-stem forms) to come to know; recognize; (in perfect-stem forms, translated like present-stem forms of other verbs) know (pluperfect forms have the imperfect sense of knew). Ipsam is the feminine accusative singular form of ipse/ipsa/ipsum (pron. or adj.): himself/herself/itself/oneself/myself/etc. ; in person; the very; the actual; (used as a noun) master, mistress. Tam (adv.): so, so much, to such an extent; as, to the same extent. Bene (adv.): well. Quam (rel. adv.): as; than. Puella, puellae (1f): girl. Mātrem is the accusative singular form of māter, mātris (3f): mother.

Is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Fīnis, fīnis (3m): boundary, bound, limit; end. Sanguis, sanguinis (3m): blood; bloodshed. Fuit is the third person singular perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

Quī/quae/quod (interrog. pron.): which (one)? what? Ergō (particle): therefore, then. Officium, officiī (2n): duty; function, office; service. Eius is the m/f/n genitive singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Est: is.

Sed (conj.): but. Id is the neuter accusative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Omittāmus is the first person plural subjunctive form of omittō, omittere, omīsī, omissum (3): to let go of; drop; disregard, omit, pass over (subjunctive because it’s hortatory).

Nē (adv.): not (usually in a wish, command or purpose, except in the expression nē. . . quidem). Epistulās is the accusative plural form of epistula, epistulae (1f): letter. Quidem (particle): at any rate; indeed, certainly; even (that last meaning occurs almost exclusively in the expression nē. . . quidem = not even). Post (prep.): after; behind (takes the accusative). Eam is the feminine accusative singular form of is/ea/id (adj.): this, that. Hōram is the accusative singular form of hōra, hōrae (1f): hour. Legēbat is the third person singular imperfect form of legō, legere, lēgī, lectum (3): to read.

Vēnit is the third person singular perfect form of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come. Ab/ā (prep.): from; by (takes ablative). Eō is the m/n ablative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Furnius/Furnia/Furnium (1/2): a Roman family name.

Comprehendite is the plural imperative form of comprehendō, comprehendere, comprehendī, comprehēnsum (3): to take hold of; capture; include; learn, apprehend, comprehend. Eōs: them—the masculine accusative plural form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Vīvōs is the masculine accusative plural form of vīvus/vīva/vīvum (1/2): living, alive.

Habēbit is the third person singular future form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have. Ūnusquisque/ūnaquaeque/ūnumquodque (pron.): each one. Ex/ē (prep.): from, out of; of; in accordance with (takes ablative). Iīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of is/ea/id (pron.): this; he, she, it. Propriās is the feminine accusative plural form of proprius/propria/proprium (1/2): one’s (his, my, etc.) own; particular. Dōtēs is the accusative plural form of dōs, dōtis (3f): dowry; gift.

Eī is the m/f/n dative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Ignōscitur is the third person singular passive form of ignōscō, ignōscere, ignōvī, ignōtum (3): to forgive, pardon (the person forgiven goes in the dative) (ignōscitur here is in the impersonal passive). Quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Pūnīrī is the passive infinitive form of pūniō, pūnīre, pūnīvī/pūniī, pūnītum (4): to punish. Dēbuit is the third person singular perfect form of dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitum (2): to owe; ought, should, have to, be under an obligation to. English conveys the past tense in statements like should have been by putting the infinitive in the past form—e. g. , have been. In Latin, the same meaning is conveyed by using a past-tense form of dēbeō (and leaving the infinitive in the present tense). It’s a bit like saying had to be or was under an obligation to be, although those wordings may be awkward or may not convey the full nuance of meaning.

(In other words, let’s talk about some vices not quite as horrifying as the case just considered.) Dē (prep.): from, down from; of; about, concerning (takes the ablative). Iīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of is/ea/id (adj.): this, that. Loquāmur is the first person plural subjunctive form of loquor, loquī, locūtus sum (3, deponent): to speak, talk (subjunctive because it’s hortatory). Vitiīs is the ablative plural form of vitium, vitiī (2n): vice, fault, flaw. Quae is the neuter accusative plural form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Dētestāmur is the first person plural form of dētestor, dētestārī, dētestātus sum (1, deponent): to curse; abominate, detest. Sine (prep.): without (takes ablative). Horrōre is the ablative singular form of horror, horrōris (3m): (the fact of) bristling; stiffness; (the fact of) shaking, shuddering; horror.

(That is, keep our civilian dress—let’s make sure there’s no more war. Dress = vestītus, vestītūs (4m).) Id is the neuter accusative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Agāmus is the first person plural subjunctive form of agō, agere, ēgī, āctum (3): to drive, cause to move; do, perform, deal with, engage in, work at; act (subjunctive because it’s hortatory). Ut (conj. , with subjunctive): that, so that. Eum is the masculine accusative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. In perpetuum (idiomatic): for life; forever; in (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into; for; perpetuum is the m/n (here n) accusative singular form of perpetuus/perpetua/perpetuum (2): continuous; permanent, life-long, perpetual. Retineāmus is the first person plural subjunctive form of retineō, retinēre, retinuī, retentum (2): to hold back; keep, retain.

Quī (interrog. adv.): how? Convenit is the third person singular form of conveniō, convenīre, convēnī, conventum (4): to come together, meet; be suitable, be fitting; be agreed. Praesertim (adv.): especially, particularly. Id is the neuter accusative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that (an adverbial accusative). Tempus, temporis (3n): time.

Noster/nostra/nostrum (1/2): our, ours. Iste/ista/istud (pron.): that (one), this (one); he, she, it (often with second-person reference: that of yours; sometimes pejorative). Nōn: not. Nātūra, nātūrae (1f): nature. Vitium, vitiī (2n): vice, fault, flaw. Est: is.

(That is, to our father. The speaker is having a lawsuit against his father.) Frāter, frātris (3m): brother. Mē is the accusative form of ego: I (me). Istī is the m/f/n dative singular form of iste/ista/istud (pron.): that (one), this (one); he, she, it (often with second-person reference: that of yours; sometimes pejorative; people pleading in court would often use this word to refer to the opposing party). Redūxit is the third person singular perfect form of redūcō, redūcere, redūxī, reductum (3): to bring back; recall.

Istum is the masculine accusative singular form of iste/ista/istud (pron.): that (one), this (one); he, she, it (often with second-person reference: that of yours; sometimes pejorative). Mihi is the dative form of ego: I (to/for me). Adversārium is the accusative singular form of adversārius, adversāriī (2m): adversary. Adsūmam is the first person singular subjunctive form of adsūmō, adsūmere, adsūmpsī, adsūmptum (3—also assūmō): to take (with one or for oneself), choose, adopt (it’s a deliberative subjunctive).

Potes is the second person singular form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can. Discutiō, discutere, discussī, discussum (3, –iō): to shatter; shake off or out; scatter; dispel. Istam is the feminine accusative singular form of iste/ista/istud (adj.): that, this (often with second-person reference: that of yours; sometimes pejorative). Suspīciōnem is the accusative singular form of suspīciō, suspīciōnis (3f): suspicion.

Servā is the singular imperative form of servō, servāre, servāvī, servātum (1): to watch, observe; keep; save, preserve. Istud is the neuter accusative singular form of iste/ista/istud (pron.): that (one), this (one); he, she, it (often with second-person reference: that of yours; sometimes pejorative). In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Animō is the ablative singular form of animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit. Tuō is the m/n ablative singular form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours.

(He’s talking about people who seek glory, and preferring them to people who are just focused on their lusts.) Omnēs is the m/f nominative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Istī is the masculine nominative plural form of iste/ista/istud (pron.): that (one), this (one); he, she, it (often with second-person reference: that of yours; sometimes pejorative). Virīlius (adv.): more manfully—the comparative form of virīliter (adv.): manfully. Peccant is the third person plural form of peccō, peccāre, peccāvī, peccātum (1): to sin, do wrong.

Quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Istōrum is the m/n (here n) genitive plural form of iste/ista/istud (pron.): that (one), this (one); he, she, it (often with second-person reference: that of yours; sometimes pejorative). Cupiditātēs is the accusative plural form of cupiditās, cupiditātis (3f): (strong) desire, longing, yearning; lust; greed. Dēmit is the third person singular form of dēmō, dēmere, dēmpsī, dēmptum (3): to remove, take away.

Quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Ergō (particle): therefore, so, then. Emet is the third person singular future form of emō, emere, ēmī, ēmptum (3): to buy. Agrōs is the accusative plural form of ager, agrī (2m): land, farmland, field, territory. Istōs is the masculine accusative plural form of iste/ista/istud (adj.): that, this (often with second-person reference: that of yours; sometimes pejorative).

Ego: I. Ista is the neuter accusative plural form of iste/ista/istud (pron.): that (one), this (one); he, she, it (often with second-person reference: that of yours; sometimes pejorative). Nōn: not. Quaeram is the first person singular subjunctive form of quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī/quaesiī, quaesītum (3): to ask; seek, look for (it’s a deliberative subjunctive).

Sī (conj.): if. Potes is the second person singular form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can. Subdūc is the singular imperative form of subdūcō, subdūcere, subdūxī, subductum (3): to pull up, raise; pull away, take away, withdraw; steal (often with the dative of the thing that something is withdrawn from). Tē is the accusative form of tū: you (used reflexively: yourself). Istīs is the m/f/n dative plural form of iste/ista/istud (adj.): that, this (often with second-person reference: that of yours; sometimes pejorative). Occupātiōnibus is the dative plural form of occupātiō, occupātiōnis (3f): occupation; preoccupation, engrossment.

Quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Ergō (particle): therefore, so, then. Nōs: we. Sumus: are (we).

Nōs is the accusative form of nōs: we (us). Multa is the neuter nominative plural form of multus/multa/multum (1/2): much, many (many things). Alligant is the third person plural form of alligō, alligāre, alligāvī, alligātum (1—also adligō): to bind. Dēbilitant is the third person plural form of dēbilitō, dēbilitāre, dēbilitāvī, dēbilitātum (1): to debilitate, cripple, weaken. (The phrase as for us in the translation gives effect to the emphatic position of nōs at the start of the sentence; he’s contrasting our situation with the better posture of the sage, which he’s just discussed.)

Omnia is the neuter accusative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Nōbīs is the dative form of nōs: we (to us). Mala is the accusative plural form of malum, malī (2n): a bad thing; evil; misfortune, calamity; misdeed. Sōlitūdō, sōlitūdinis (3f): solitude; lonely place, desert. Persuādet is the third person singular form of persuādeō, persuādēre, persuāsī, persuāsum (2): to persuade, prompt, induce, (successfully) recommend (with dative of the person persuaded and accusative of the thing recommended).

Mors, mortis (3f): death. Nōs is the accusative form of nōs: we (us). Aut (conj.): or (aut. . . aut = either. . . or). Cōnsūmit is the third person singular form of cōnsūmō, cōnsūmere, cōnsūmpsī, cōnsūmptum (3): to consume; destroy, kill, annihilate; exhaust. Aut (conj.): or. Exuit is the third person singular form of exuō, exuere, exuī, exūtum (3): to take off (clothes); strip, lay bare; free, release.

Omnium is the m/f/n genitive plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Mīlitum is the genitive plural form of mīles, mīlitis (3m): soldier. Arma, armōrum (2n, plural only): arms (both offensive and defensive), weapons, armor. Nōbīscum: with us (nōbīs = us; cum = with; all personal pronouns are combined with cum in this way instead of following it—see cum (prep.). Sunt: (they) are.

Nēmō, nēminis (3m): no one. Nostrum: of us—the (partitive) genitive form of nōs: we. Crēdēbat is the third person singular imperfect form of crēdō, crēdere, crēdidī, crēditum (3): to entrust; lend (money); trust; believe.

Nīl (contraction of nihil; n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here acc.): nothing; (accusative used adverbially) in no respect, to no extent, not at all. Nostrī: (of) us—the genitive form of nōs: we. Miserēre is the second person singular passive form of misereō, miserēre, miseruī (or impers. miseritum est) (2): (impersonal) something causes someone to feel pity, pity is felt, one feels pity (the person feeling pity goes in the accusative, and the object of pity goes in the genitive); (in the passive) to pity, feel pity for (with genitive) (active and personal, rare) to pity, feel pity for (with genitive).

Stultum is the m/n accusative singular form of stultus/stulta/stultum (1/2): foolish, stupid. Facit is the third person singular form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Fortūna, fortūnae (1f): fortune, luck; fate. Quem is the masculine accusative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what (whom). Vult is the third person singular form of volō, velle, voluī, — (irreg.): to wish, want. Perdō, perdere, perdidī, perditum (3): to destroy; ruin; waste; lose.

(You can’t pass on any better title than you have yourself.) Nēmō, nēminis (3m): no one. Dat is the third person singular form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give. Quod is the neuter accusative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Nōn: not. Habet is the third person singular form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have.

Quae is the neuter nominative plural form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Fuerant: (they) had been—the third person plural pluperfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Vitia is the nominative plural form of vitium, vitiī (2n): vice, fault, flaw. Mōrēs is the nominative plural form of mōs, mōris (3m): habit, custom; (in the plural) ways, morals, character. Sunt: (they) are.

Ego: I. Sum: am. Quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Trādūcor is the first person singular passive form of trādūcō, trādūcere, trādūxī, trāductum (3): to lead or bring over, transfer; exhibit as a spectacle, expose to public ridicule.

(He’s talking to Clodius, who had destroyed Cicero’s house and dedicated a shrine there.) Quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Erās is the second person singular imperfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Tū: you. Quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Dēdicābās is the second person singular imperfect form of dēdicō, dēdicāre, dēdicāvī, dēdicātum (1): to dedicate, consecrate.

Tropaeum is the accusative singular form of tropaeum, tropaeī (2n): trophy (a structure made of or decorated with spoils, set up on the place where an enemy had been defeated). Posuit is the third person singular perfect form of pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positum (3): to place, put, lay, set; set up, erect. Quō is the m/n ablative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. adj.): which, what. Locō is the ablative singular form of locus, locī (2m): place, spot, position. Prīdiē (adv.): on the day before. Pugnātum erat is the third person neuter singular pluperfect passive form of pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātum (1): to fight (the impersonal passive).

Quibus is the m/f/n (here m) dative plural form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what (to whom). Respondit is the third person singular perfect form of respondeō, respondēre, respondī, respōnsum (2): to respond, reply. Mōsēs, Mōsis (3m—also Moysēs): Moses.

Ab/ā (prep.): from; by (takes ablative). Quibus is the m/f/n ablative plural form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what (whom). Dissentiō, dissentīre, dissēnsī, dissēnsum (4): to dissent, disagree, differ.

Cuius is the m/f/n genitive singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. adj.): which, what. Rēs, reī (5f): thing. Causa, causae (1f): cause, reason. Manifestus/manifesta/manifestum (1/2—the length of the e is uncertain): clear, visible, obvious, manifest. Est: is.

(Talking about Nature.) Dedit is the third person singular perfect form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give. Tibi is the dative form of tū: you. Ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it. Quae is the neuter accusative plural form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Sī (conj.): if. Nōn: not. Dēserueris is the second person singular future perfect form of dēserō, dēserere, dēseruī, dēsertum (3): to desert, abandon. Pār, paris (3, adj.): equal. Deō is the dative singular form of deus, deī (2m, irreg.): god. Surgēs is the second person singular perfect form of surgō, surgere, surrēxī, surrēctum (3): to rise, get up, stand up, arise.

Quō is the m/n (here n) ablative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Clārior/clārior/clārius (3): louder; brighter; clearer; more famous—the comparative form of clārus/clāra/clārum (1/2): loud; bright; clear; famous. Erat: he was—the third person singular imperfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Eō is the m/n (here n) ablative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Magis (adv.): more; rather. Quō. . . eō with comparatives = the (more). . . the (more). Ānxius/ānxia/ānxium (1/2): anxious, troubled, uneasy.

(From Brutus to Cicero.) Nōs: we. Hīc (adv.): here. Valēmus is the first person plural form of valeō, valēre, valuī, valitum (2): to be strong, be well, be in health; be able; be valid, be of effect; be worth. Rēctē (adv.): rightly, correctly. Et (conj.) and. Quō is the m/n (here n) ablative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what—the neuter ablative singular is sometimes used in a way that can be translated as so that (especially to introduce a purpose clause that contains a comparative word). Melius (adv.): better—the comparative form of bene (adv.): well. Valeāmus is the first person plural form of valeō, valēre, valuī, valitum (2): to be strong, be well, be in health; be able; be valid, be of effect; be worth (subjunctive because it’s in a purpose clause). Operam is the accusative singular form of opera, operae (1f): work, effort. Dabimus is the first person plural future form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give. Operam dare = to make an effort, apply oneself. (Note that quō doesn’t refer to operam; the gender doesn’t match. It isn’t an effort by which. Quō refers to the whole fact of operam dare.)

