Passages from Virgil

Arma is the accusative form of arma, armōrum (2n, plural only): arms, weapons. Virumque: virum is the accusative singular form of vir, virī (2m): man; the enclitic conjunction – que adds and. Canō, canere, cecinī, cantum (3): to sing (of = accusative); play, make music. (I sing (of) arms and (of) the man. . .)

Troia, Troiae (1f): Troy. Quī /quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Prīmus /prīma/prīmum (1/2): frontmost; first. Ab /ā (prep.): from; by (takes ablative). Ōrīs is the ablative plural form of ōra, ōrae (1f): edge, border, margin; (sea) shore, coast; region. Ītaliam is the accusative singular form of Ītalia, Ītaliae (1f): Italy (the first syllable, normally short, can be lengthened in poetry). Fātō is the ablative singular form of fātum, fātī (2n): fate. Profugus /profuga/profugum (1/2): fugitive, fleeing, exiled. Lāvīniaque: Lāvīnia is the neuter accusative plural form of Lāvīnius/Lāvīnia/Lāvīnium (1/2): Lavinian, Lavine (of Lavinium, a town in Latium, Italy, said to have been founded by Aeneas) (this word is normally four syllables— Lā-vī-ni-a —but here it’s contracted into three to fit the meter— Lā-vīn-ia, with the last syllable sounding like ya); the enclitic conjunction – que adds and. Vēnit is the third person singular perfect form of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come. Lītora is the accusative plural form of lītus, lītoris (3n): (sea) shore, coast, beach. Ītaliam and Lāvīnia lītora are accusatives of end of motion (or place to which). In prose, the use of such accusatives without prepositions such as in or ad is usually limited to names of towns, cities, small islands and a few other nouns like domus. Their use is slightly broader in poetry. (. . . who first came, (a) fugitive by fate, from the shores of Troy to Italy and the Lavinian coasts. . .)

Multum (adv.): much, a lot. Ille /illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it. Et (conj.): and (et. . . et = both. . . and). Terrīs is the ablative plural form of terra, terrae (1f): land; earth. Iactātus /iactāta/iactātum (1/2) is the perfect passive participle of iactō, iactāre, iactāvī, iactātum (1): to throw (esp. repeatedly), toss (about); boast (about), show off. Et (conj.): and. Altō is the ablative singular form of altum, altī (2n): the open sea, the deep; high place; depth or depths (a substantive use of altus/alta/altum (1/2): high; deep). (. . . much tossed about, he, both on the lands and on the deep. . .)

Vī is the ablative singular form of vīs, vīs (3f, irreg.): force, power, vigor, energy; violence; strength. Superum is an alternative m/f/n genitive plural form of superus/supera/superum (1/2): upper, of above, situated above; (m. pl. used substantively) those who dwell above, the heavenly gods. Saevae is the feminine genitive singular form of saevus/saeva/saevum (1/2): savage, ferocious, fierce; cruel. Memorem is the m/f accusative singular form of memor, memoris (3, adj.): remembering, having remembrance, mindful, unforgetting. Iūnō, Iūnōnis (3f): Juno (the queen of the gods, sister and wife of Jupiter). Ob (prep.): toward; against, in front of, in the way of (so as to block); because of, for (takes the accusative). Īram is the accusative singular form of īra, īrae (1f): anger, wrath. (. . . by the violence of those situated above (i.e., the gods), because of savage Juno’s mindful wrath;)

Multa is the neuter accusative plural form of multus/multa/multum (1/2): much, many. Quoque (adv.): too, also, as well. Et (adv.): too, also, as well. Bellō is the ablative singular form of bellum, bellī (2n): war. Passus /passa/passum (1/2) is the perfect active participle of patior, patī, passus sum (3, deponent): to suffer, undergo; endure; allow. (. . . having also endured many things in war too (note the gender and case of passus: the phrase refers to Aeneas, not Juno). . .)