(Talking about Eumenes, who had an alliance with Rome.) Quō is the m/n (here n) ablative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what—the neuter ablative singular can mean because of which fact, in consequence of which (it works here as a connective relative). Magis (adv.): more; rather. Cupiēbat is the third person singular imperfect form of cupiō, cupere, cupīvī/cupiī, cupītum (3, –iō): to long (for), wish, want, desire. Eum is the masculine accusative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Hannibal, Hannibalis (3m): Hannibal. Opprimī is the passive infinitive form of opprimō, opprimere, oppressī, oppressum (3): to press (on/against/down), squeeze; suppress; oppress; overwhelm; crush; overpower.

Quod is the neuter accusative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Inter (prep.): between; among (takes the accusative). Trebiam is the accusative singular form of Trebia, Trebiae (1m): river in Northern Italy (spelled Trebbia in Italian). Padumque: padum is the accusative singular form of Padus, Padī (2m): the Po, the longest river in Italy; the enclitic conjunction –que adds and. Ager, agrī (2m): land, farmland, field, territory. Est: is. Gallī is the nominative plural form of Gallus, Gallī (2m): a Gaul. Tum (adv.): then. Incolēbant is the third person plural imperfect form of incolō, incolere, incoluī, — (3): to inhabit.

Peccāsse is the perfect infinitive form of peccō, peccāre, peccāvī, peccātum (1): to sin, do wrong. Mihi is the dative form of ego: I (to me, to myself). Videor is the first person singular passive form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see; (in the passive) seem. Quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Ab/ā (prep.): (away) from; by (takes the ablative). Tē is the ablative form of tū: you. Discesserim is the first person singular perfect subjunctive form of discēdō, discēdere, discessī, discessum (3): to depart (subjunctive because it’s in a causal relative clause).

Quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Luxuria, luxuriae (1f): luxury, extravagance, self-indulgence, excess. Immoderātissimae is the feminine genitive singular form of immoderātissimus/immoderātissima/immoderātissimum (1/2): most/very excessive—the superlative form of immoderātus/immoderāta/immoderātum (1/2): unrestrained, immoderate, excessive. Esset is the third person singular imperfect subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be (subjunctive because it’s in a concessive relative clause). Ter (adv.): thrice, three times. Omnīno (adv.): entirely; in all; at all. Per (prep.): through; by; during (takes accusative). Quattuordecim (indeclinable numeral): fourteen. Annōs is the accusative plural form of annus, annī (2m): year. Languit is the third person singular perfect form of languēscō, languēscere, languī, — (3): to grow weak; fall ill; droop, wilt; flag.

Mīsit is the third person singular perfect form of mittō, mittere, mīsī, missum (3): to send; throw. Quī is the masculine nominative plural form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Eam is the feminine accusative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Addūcerent is the third person plural imperfect subjunctive form of addūcō, addūcere, addūxī, adductum (3): to lead (to a person or place), bring (subjunctive because it’s in a relative clause of purpose).

Dā is the singular imperative form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give. Illī is the m/f/n dative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it. Quod is the neuter accusative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Bibat is the third person singular subjunctive form of bibō, bibere, bibī, bibitum (3): to drink (subjunctive because it’s in a relative clause of purpose).

Nūllus/nūlla/nūllum (1/2, irreg.): no, none, not any. Adfectus, adfectūs (4m—also affectus): emotion, feeling, passion. Est: there is. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into; (in contexts about power, influence and the like) over. Quem is the masculine accusative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Nōn: not. Īra, īrae (1f): anger. Dominētur is the third person singular subjunctive form of dominor, dominārī, dominātus sum (1, deponent): to be in power, hold mastery (subjunctive because it’s in a relative clause of characteristic).

Is/ea/id (adj.): this, that. Enim (particle): for, indeed. Vīta, vītae (1f): life. Expetitur is the third person singular passive form of expetō, expetere, expetīvī/expetiī, expetītum (3): to ask for; seek (after); desire, wish. Quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Sit is the third person singular subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be (subjunctive because it’s in a relative clause of characteristic). Animus, animī (2m): mind, soul. Corporisque: corpus, corporis (3n): body; the enclitic conjunction –que adds and. Explētus/explēta/explētum (1/2) is the perfect passive participle (filled up) of expleō, explēre, explēvī, explētum (2): to fill up; complete. Virtūtibus is the ablative plural form of virtūs, virtūtis (3f): virtue; courage, valor.

Intercessit is the third person singular perfect form of intercēdō, intercēdere, intercessī, intercessum (3): to intervene (takes a dative object). Rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair; fact; event; situation; property. Parvus/parva/parvum (1/2): small; unimportant. Dictū is the ablative supine (to say/in the saying/in respect to saying) of dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say. Sed (conj.): but. Quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Studiīs is the ablative plural form of studium, studiī (2n): zeal, diligence, devotion, passion, enthusiasm; pursuit; study. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Magnum is the m/n accusative singular form of magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): great, large; important. Certāmen is the accusative singular form of certāmen, certāminis (3n): contest, contention, struggle, fight. Excesserit is the third person singular perfect subjunctive form of excēdō, excēdere, excessī, excessum (3): to go away, depart, leave; exceed; grow (into something bigger, usually with an idea of excess) (subjunctive because it’s in a relative clause of characteristic).

Ecquid is the neuter accusative singular form of ecquis/ecquid (interrog. pron.): whether anyone, whether anything; anyone. . . ? anything. . . ? is there anyone/anything that. . . ? Habēs is the second person singular form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have. Cūr (rel. adv. , with subjunctive): on account of which, why. Placeās is the second person singular subjunctive form of placeō, placēre, placuī, placitum (2): to be pleasing, seem good, please, satisfy (takes a dative object). Tibi: to you(rself)—the dative form of tū: you. Sī (conj.): if. Is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Es: you are. Quem is the masculine accusative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Intellegant is the third person singular subjunctive form of intellegō, intellegere, intellēxī, intellēctum (3): to understand; realize (subjunctive because it’s in a relative clause of characteristic; incidentally, cūr above also introduces a relative clause of characteristic of its own). Multī is the masculine nominative plural form of multus/multa/multum (1/2): much, many.

Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here nom.): nothing. Tam (adv.): so (much), to such a degree; as (much), to the same degree. Acerbus/acerba/acerbum (1/2): bitter, harsh. Est: is. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Quō is the m/n ablative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Nōn: not. Aequus/aequa/aequum (1/2): level, even, flat; equal; just, fair, equitable; calm. Animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit. Sōlācium is the accusative singular form of sōlācium, sōlāciī (2n): comfort, solace, consolation. Inveniat is the third person singular subjunctive form of inveniō, invenīre, invēnī, inventum (4): to find; discover; invent (subjunctive because it’s in a relative clause of result—which can also be classified as a relative clause of characteristic).

Quō is the m/n ablative singular form of quī/quae/quod (interrog. adj.): which. . . ? what. . . ? Tempore is the ablative singular form of tempus, temporis (3n): time.

Vōs is the accusative form of vōs: you (pl.). Quī/quae/quod (interrog. adj.): which. . . ? what. . . ? Dolor, dolōris (3m): pain; grief, sorrow; resentment, indignation. Quī/quae/quod (interrog. adj.): which. . . ? what. . . ? Īra, īrae (1f): anger. Incitāvit is the third person singular perfect form of incitō, incitāre, incitāvī, incitātum (1): to urge on, spur on; rouse, stir up, provoke. (The words but you have been added in the translation to suggest the emphasis conveyed in Latin by the word order.)

(In reply to a demand for the return of money.) Quod is the neuter accusative singular form of quī/quae/quod (interrog. adj.): which. . . ? what. . . ? Argentum is the accusative singular form of argentum, argentī (2n): silver; money. Quās is the feminine accusative plural form of quī/quae/quod (interrog. adj.): which. . . ? what. . . ? Tū: you. Mihi is the dative form of ego: I (to me). Trīcās is the accusative form of trīcae, trīcārum (1f, plural only): subterfuges, tricks; complications; trifles, nonsense. Nārrās is the second person singular form of nārrō, nārrāre, nārrāvī, nārrātum (1): to narrate, tell (about).

Hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Prīmum (adv.): first. Conclūsiō, conclūsiōnis (3f): an enclosing; conclusion; syllogism. Quam is the feminine accusative singular form of quī/quae/quod (interrog. adj.): which. . . ? what. . . ? Habeat is the third person singular subjunctive form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect question). Vim is the accusative singular form of vīs, vīs (3f, irreg.): power; force; violence; validity; meaning. Cōnsīderā is the singular imperative form of cōnsīderō, cōnsīderāre, cōnsīderāvī, cōnsīderātum (1): to look at closely; consider, contemplate.

(Not to find joy in useless things.) Huius is the m/f/n genitive singular form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Fundāmentum, fundāmentī (2n): foundation. Quī/quae/quod (interrog. pron.): which (one)? what? Sit is the third person singular subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect question). Quaeris is the second person singular form of quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī/quaesiī, quaesītum (3): to seek, look for; seek to know, ask.

Velim is the first person singular subjunctive form of volō, velle, voluī, — (irreg.): to want, wish (a potential subjunctive, used in the verb volō to soften the statement: velim is to volō what I would like is to I want). Sciō, scīre, scīvī/sciī, scītum (4): to know. Quī/quae/quod (interrog. pron.): which (one)? what? Sit is the third person singular subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect question). Eius: his/of him—the m/f/n genitive singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Status, statūs (4m): the act of standing; the way one stands, stance, posture; position; status, state, condition, situation.

Atticōs is the masculine accusative plural form of Atticus/Attica/Atticum (1/2): Attic, coming from Attica; Athenian. Inquit is the third person singular form of inquam (irreg. and defective): to say. Volō, velle, voluī, — (irreg.): to want, wish. Imitor, imitārī, imitātus sum (1, deponent): to imitate; copy; simulate. Quōs is the masculine accusative plural form of quī/quae/quod (interrog. pron.): which (one)?

Quās is the feminine accusative plural form of quī/quae/quod (interrog. adj. , here used in an exclamatory way): which. . . ? what. . . ? Tragoediās is the accusative plural form of tragoedia, tragoediae (1f): tragedy (in theater); a mock tragic performance, heroics, histrionics. Efficit is the third person singular form of efficiō, efficere, effēcī, effectum (3, –iō): to make; produce; bring about, cause; accomplish.

Quī/quae/quod (interrog. adj. , here used in an exclamatory way): which. . . ? what. . . ? Concursus, concursūs (4m): a running together, gathering of a crowd, concourse. Ex/ē (prep.): from, out of (takes ablative). Oppidīs is the ablative plural form of oppidum, oppidī (2n): town. Fīnitimīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of fīnitimus/fīnitima/fīnitimum (1/2): neighboring, adjacent. Undique (adv.): from all sides, from everywhere. Dolor, dolōris (3m): pain; grief, sorrow; resentment, indignation. Animōrum is the genitive plural form of animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit. Quī/quae/quod (interrog. adj. , here used in an exclamatory way): which. . . ? what. . . ? Querēla, querēlae (1f): a complaining, complaint.

Vīxit is the third person singular perfect form of vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctum (3): to live. Satis (adv.): enough. Quīcumque/quaecumque/quodcumque (rel. pron.): whoever, whatever, anyone who, anything that, all that. . . Cum (prep.): with (takes the ablative). Alcīde is the ablative singular form of Alcīdēs, Alcīdis (3m): a descendant of Alceus—usually Hercules, whose birth name this was. Occidit is the third person singular form of occidō, occidere, occidī, occāsum (3): to die (especially by violent means); be ruined; (of heavenly bodies) set.

Vultus, vultūs (4m): (facial) expression; face; appearance. Loquitur is the third person singular form of loquor, loquī, locūtus sum (3, deponent): to speak, talk. Quodcumque is the neuter accusative singular form of quīcumque/quaecumque/quodcumque (rel. pron.): whoever, whatever, anyone who, anything that, all that. . . Tegis is the second person singular form of tegō, tegere, tēxī, tectum (3): to cover; protect; hide, conceal.

(They’re all equally afraid of death and ignorant of life.) Quemcumque is the masculine accusative singular form of quīcumque/quaecumque/quodcumque (rel. pron.): whoever, whatever, anyone who, anything that, all that. . . Vīs is the second person singular form of volō, velle, voluī, — (irreg.): to want, wish. Occupā is the singular imperative form of occupō, occupāre, occupāvī, occupātum (1): to seize, take hold or possession of; occupy. Adulēscentem is the m/f accusative singular form of adulēscēns, adulēscentis (3, adj. and 3m/f noun): young; young person, (often) young man, (more rarely) young woman. Senem is the m/f accusative singular form of senex, senis (3, adj. and 3m noun): old; old man. Medium is the m/n accusative singular form of medius/media/medium (1/2): middle.

Quaecumque is the neuter accusative plural form of quīcumque/quaecumque/quodcumque (rel. pron.): whoever, whatever, anyone who, anything that, all that. . . ; (in pl.) whatever people, whatever things, all people who, all things that. Āēr, āeris (3m): air; atmosphere. Creat is the third person singular form of creō, creāre, creāvī, creātum (1): to beget; create, make; appoint (a person to an office), elect. Brevia is the neuter nominative plural form of brevis/brevis/breve (3): short, brief; short-lived. Sunt: (they) are.

Quemcumque is the masculine accusative singular form of quīcumque/quaecumque/quodcumque (rel. adj.): whoever, whatever, any. . . that. Dederit is the third person singular future perfect form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give. Exitum is the accusative singular form of exitus, exitūs (4m): the act of going out or a means of going out: exit, way out; end, ending; outcome, result. Cāsus, cāsūs (4m): fall; chance; event; accident; misfortune; occasion, opportunity. Feram is the first person singular future form of ferō, ferre, tulī, lātum (3, irreg.): to carry, take, bring, bear; endure; bring forth, produce; get, win, acquire; tell, say, relate.

(From a letter of Pompey to the consuls, which Cicero appended a copy of to one of his own letters.) Vōs is the accusative form of vōs: you (pl.). Hortor, hortārī, hortātus sum (1, deponent): to urge, exhort, incite, encourage. Ut (conj. , with subjunctive): that, so that. Quodcumque is the neuter accusative singular form of quīcumque/quaecumque/quodcumque (rel. pron.): whoever, whatever, anyone who, anything that, all that. . . Mīlitum is the genitive plural form of mīles, mīlitis (3m): soldier. Contrahō, contrahere, contrāxī, contractum (3): to draw together, collect, assemble, muster; contract; diminish, shorten. Poteritis is the second person plural future form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can. Contrahātis is the second person plural subjunctive form of contrahō, contrahere, contrāxī, contractum (3): to draw together, collect, assemble, muster; contract; diminish, shorten.

Quīcumque/quaecumque/quod (–cumque) (rel. pron. , here written as two words): whoever, whatever, anyone who, anything that, all that. . . Erit: see vīsum below. Cumque: see quod. Vīsum (erit) is the third person neuter singular future perfect passive form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see; (in the passive) seem, appear; seem good. Agēs is the second person singular future form of agō, agere, ēgī, āctum (3): to drive, cause to move; do, perform, carry out, conduct, engage in; act; plead (a case).

(He’s talking about the force of air, and arguing that air within the earth is the cause of earthquakes.) Solvit is the third person singular form of solvō, solvere, solvī, solūtus sum (3): to loosen, untie; release; dissolve; solve; pay. Enim (particle): for, indeed. Quodcumque is the neuter accusative singular form of quīcumque/quaecumque/quodcumque (indef. adj.): whatever, any. Vinculum is the accusative singular form of vinculum, vinculī (2n): bond, chain, rope; instrument by which something is bound.

Quīdam/quaedam/quiddam (pron.): someone, something, a certain person, a certain thing. Se: himself—the accusative form of the reflexive pronoun. Occīdit is the third person singular perfect form (or it could be in the historical present; the present form is the same) of occīdō, occīdere, occīdī, occīsum (3): to kill; ruin.

Est: there is. Quīdam/quaedam/quiddam (pron.): someone, something, a certain person, a certain thing. Quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Occultātur is the third person singular passive form of occultō, occultāre, occultāvī, occultātum (1): to conceal, hide.

Alterīus is the m/f/n genitive singular form of alter/altera/alterum (1/2, irreg.): the other, the second; another, a second; one (of two). Vīta, vītae (1f): life. Quoddam is the neuter accusative singular form of quīdam/quaedam/quoddam (adj.): some, a certain, a(n); a kind of, a sort of. Initium is the accusative singular form of initium, initiī (2n): beginning, start. Ōrdīmur is the first person plural form of ōrdior, ōrdīrī, ōrsus sum (4, deponent): to begin, start (first person plural used for the first person singular).

Tāle is the neuter accusative singular form of tālis/tālis/tāle (3): such, of such a kind, of this/that kind, like this/that. Quiddam is the neuter accusative singular form of quīdam/quaedam/quiddam (pron.): someone, something, a certain person, a certain thing. Sapiēns, sapientis (3m): wise man, sage. Facit is the third person singular form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make.

Quaedam is the neuter nominative plural form of of quīdam/quaedam/quiddam (pron.): someone, something, a certain person, a certain thing; (in pl.) some, some people, some things. Aperta is the neuter nominative plural form of apertus/aperta/apertum (1/2): open; evident, obvious—originally the perfect passive participle (having been opened or uncovered) of aperiō, aperīre, aperuī, apertum (4): to open; uncover, lay bare. Sunt: (they) are. Obscūra is the neuter nominative plural form of obscūrus/obscūra/obscūrum (1/2): dark, obscure.

Quaedam is the neuter nominative plural form of quīdam/quaedam/quoddam (adj.): some, a certain, a(n); a kind of. Tempora is the nominative plural form of tempus, temporis (3n): time, season, period, moment. Ēripiuntur is the third person plural passive form of ēripiō, ēripere, ēripuī, ēreptum (3, –iō): to snatch away; rescue (often with dative of the person from whom the thing is snatched). Nōbīs is the dative form of nōs: we (to/for/from us). Subdūcuntur is the third person plural passive form of subdūcō, subdūcere, subdūxī, subductum (3): to pull up, raise; pull or draw from underneath; pull or draw away; remove, take away, withdraw; steal. Effluunt is the third person plural form of effluō, effluere, efflūxī, — (3): to flow out or away; melt, dissolve; escape, slip away; slip out of one’s grasp.

Quibusdam is the m/f/n dative plural form of quīdam/quaedam/quiddam (pron.): someone, something, a certain person, a certain thing; (in pl.) some, some people, some things. Remedia is the nominative plural form of remedium, remediī (2n): remedy. Mōnstranda is the neuter nominative plural form of mōnstrandus/mōnstranda/mōnstrandum (1/2), the gerundive (to be shown) of mōnstrō, mōnstrāre, mōnstrāvī, mōnstrātum (1): to point out, show. Quibusdam is the m/f/n dative plural form of quīdam/quaedam/quiddam (pron.): someone, something, a certain person, a certain thing; (in pl.) some, some people, some things. Inculcanda is the neuter nominative plural form of inculcandus/inculcanda/inculcandum (1/2), the gerundive (to be trodden in) of inculcō, inculcāre, inculcāvī, inculcātum (1): to tread in, ram down, force upon (+ dative), drive home. Sunt: (they) are.

Quiddam is the neuter accusative singular form of quīdam/quaedam/quiddam (pron.): someone, something, a certain person, a certain thing. Furor, furōris (3m): madness; rage, fury. Hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Ūtilitās, ūtilitātis (3f): usefulness, use, utility; advantage. Habet is the third person singular form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have.

Male (adv.): badly, ill. Vīvet is the third person singular future form of vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctum (3): to live. Quisquis/quidquid (rel. pron. ; the neuter form is also spelled quicquid): whoever, whatever, anyone who, anything that, all that. . . Nesciet is the third person singular future form of nesciō, nescīre, nescīvī/nesciī, nescītum (4): to not know; not know how. Bene (adv.): well. Morior, morī, mortuus sum (3, –ior, deponent): to die.

Quidquid is the accusative singular form of quisquis/quidquid (rel. pron. ; the neuter form is also spelled quicquid): whoever, whatever, anyone who, anything that, all that. . . Amēs is the second person singular form of amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum (1): to love (it’s a potential subjunctive due to the subject being a general you). Cupiās is the second person singular subjunctive form of cupiō, cupere, cupīvī/cupiī, cupītum (3, –iō): to desire, want, wish, long for (the subjunctive can be used to convey a general piece of advice—addressing a general you). Nōn: not. Placuisse is the perfect infinitive form of placeō, placēre, placuī, placitum (2): to please, be pleasing to; be agreed on. Nimis (adv.): too much, excessively.

(When too much wine takes hold.) Quisquis/quidquid (rel. pron. ; the neuter form is also spelled quicquid): whoever, whatever, anyone who, anything that, all that. . . Malum, malī (2n): evil or any bad thing (misfortune, disease, misdeed, etc.). Latēbat is the third person singular imperfect form of lateō, latēre, latuī, — (2): to be hidden, hide, lurk; be obscure or unknown. Ēmergit is the third person singular form of ēmergō, ēmergere, ēmersī, ēmersum (3): to come up out of the water; emerge; come forth, appear.

Quisquis/quidquid (rel. pron. , sometimes adj. ; the neuter form is also spelled quicquid): whoever, whatever, anyone who, anything that, all that. . . Homō, hominis (3m): man, human, person. Hūc (adv.): here (as a destination), to this place. Profectō (adv.): indeed, undoubtedly, certainly, definitely. Vēnerit is the third person singular future perfect form of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come. Pugnōs is the accusative plural form of pugnus, pugnī (2m): fist. Edet is the third person singular future form of edō, ēsse, ēdī, ēsum (3, irreg.): to eat.

Rīdē is the singular imperative form of rīdeō, rīdēre, rīsī, rīsum (2): to laugh (at); smile. Quidquid is the neuter accusative singular form of quisquis/quidquid (rel. pron. ; the neuter form is also spelled quicquid): whoever, whatever; (n. acc. sing. used adverbially) to whatever extent/degree, however much (or little), as much (or little) as. Amās is the second person singular form of amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum (1): to love. Catō is the vocative singular form of Catō, Catōnis (3m). Catullum is the accusative singular form of Catullus, Catullī (2m).

(Because he had left public life.) Superest is the third person singular form of supersum, superesse, superfuī, superfutūrus (irreg.): to remain, be left (over). Enim (particle): for, indeed. Nōbīs is the dative form of nōs: we (to us) (first person plural used for the first person singular). Hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Cuicuimodi: of whatever kind or quality; cuicui is the genitive singular form of quisquis/quidquid (rel. pron. , sometimes adj.): whoever, whatever, anyone who, anything that, all that. . . ; modus, modī (2m): measure; limit; way, manner; kind. Est: it is. Ōtium, ōtiī (2n): freedom from business, leisure; inactivity; peace.

Quōquō is the m/n ablative singular form of quisquis/quidquid (rel. an indef. pron. , sometimes adj. ; the neuter form is also spelled quicquid): whoever, whatever, anyone who, anything that, all that. . . Modō is the ablative singular form of modus, modī (2m): measure; limit; way, manner, means. Cōnfice is the singular imperative form of cōnficiō, cōnficere, cōnfēcī, cōnfectum (3, –iō): to complete; perform, accomplish; produce, make; settle (a matter), make arrangements.

Īnsāniam is the accusative singular form of īnsānia, īnsāniae (1f): madness, insanity. Tuam is the feminine accusative singular form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours. Quōquō (rel. adv.): wherever (with motion), to whatever place. Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Dūxerit is the third person singular future perfect or perfect subjunctive form of dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductum (3): to lead, guide, bring, take (to a place); draw; think, consider. Sequeris is the second person singular form of sequor, sequī, secūtus sum (3, deponent): to follow.

Quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Negat is the third person singular form of negō, negāre, negāvī, negātum (1): to deny; refuse.

Quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron. , sometimes adj. in the masculine): who? what? Enim (particle): for. Erit is the third person singular future form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Fīnis, fīnis (3m): boundary, bound, limit; end.

(He’s talking about fears: instead of saying “maybe it won’t happen,” he suggests saying “so what if it does?”) Quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Porrō (adv.): forward; further; next; furthermore, moreover, again, besides. Sī (conj.): if. Veniet is the third person singular future form of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come.

Quid is the neuter accusative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Respondēs is the second person singular form of respondeō, respondēre, respondī, respōnsum (2): to respond, answer. Dīcis is the second person singular form of dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say.

Cuius is the m/f/n (here m) genitive singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.) who? what? Colōnus, colōnī (2m): farmer; tenant farmer (one who cultivates another’s land); colonist. Es: are you.