Dum (conj.): while, as; until; until such time as; as long as, provided that (when the clause conveys a sense of intention or expectancy, it takes the subjunctive). Conderet is the third person singular imperfect subjunctive form of condō, condere, condidī, conditum (3): to store up, put away; sheathe; bury; hide; suppress; found, establish; compose. Urbem is the accusative singular form of urbs, urbis (3f): city. Īnferretque: īnferret is the third person singular imperfect subjunctive form of īnferō, īnferre, intulī, illātum (3, irreg.): to bring into a place; bring forward; thrust in or on; inflict (into/in/on = dative); the enclitic conjunction – que adds and. Deōs is the accusative plural form of deus, deī (2m, irreg.): god. Latiō is the dative singular form of Latium, Latiī (2n): the region of Latium (modern-day Lazio) in Italy, where Rome is located. (. . . until he might found the city and bring [his] gods (i.e., his household gods that he brought from fallen Troy) into Latium. . .)

Genus, generis (3n): kind, type, sort; race; descent. Unde (rel. adv.): whence, from where. Latīnus/Latīna/ Latīnum (1/2): Latin (as an adjective), from or relating to Latium. Albānīque: Albānī is the masculine nominative plural form of Albānus/Albāna/Albānum (1/2): Alban (of Alba Longa, the hometown of the founders of Rome, Romulus and Remus); the enclitic conjunction – que adds and. Patrēs is the nominative plural form of pater, patris (3m): father; forefather. Atque /ac (conj.): and, and then, and also. Altae is the feminine genitive singular form of altus/alta/altum (1/2): high, lofty, tall; deep (essentially, having a great vertical extent, whether in an upward or downward direction). Moenia, moenium (3n, plural only): (defensive) walls. Rōma, Rōmae (1f): Rome. (. . . whence [came] the Latin race and the Alban fathers and the walls of lofty Rome.)

Mūsa is the vocative singular form of Mūsa, Mūsae (1f): Muse. Mihī is the dative form of ego: I (to me) (the second i is often short but sometimes long; here the long version is what fits the meter). Causās is the accusative plural form of causa, causae (1f): (legal) case, trial, cause (that one is pleading for); case (other than legal), situation; cause (that which brings something about), reason. Memorā is the singular imperative form of memorō, memorāre, memorāvī, memorātum (1): to recall to mind; recount, relate, speak about, say, mention, tell. (Muse, relate to me the causes. . .)

Quō is the m/n ablative singular form of quī/quae/quod (interrog. adj.): which. . . ? what. . . ? Nūmine is the ablative singular form of nūmen, nūminis (3n): nod of the head; divine power, divine will, divine nature or divine majesty; divinity, godhead. Laesō is the m/n ablative singular form of laesus/laesa/laesum (1/2), the perfect passive participle of laedō, laedere, laesī, laesum (3): to harm, hurt, injure, wrong. Quidve: quid is the neuter accusative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? —the enclitic conjunction – ve adds or. Dolēns, dolentis (3) is the present active participle of doleō, dolēre, doluī, dolitum (2): to suffer, feel pain; grieve, be sad; be aggrieved (by) (the cause of the feeling sometimes goes in the the accusative). Rēgīna, rēgīnae (1f): queen. Deum is an alternative genitive plural form (for deōrum) of deus, deī (2m, irreg.): god. Tot (indeclinable adj.): so many, as many. Volvō, volvere, volvī, volūtus (3): to cause an object to move in a rolling motion, roll, turn, spin, rotate; turn over in one’s mind; bring round in due course; go through, undergo. Cāsūs is the accusative plural form of cāsus, cāsūs (4m): fall; chance; accident; event, occurrence; misfortune. Īnsignem is the m/f accusative singular form of īnsignis/īnsignis/īnsigne (3): clearly visible; noteworthy, remarkable; outstanding, distinguished. Pietāte is the ablative singular form of pietās, pietātis (3f): upright conduct or a sense of duty toward one’s parents, country, gods, etc. ; righteousness; kindness; piety. Virum is the accusative singular form of vir, virī (2m): man. Tot (indeclinable adj.): so many, as many. Adeō, adīre, adiī, aditum (irreg.): to go to, approach; begin, undertake, enter upon, enter into; undergo, submit to, face. Labōrēs is the accusative plural form of labor, labōris (3m): work, toil, labor; trouble, hardship, suffering. Impulerit is the third person singular perfect subjunctive form of impellō, impellere, impulī, impulsum (3): to strike (against); push forward, drive forward, propel, impel; constrain, compel (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect question). (. . . because of what divine majesty having been wronged, or being aggrieved by what, did the queen of the gods compel a man outstanding in righteousness to go through so many misfortunes, to face so many harsdhips?)