(He’s talking about thoughts or sayings—sententia, sententiae (1f).) Cui is the m/f/n (here m) dative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Illās is the feminine accusative plural form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it (those, them). Adsignābimus is the first person plural future form of adsignō, adsignāre, adsignāvī, adsignātum (1—also assignō): to assign; impute, ascribe, credit; commit (to someone’s keeping).

Quō is the m/n (here m) ablative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Pulchrior/pulchrior/pulchrius (3): more beautiful—the comparative form of pulcher/pulchra/pulchrum (1/2): beautiful (pulchrior is feminine here because it refers to Egypt—Aegyptus, Aegyptī (2f); it takes quō as an ablative of comparison). Es: you are.

Quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron. , sometimes adj. in the masculine): who? what? Locus, locī (2m): place; opportunity, occasion. Est: is. Templīs is the ablative plural form of templum, templī (2n): temple, sanctuary (the ablative of comparison). Augustior/augustior/augustius (3): more august, more venerable, more majestic, more dignified—the comparative form of augustus/augusta/augustum (1/2): august, venerable, majestic, dignified.

Quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Negōtium, negōtī (2n; the genitive can also be negōtiī): occupation, business, affair, matter; difficulty, trouble. Est: is (it/there).

Quid is the neuter accusative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? —n. acc. sg. used adverbially: in what respect? to what extent? what for? why? how? Mē is the accusative form of ego: I (me). Aspectās is the second person singular form of aspectō, aspectāre, aspectāvī, aspectātum (1—also adspectō): to look at (intently), observe, watch, stare at. Stolide is the masculine vocative singular form of stolidus/stolida/stolidum (1/2): dull, stupid.

Quid is the neuter accusative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? —n. acc. sg. used adverbially: in what respect? to what extent? what for? why? how? Mī is a contraction of mihi, the dative form of ego: I (to me). Is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Prōdest is the third person singular form of prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuī, prōfutūrus (irreg.): to be helpful, help, do good, benefit, avail.

Quaerimus is the first person plural form of quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī/quaesiī, quaesītum (3): to seek; seek to know, ask. Nōn: not. Quālis/quālis/quāle (3, interrog. adj.): (of) what kind? of what nature or quality? Sit is the third person singular subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect question). Quisque/quaeque/quidque (pron.): each, each one, each person, each thing; every or any single person/thing. Sed (conj.): but. Quantum, quantī (interrog. pron.): how great an amount? how much? —in the genitive of value: of how much value? (The genitive of value.)

(Of life.) Fīxus/fīxa/fīxum (1/2) is the perfect passive participle (fixed) of fīgō, fīgere, fīxī, fīxum (3): to drive in, fasten, fix, pin, plant. Est: is. Cuique: for each (person)—the m/f/n (here m) dative singular form of quisque/quaeque/quidque (pron.): each, each one, each person, each thing; every or any single person/thing. Terminus, terminī (2m): a post or stone marking a boundary; furthest point; boundary, limit, bound; end.

Tantum, tantī (pron.): so great an amount, so much; this amount, this much; as great an amount, as much; it can be used in the genitive of value to mean of so much value/importance or of as much value/importance, etc. . Quisque/quaeque/quodque (adj.): each, every single, any single. Malum, malī (2n): evil; misfortune. Est: is. Quantum, quantī (rel. pron.): (as much) as, (as great an amount) as; in the genitive of value: (of as much value/importance) as. Illud is the neuter accusative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it; the former. Taxāvimus is the first person plural perfect form of taxō, taxāre, taxāvī, taxātum (1): to rate, assess the value (or size, extent, etc.) of.

Sibi: for himself—the dative form of the reflexive pronoun. Quisque/quaeque/quidque (pron.): each, each one, each person, each thing; every or any single person/thing. Sē: himself—the accusative form of the reflexive pronoun. Vindicat is the third person singular form of vindicō, vindicāre, vindicāvī, vindicātum (1): to claim, lay claim to (it’s fairly common for a reflexive pronoun in the dative to go with it: literally to claim X for oneself); claim as free; liberate; protect; avenge, vindicate.

Suus/sua/suum (1/2): his (own); it agrees with the thing possessed (here māter). Quemque is the masculine accusative singular form of quisque/quaeque/quidque (pron.): each, each one, each person, each thing; every or any single person/thing. Māter, mātris (3f): mother. Ūberibus is the ablative plural form of ūber, ūberis (3n): breast (of a woman or female animal, in its capacity as a source of milk); teat or udder. Alit is the third person singular form of alō, alere, aluī, altum (3): to feed, nourish.

Dē (prep.): from, down from; of; about, concerning (takes the ablative). Antīquīs is the m/f/n (here m) ablative plural form of antīquus/antīqua/antīquum (1/2): old, ancient. Inlūstrissimus/inlūstrissima/inlūstrissimum (1/2): brightest, most shining; most distinguished, most illustrious—the superlative form of inlūstris/inlūstris/inlūstre (3—also illūstris): bright, shining; distinguished, illustrious. Quisque/quaeque/quodque (adj.): each, every single, any single—or it could be attributed to the pronoun quisque/quaeque/quidque; we know from neuter nominative/accusative singular examples (the only forms where the adjective differs from the pronoun) that both the pronoun and the adjective can be used in the superlative + quisque construction. Pāstor, pāstōris (3m): shepherd. Erat: was—the third person singular imperfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

(Letters he’s received— epistula, epistulae (1f).) Antīquissimae is the feminine dative singular form of antīquissimus/antīquissima/antīquissimum (1/2): oldest—the superlative form of antīquus/antīqua/antīquum (1/2): old, ancient. Cuique is the m/f/n dative singular form of quisque/quaeque/quodque (adj.): each, every single, any single (or it could be the pronoun quisque/quaeque/quidque). Prīmum (adv.): first. Respondēbō is the first person singular future form of respondeō, respondēre, respondī, respōnsum (2): to respond, answer.

Quotus/quota/quotum (1/2): having what position in a series? in what proportion to the total? —it’s literally as if you said “how manyth”. Quisque/quaeque/quodque (adj.): each, every single, any single Quotus quisque = very literally and awkwardly every how manyth; i.e., what proportion (of people, etc.)? how many? (Often implying few.) Accūsātor, accūsātōris (3m): accuser; plaintiff. Vacat is the third person singular form of vacō, vacāre, vacāvī, vacātum (1): to be vacant; be without (+ abl.); have time. Culpā is the ablative singular form of culpa, culpae (1f): fault, blame.

Sequuntur is the third person plural form of sequor, sequī, secūtus sum (3, deponent): to follow; pursue, chase; escort, accompany (it’s in the historical present). Hostem is the accusative singular form of hostis, hostis (3m/f): enemy. Et (conj.): and. Postrēmōs is the masculine accusative plural form of postrēmus/postrēma/postrēmum (1/2): last; endmost; rearmost—the superlative form of posterus/postera/posterum (1/2): following, next. Ut (rel. adv.): as; when, as soon as. Quōsque is the masculine accusative plural form of quisque/quaeque/quidque (pron.): each, each one, each person, each thing; every or any single person/thing. Adeptī sunt is the third person masculine plural perfect form of adipīscor, adipīscī, adeptus sum (3, deponent): to overtake; reach; obtain. Caedunt is the third person plural form of caedō, caedere, cecīdī, caesum (3): to cut; strike; kill (another historical present).

In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into, onto. Mūrōs is the accusative plural form of mūrus, mūrī (2m): wall (especially a city wall), rampart. Prō (prep.): in front of, before; for; in exchange for, instead of; on behalf of; in proportion to (takes the ablative). Sē: himself—the ablative form of the reflexive pronoun. Quisque/quaeque/quidque (pron.): each, each one, each person, each thing; every or any single person/thing. Armātī is the masculine nominative plural form of armātus/armāta/armātum (1/2), the perfect passive participle (armed) of armō, armāre, armāvī, armātum (1): to arm. Discurrunt is the third person plural form of discurrō, discurrere, discurrī, discursum (3): to run off different ways, run in all directions (it’s in the historical present).

(A line from Publilius.) Cuivīs is the m/f/n (here m) dative singular form of quīvīs/quaevīs/quidvīs (pron.): anyone (you like), anything (you like), any random person or thing. Potest is the third person singular form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can. Accidō, accidere, accidī, — (3): to happen, befall (with dative of the person). Quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Cuiquam is the m/f/n (here m) dative singular form of quisquam/quicquam (pron.): anyone (at all), anything (at all), even a single person or thing. Potest is the third person singular form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can.