Tantaene: tantae is the feminine nominative plural form of tantus/tanta/tantum (1/2): so great, such great, as great; the enclitic interrogative particle – ne indicates that the word is part of a question. Animīs is the dative or ablative plural form of animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit. Caelestibus is the m/f/n dative or ablative plural form of caelestis/caelestis/caeleste (3): heavenly. Animīs caelestibus could be a dative of possession or an ablative of place where. Īrae is the nominative plural form of īra, īrae (1f): anger, wrath. ([Are there] such great angers in heavenly minds?)

Urbs, urbis (3f): city. Antīquus/ antīqua /antīquum (1/2): old, ancient. Fuit is the third person singular perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. (There was an ancient city—)

Tyriī is the masculine nominative plural form of Tyrius/Tyria/Tyrium (1/2): Tyrian (from the city of Tyre in modern-day Lebanon). Tenuēre is the third person plural perfect form of teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentum (2): to hold; keep; restrain. Colōnī is the nominative plural form of colōnus, colōnī (2m): farmer; tenant farmer; colonist, settler. (Tyrian settlers held [it]—)

Karthāgō, Karthāginis (3f—also carthāgō): Carthage. Ītaliam is the accusative singular form of Ītalia, Ītaliae (1f): Italy (the first syllable is normally short but often lengthened in poetry). Contrā (prep.): across from, in front of, facing, opposite; against; contrary to (takes the accusative). Tiberīnaque: Tiberīna is the neuter accusative plural form of Tiberīnus/Tiberīna/Tiberīnum (1/2): of the Tiber, the Tiber’s, belonging to the river Tiber; the enclitic conjunction – que adds and. Longē (adv.): a long way off, far away, at or from a distance. Ōstia is the accusative plural form of ōstium, ōstiī (2n): door; aperture, opening; mouth (of a river). (. . . Carthage, far away across from Italy and the mouths of the Tiber. . .)

Dīves, dīvitis (3, adj.): rich, wealthy (it can be modified by a genitive specifying what someone or something is rich in). Opum is the genitive plural form of ops, opis (1f): (in the singular or plural) power, ability; (in pl.) forces, troops; (in pl.) wealth, means, resources; (in sg.) help, aid, assistance. Studiīsque: studiīs is the ablative plural form of studium, studiī (2n): zeal, diligence, devotion, enthusiasm; pursuit; study; the enclitic conjunction – que adds and. Asperrimus/ asperrima /asperrimum (1/2): very rough/roughest; very harsh/harshest; very fierce/fiercest; very cruel/cruelest—the superlative form of asper/aspera/asperum (1/2): rough; harsh; fierce; cruel. Bellum, bellī (2n): war. (. . . rich in wealth and very fierce in the pursuits of war (i.e., warlike pursuits). . .)