Crēdat is the third person singular subjunctive form of crēdō, crēdere, crēdidī, crēditum (3): to entrust; lend (money); believe; trust (potential subjunctive). Hoc is the neuter accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it. Quisquam/quicquam (pron.): anyone, anything.

Nōn: not. Est: there is. Quod (conj.): that; the fact that; as for the fact that; in respect to the fact that; in that; because; with a subjunctive verb: (something) with regards to which, (a reason) why. Quicquam is the neuter accusative singular form of quisquam/quicquam (pron.): anyone, anything. Timendum is the m/n accusative singular form of timendus/timenda/timendum (1/2), the gerundive (needing to be feared) of timeō, timēre, timuī, — (2): to fear, be afraid. Putēs is the second person singular subjunctive form of putō, putāre, putāvī, putātum (1): to think, suppose.

(Its light shines for all.) Neque/nec (conj. and adv.): and not, nor; neither, not either, not even (nec. . . nec = neither. . . nor). Reicit is the third person singular form of reiciō, reicere, reiēcī, reiectum (3, –iō): to throw back; drive back; throw away; reject. Quemquam is the masculine accusative singular form of quisquam/quicquam (pron.): anyone, anything. Philosophia, philosophiae (1f): philosophy. Neque/nec (conj. and adv.): and not, nor; neither, not either, not even. Ēligit is the third person singular form of ēligō, ēligere, ēlēgī, ēlēctum (3): to choose, pick, select, elect.

Vix (adv.): with difficulty; barely, hardly, scarcely. Spēs, speī (5f): hope; expectation. Quisquam/quicquam (pron.): anyone, anything. Est: is. Super (adv.): above, over, on top; beyond; in addition; as a residue, left, after what has been taken.

Deus, deī (2m, irreg.): god. Dignior/dignior/dignius (3): worthier—the comparative form of dignus/digna/dignum (1/2): worthy. Fuit is the third person singular perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Quisquam/quicquam (usually pron. , occasionally adj.): anyone, anything; any. Homō, hominis (3m): man, human. Quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Esset is the third person singular imperfect subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. The adjective dignus/digna/dignum can take a relative clause with a subjunctive verb to express what one is worthy of; thus dignior quī deus esset = worthier to be a god.

(. . . so that you arrive in the Senate well-rested.) Sī (conj.): if. Quicquam is the neuter accusative singular form of quisquam/quicquam (pron.): anyone, anything; n. acc. sg. used adverbially: in anything, in any respect, to any extent, at all. Nōs is the accusative form of nōs: we (us) (first person plural used for the first person singular). Amās is the second person singular form of amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum (1): to love. Dormī is the singular imperative form of dormiō, dormīre, dormīvī/dormiī, dormītum (4): to sleep. Per (prep.): through; throughout; by, by means of; during (takes the accusative). Istās is the feminine accusative plural form of iste/ista/istud (adj.): that (of yours). Noctēs is the accusative plural form of nox, noctis (3f): night.

Ergō (particle): therefore, so, then. Mūneribus is the ablative plural form of mūnus, mūneris (3n): gift, present; function, office; duty. Quīvīs/quaevīs/quidvīs (pron.): anyone (you like), anything (you like), whoever you like, whatever you like, any random person or thing. Mercātur is the third person singular form of mercor, mercārī, mercātus sum (1, deponent): to buy, purchase; deal in trade. Amōrem is the accusative singular form of amor, amōris (3m): love, affection, passion.

Sciō, scīre, scīvī/sciī, scītum (4): to know. Enim (particle): for, indeed. Quidvīs is the neuter accusative singular form of quīvīs/quaevīs/quidvīs (pron.): anyone (you like), anything (you like), whoever you like, whatever you like, any random person or thing. Hominī is the dative singular form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human. Accidō, accidere, accidī, — (3): to fall down, descend; come to pass, happen, occur, befall (takes a dative object). Possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can.

Quīvīs/quaevīs/quodvīs (adj.): any (you like), whichever you like, any random. Enim (particle): for, indeed. Supplicium, suppliciī (2n): an act of atonement (such as a propitiatory offering); punishment; suffering, torture. Levior/levior/levius (3): lighter; gentler; easier—the comparative form of levis/levis/leve (3): light; gentle; easy. Est: is. Hāc is the feminine ablative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Permānsiōne is the ablative singular form of permānsiō, permānsiōnis (3f): an act of remaining, continued residence. Hāc permānsiōne is an ablative of comparison.

Asperior/asperior/asperius (3): more cruel—the comparative form of asper/aspera/asperum (1/2): rough; harsh; cruel. Quōvīs is the m/n ablative singular form of quīvīs/quaevīs/quodvīs (adj.): any (you like), whichever you like, any random. Aequore is the ablative singular form of aequor, aequoris (3n): even surface; sea. Frāter, frātris (3m): brother. Erat: was—the third person singular imperfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

Statue is the singular imperative form of statuō, statuere, statuī, statūtum (3): to set up, erect; establish; decide; make up one’s mind. Aliquandō (adv): at some time or other; sometimes; once, in the past; sometime, one day; finally. Quidlibet is the neuter accusative singular form of quīlibet/quaelibet/quidlibet (pron.): anyone (you like), anything (you like), whoever you like, whatever you like, any random person or thing.

Tū is the vocative form of tū: you. Iuvenem is the accusative singular form of iuvenis, iuvenis (3m/f): a young person, a youth (more often masculine). Trepidum is the m/n accusative singular form of trepidus/trepida/trepidum (1/2): in a state of alarm or apprehension, anxious, fearful, frightened; agitated. Quōlibet is the m/n ablative singular form of quīlibet/quaelibet/quodlibet (adj.): any (you like), whichever you like, any random. Abde is the singular imperative form of abdō, abdere, abdidī, abditum (3): to put away; hide, conceal. Locō is the ablative singular form of locus, locī (2m): place, position.

Scelera is the nominative plural form of scelus, sceleris (3n): crime. Cōnspectum is the accusative singular form of cōnspectus, cōnspectūs (4m): a sight, view. Suī: of themselves—the genitive form of the reflexive pronoun. Reformīdant is the third person plural form of reformīdō, reformīdāre, reformīdāvī, reformīdātum (1): to shrink from, dread, shun, avoid through fear.

Iniūriam is the accusative singular form of iniūria, iniūriae (1f): injury, wrong, injustice. Sibi: (to) himself—the dative form of the reflexive pronoun. Fēcit is the third person singular perfect form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make.

(Later used by John Stuart Mill; he said the Socratic method was a remedy for the foolishness of the mind left to itself.) Intellēctus, intellēctūs (4m): intellect, faculty of understanding. Sibi: to itself—the dative form of the reflexive pronoun. Permissus/permissa/permissum (1/2) is the perfect passive participle (permitted, left) of permittō, permittere, permīsī, permissum (3): to allow, permit; leave (to decide, or to be treated in some way).

Nēmō, nēminis (3m): no one. Trīstis/trīstis/trīste (3): gloomy, sad, sullen; stern, austere; grim. Sibi: for himself—the dative form of the reflexive pronoun. Est: is.

Dēfōrmis/dēfōrmis/dēfōrme (3): deformed, ugly; shameful, unseemly, inappropriate. Etiam (particle): still; also; even. Est: it is. Dē (prep.): from, down from; about, concerning (takes the ablative). Sē: oneself—the ablative form of the reflexive pronoun. Ipsum is the m/n accusative singular form of ipse/ipsa/ipsum (pron. or adj.): himself/herself/itself/oneself/etc. ; in person; the very. Praedicō, praedicāre, praedicāvī, praedicātum (1): to proclaim, make publicly known; praise, extol.

Animus, animī (2m): mind, soul; will, intention. Ex/ē (prep.): from, out of; according to (takes ablative). Sē is the ablative form of the reflexive pronoun. Crēscit is the third person singular form of crēscō, crēscere, crēvī, crētum (3): to grow. Sē is the accusative form of the reflexive pronoun. Ipse/ipsa/ipsum (pron. or adj.): himself/herself/itself/etc. ; in person; the very. Alit is the third person singular form of alō, alere, aluī, altum (3): to feed, nourish. Sē is the accusative form of the reflexive pronoun. Exercet is the third person singular form of exerceō, exercēre, exercuī, exercitum (2): to train, exercise, practice.