Quam is the feminine accusative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Iūnō, Iūnōnis (3f): Juno. Fertur is the third person singular passive form of ferō, ferre, tulī, lātum (3, irreg.): to carry, bear; endure; produce; tell, say, relate. Terrīs is the ablative plural form of terra, terrae (1f): land; earth; region (an ablative of comparison). Magis (adv.): more. Omnibus is the m/f/n ablative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Terrīs omnibus is an ablative of comparison. Ūnam is the feminine accusative singular form of ūnus/ūna/ūnum (1/2, irreg.): one; alone; only, sole, single. Posthabitā is the feminine ablative singular form of posthabitus/posthabita/posthabitum (1/2), the perfect passive participle of posthabeō, posthabēre, posthabuī, posthabitum (1/2): to regard as coming after in terms of preference or importance, treat as less important, regard as inferior. Coluisse is the perfect infinitive form of colō, colere, coluī, cultum (3): to inhabit; cultivate; cherish; worship. Samō is the ablative singular form of Samos, Samī (2f): Samos, an island near Ephesus; there was a temple to Juno on the island. Posthabitā samō is an ablative absolute. (. . . which (city) alone Juno is said to have cherished more than all lands (i.e., Juno is said to have cherished this one city more than all other lands), Samos having been treated (by Juno) as less important.)

Hīc (adv.): here. Illius (the second i is often long, sometimes short; here the short version is what fits the meter) is the m/f/n genitive singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it. Arma, armōrum (2n, plural only): arms, weapons, armor. Hīc (adv.): here. Currus, currūs (4m): chariot. Fuit is the third person singular perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. (Here her weapons [were], here [her] chariot was;)

Hoc is the neuter accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (pron. or adj.): this, this one; he, she, it. Rēgnum is the accusative singular form of rēgnum, rēgnī (2n): kingship; monarchy; reign; kingdom. Dea, deae (1f): goddess. Gentibus is the dative plural form of gēns, gentis (3f): nation, people, race; gens, clan, (extended) family. Esse: to be. Sī (conj.): if. Quā (indef. adv.): by/in any way; by any chance. Fāta is the nominative plural form of fātum, fātī (2n): fate. Sinant is the third person plural subjunctive form of sinō, sinere, sīvī, situm (3): to allow, let, permit (a potential subjunctive). Iam (adv.): already; now; soon. Tum (adv.): then, at that time or moment. Tenditque: tendit is the third person singular form of tendō, tendere, tetendī, tentum/tēnsum (3): to stretch; aim, intend; strive; direct one’s course (it’s in the historical present); in this context, the enclitic – que adds both (in a both. . . and construction). Fovetque: fovet is the third person singular form of foveō, fovēre, fōvī, fōtum (2): to warm; refresh; soothe; caress; foster, nurture; favor, promote, support, further; cherish; harbor (a hope) (it’s in the historical present); the enclitic – que adds and. (. . . the goddess, already then, both intends and harbors a hope [for] this to be a kingdom for the nations, if the fates would allow [it] in any way.)

Prōgeniem is the accusative singular form of prōgeniēs, prōgeniēī (5f): offspring, progeny; race, stock, lineage, descent. Sed (conj.): but. Enim (particle): for, indeed. Troiānō is the m/n ablative singular form of Troiānus/Troiāna/Troiānum (1/2): Trojan. Ab/ ā (prep.): from; by (takes the ablative). Sanguine is the ablative singular form of sanguis, sanguinis (3m): blood. Dūcī is the passive infinitive form of dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductum (3): to lead, guide, bring, take (to a place); draw; derive; regard, consider (as). Audierat is the third person singular pluperfect form of audiō, audīre, audīvī/audiī, audītum (4): to hear. (But indeed she had heard a lineage to be derived (i.e., that a lineage was being derived) from Trojan blood. . .)