Vidē is the singular imperative form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see. Quam (interrog. adv.): how (much)? to what degree? Sit is the third person singular subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect question). Sē: with himself—the ablative form of the reflexive pronoun. Contentus/contenta/contentum (1/2): content, satisfied (often with an ablative word).

Virtūs, virtūtis (3f): virtue, moral excellence or any positive quality; courage, valor. Omnia is the neuter accusative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every; (n. pl. used substantively) all things, everything. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Sēsē: itself—a variant of sē, the ablative form of the reflexive pronoun. Habet is the third person singular form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have.

Quōcumque (rel. adv.): wherever (with motion), whithersoever, to whatever place. Illum is the masculine accusative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it. Trānstuleris is the second person singular future perfect form of trānsferō, trānsferre, trānstulī, trānslātum (3, irreg.): to carry over, transfer; transport. Morbum is the accusative singular form of morbus, morbī (2m): disease, ailment, malady. Sēcum: with him(self) (sē = himself; cum = with). Suum: his (own)—the m/n accusative singular form of suus/sua/suum (1/2). Trānsferet is the third person singular future form of trānsferō, trānsferre, trānstulī, trānslātum (3, irreg.): to carry over, transfer; transport.

Et (conj.): and (et. . . et = both. . . and). Nōs is the accusative form of nōs: we (us). Et (conj.): and. Inter (prep.): among; between (takes the accusative). Sē: themselves—the accusative form of the reflexive pronoun. Amant is the third person plural form of amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum (1): to love.

Impetrat is the third person singular form of impetrō, impetrāre, impetrāvī, impetrātum (1): to gain one’s end, achieve, obtain, procure (by request or influence) (it’s in the historical present). Ab/ā (prep.): (away) from; by (takes the ablative). Senātū is the ablative singular form of senātus, senātūs (4m): senate. Ut (conj. , with subjunctive): that, so that. Diēs, diēī (5m/f): day. Sibi: to/for him(self)—the dative form of the reflexive pronoun. Prōrogārētur is the third person singular imperfect passive subjunctive form of prōrogō, prōrogāre, prōrogāvī, prōrogātum (1): to prolong, extend; put off, postpone.

Petit is the third person singular form of petō, petere, petīvī/petiī, petītum (3): to direct one’s course to, make for; aim at; go for; attack; seek; ask for, request (it’s in the historical present). Ab/ā (prep.): (away) from; by (takes the ablative). Hīs is the m/f/n (here m) ablative plural form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it (these, them). Omnibus is the m/f/n ablative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Ut (conj. , with subjunctive): that, so that. Sē: him(self)—the accusative form of the reflexive pronoun. Frūmentō is the ablative singular form of frūmentum, frūmentī (2n): corn, grain. Iuvent is the third person plural subjunctive form of iuvō, iuvāre, iūvī, iūtum (1): to help; benefit, avail; delight, gratify, please.

(But I have always threatened myself with them.) Tū: you. Hodiē (adv.): today. Ista is the neuter accusative plural form if iste/ista/istud (pron.): this (one), that (one); he, she, it (often with a second-person reference, like that of yours) (those/these things). Dēnūntiās is the second person singular form of dēnūntiō, dēnūntiāre, dēnūntiāvī, dēnūntiātum (1): to announce, declare; declare one’s intention of inflicting, threaten (dat.) with (acc.); command, enjoin.

Nōn: not. Possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can. Dēsīderium is the accusative singular form of dēsīderium, dēsīderiī (2n): longing, desire for something lost or absent; need (it frequently takes an objective genitive). Tuī is the genitive form of tū: you (of you). Sustineō, sustinēre, sustinuī, sustentum (2): to hold up, support; maintain, preserve; endure, bear, withstand.

(They arise among pleasures and among sorrows.) Idem is the neuter accusative singular form of īdem/eadem/idem (pron.): the same. Tibi is the dative form of tū: you (to you). Dē (prep.): from, down from; about, concerning (takes ablative). Bonīs is the ablative plural form of bonum, bonī (2n): a good thing or that which is good, a good or the good. Dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say.

Inimīcī is the nominative plural form of inimīcus, inimīcī (2m): enemy. Tibi is the dative form of tū: you (to/for you). Nepōtēs is the accusative plural form of nepōs, nepōtis (3m): grandson; grandchild; descendant. Precantur is the third person singular form of precor, precārī, precātus sum (1, deponent): to pray, beg (the thing prayed for is in the accusative).

Hodiē (adv.): today. Mihi is the dative form of ego: I (to/for me). Crās (adv.): tomorrow. Tibi is the dative form of tū: you (to/for you).

(Solve your own problems before trying to help others.) Medice is the vocative singular form of medicus, medicī (2m): doctor, physician. Cūrā is the singular imperative form of cūrō, cūrāre, cūrāvī, cūrātum (1): to take care of, look after; care (for or about); cure, heal. Tē is the accusative form of tū: you, yourself. Ipsum is the m/n accusative singular form of ipse/ipsa/ipsum (adj.): himself/herself/itself/oneself/etc. ; in person; the very (ipsum isn’t necessary to the grammar of the sentence; it’s an intensifier).

Condūcō, condūcere, condūxī, conductum (3): to draw together, collect, assemble; hire; rent; borrow (money). Domum is the accusative singular form of domus, domūs (2/4f): house, home. Ab/ā (prep.): (away) from; by (takes the ablative). Tē is the ablative form of tū: you.

Ad (prep.): to, toward (takes the accusative). Arbitrium is the accusative singular form of arbitrium, arbitriī (2n): arbitration; the decision of an arbitrator; authority, power; wish, desire, inclination. Tēcum: with you (tē = you; cum = with). Veniam is the first person singular future form of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come.

Īlium is the accusative singular form Īlium, Īliī (2n): Ilium, another name of Troy. Vīcit is the third person singular perfect form of vincō, vincere, vīcī, victum (3): to conquer, defeat, overcome. Pater, patris (3m): father. Vōs: you (pl.). Dīruistis is the second person plural perfect form of dīruō, dīruere, dīruī, dīrutum (3): to pull down, demolish, destroy.

(A brave man’s words to the gods.) Vultis is the second person plural form of volō, velle, voluī, — (irreg.): to want, wish; be willing. Līberōs is the accusative form of līberī, līberōrum (2m, plural only): children (in respect to their parents), sons and daughters. Sūmō, sūmere, sūmpsī, sūmptum (3): to take; take on, assume; adopt. Vōbīs is the dative form of vōs: you (pl.). Illōs is the masculine accusative plural form of ille/illa/illum (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it (those, them). Tollō, tollere, sustulī, sublātum (3): to pick up, lift (up), raise; pick up a child to acknowledge and raise it; take away, remove, do away with.

Arma is the accusative form of arma, armōrum (2n, plural only): arms (both offensive and defensive), weapons, armor. Dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give. Vōbīs is the dative form of vōs: you (pl.).

Ego: I. Vōs is the accusative form of vōs: you (pl.). Sequor, sequī, secūtus sum (3, deponent): to follow. Nōn: not. Dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductum (3): to lead, guide, bring, take (to a place); draw; think, consider.

(He’s writing to Cassius and is referring to Cassius and Brutus.) Spēs, speī (5f): hope; expectation. Est: is. Omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Vōbīs is the ablative form of vōs: you (pl.).

(. . . but I can die to allow you to live. Spoken by a centurion before rushing into battle.) Mē is the accusative form of ego: I (me, myself). Ūnā (adv.): together. Vōbīscum: with you (vōbīs = you (pl.); cum = with). Servō, servāre, servāvī, servātum (1): to watch, observe; keep; save, preserve. Nōn: not. Possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can.

Nēminem is the accusative form of nēmō, nēminis (3m): no one. Vestrum is the (partitive) genitive form of vōs: you (pl.). Fallit is the third person singular form of fallō, fallere, fefellī, falsum (3): to deceive; escape the notice of; disappoint; (in the passive) be mistaken.

Habētis is the second person plural form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have. Ducem is the accusative singular form of dux, ducis (3m/f): leader. Memorem is the m/f accusative singular form of memor, memoris (3, adj.): mindful, remembering (often with a genitive word). Vestrī is the genitive form of vōs: you (pl.). Oblītum is the m/n accusative singular form of oblītus/oblīta/oblītum (1/2), the perfect active participle (having forgotten) of oblīvīscor, oblīvīscī, oblītus sum (3, deponent): to forget (often takes a genitive object). Suī: (of) himself—the genitive form of the reflexive pronoun.