Tyriās is the feminine accusative plural form of Tyrius/Tyria/Tyrium (1/2): Tyrian. Ōlim (adv.): once (upon a time), in the past; one day, in the future; for a long time already. Quī/ quae /quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Verteret is the third person singular imperfect subjunctive form of vertō, vertere, vertī, versum (3): to turn; invert, reverse; overturn (subjunctive because it’s the verb of a subordinate clause within indirect speech). Arcēs is the accusative plural form of arx, arcis (3f): citadel, fortress, stronghold. (. . . that would one day overturn the Tyrian citadels;)

Hinc (adv.): from here, hence; from this place, source or cause. Populum is the accusative singular form of populus, populī (2m): people, nation; populace. Lātē (adv.): wide(ly). Rēgem is the accusative singular form of rēx, rēgis (3m): king; ruler; here the word is used almost as an adjective, ruling. Bellōque: bellō is the ablative singular form of bellum, bellī (2n): war; the enclitic conjunction – que adds and. Superbum is the m/n accusative singular form of superbus/superba/superbum (1/2): proud, haughty, arrogant. Ventūrum is the m/n accusative singular form of ventūrus/ventūra/ventūrum (1/2), the future active participle of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come. Excidiō is the dative singular form of excidium, excidiī (2n): destruction. Libyae is the dative singular form of Libya, Libyae (1f): Lybia (back then, this was a general term for North Africa). Excidiō Libyae is a double-dative construction: literally for destruction for Libya; that is, to be a cause of destruction for Libya, for the destruction of Libya, to destroy Libya. (. . . from here (i.e., from Trojan blood) a people widely king/ruling and proud in war [to be] going to come (i.e., [she had heard. . . ] that a people widely ruling and proud in war was going to come/would come) for destruction for Libya;)

Sīc (adv.): thus, so, in this/that way. Volvō, volvere, volvī, volūtus (3): to cause an object to move in a rolling motion, roll, turn, spin, rotate; turn over in one’s mind; bring round in due course; go through, undergo. #to spin (with an admixture of the meaning bring round in due course)% Parcās is the accusative plural form of Parca, Parcae (1f): one of the three goddesses of fate (‘the Parcae’or ‘the Fates’) who control destiny by spining, measuring, and cutting the thread of everyone’s life. (. . . the Parcae to spin (the threads of destiny) thus—i.e., [she had heard. . . ] that the Parcae were spinning (the thread of destiny) thus.)

Id is the neuter accusative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): this, that; he, she, it. Metuēns, metuentis (3) is the present active participle of metuō, metuere, metuī, metūtum (3): to fear, be afraid, dread. Veterisque: vetus, veteris (3, adj.): old, ancient; the enclitic conjunction – que adds and. Memor, memoris (3, adj.): remembering, having remembrance, mindful, unforgetting. Sāturnius/ Sāturnia /Sāturnium (1/2): Saturnian, belonging to the god Saturn; Juno is called Saturnia, ‘the Saturnian’, because she is Saturn’s daughter. Bellum, bellī (2n): war. (Saturnia/the Saturnian/the daughter of Saturn, dreading this and mindful of the old war. . .)

Prīmus/ prīma /prīmum (1/2): frontmost; first. Quod is the neuter accusative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Ad (prep.): to, toward; at (takes the accusative). Troiam is the accusative singular form of Troia, Troiae (1f): Troy. Prō (prep.): in front of, before; for; in place of, instead of; in exchange for; as, in the capacity of; on behalf of; in defense of; in view of; in proportion to (takes the ablative). Cārīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of cārus/cāra/cārum (1/2): dear; costly, expensive. Gesserat is the third person singular pluperfect form of gerō, gerere, gessī, gestum (3): to bear, carry; wear; carry on, conduct, do, perform; wage (war). Argīs is the ablative form of Argī, Argōrum (2m, plural): Argos. (. . . that she, first, had waged at Troy for [her] dear Argos—)

Nequedum/ necdum (conj.): nor yet, and not yet. Etiam (particle): still; even; also. Causae is the nominative plural form of causa, causae (1f): (legal) case, trial, cause (that one is pleading for); case (other than legal), situation; cause (that which brings something about), reason. Īrārum is the genitive plural form of īra, īrae (1f): anger, wrath. Saevīque: saevī is the masculine nominative plural form of saevus/saeva/saevum (1/2): savage, ferocious, fierce; cruel; the enclitic conjunction – que adds and. Dolōrēs is the nominative plural form of dolor, dolōris (3m): pain, grief, sorrow; resentment, indignation (or the object or cause of one of those feelings). Exciderant is the third person plural pluperfect form of excidō, excidere, excidī, — (3): to fall out, drop out, slip out; escape; be lost, disappear; escape the memory, be forgotten (what something falls out of, etc. , can go in the dative or in the ablative). Animō is the dative or ablative singular form of animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit. (also, the causes of [her] anger(s) and the fierce griefs/indignations had not yet fallen out of [her] mind:)

Manet is the third person singular form of maneō, manēre, mānsī, mānsum (2): to stay, remain; wait for, await. Altā is the feminine ablative singular form of altus/alta/altum (1/2): high, lofty, tall; deep (essentially, having a great vertical extent, whether in an upward or downward direction); this adjective is sometimes best translated using a noun such as depths (or deep part) followed by of. Mente is the ablative singular form of mēns, mentis (3f): mind. Repostus/reposta/ repostum (1/2) is the perfect passive participle of repōnō, repōnere, reposuī, repositum/repostum (3): to put back; put away, store away; repay. ([there] remains, stored away in [her] deep mind—i.e., in the depths of her mind. . .)

Iūdicium, Iūdiciī (2n): judgment; trial. Paris, Paridis (3m): Paris, son of the king of Troy and abducter of Helen, whose abduction caused the Trojan war. Paris was asked to judge who of the three goddesses Venus, Minerva and Juno (Aphrodite, Athena and Hera by their Greek names) was the most beautiful. He was to signify his choice by giving an apple to the winner. Each goddess tried to bribe him with promises; Venus/Aphrodite promised him Helen, the most beautiful of mortal women. Paris gave the apple to Venus/Aphrodite. Juno evidently took it ill! Sprētaeque: sprētae is the feminine genitive singular form of sprētus/sprēta/sprētum (1/2), the perfect passive participle of spernō, spernere, sprēvī, sprētum (3): to scorn; the enclitic conjunction – que adds and. Iniūria, iniūriae (1f): injustice, wrong, injurious treatment, injury. Fōrma, fōrmae (1f): shape, form; looks, appearance; beauty. (. . . the judgment of Paris and the wrong of [her] scorned beauty—i.e., the wrong he did her by scorning her beauty. . .)

Et (conj.): and. Genus, generis (3n): kind, sort, type; race; birth, descent. Invīsus/invīsa/ invīsum (1/2): hateful, odious, disliked. Et (conj.): and. Raptī is the m/n genitive singular form of raptus/rapta/raptum (1/2), the perfect passive participle of rapere, rapuī, raptum (3, –iō): to snatch (away), carry off, carry away, ravish. Ganymēdēs, Ganymēdis (3m): Ganymede, a Trojan prince who was abducted by the gods to become Jupiter’s cup bearer. Jupiter’s wife, Juno, is jealous of him. Honōrēs is the nominative plural form of honor, honōris (3m): honor, respect, esteem, or a mark thereof; function (esp. official or political), office. (. . . and the hateful race, and the ravished Ganymede’s honors—)

Hīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it. Accēnsus /accēnsa /accēnsum (1/2) is the perfect passive participle of accendō, accendere, accendī, accēnsum (3): to set on fire, kindle, ignite, inflame; incense. Super: (as prep.) above, over, on top of, on; about, concerning (it can take the accusative or the ablative; most often, it takes the accusative when denoting physical location, and the ablative when it has the more figurative meanings of about, concerning —or on or over as in on a topic or over an issue); (as adv.) above, over, on top; beyond; in addition, also. (inflamed about these things. . . Or: inflamed by these things in addition/also. . .)

Iactātōs is the masculine accusative plural form of iactātus/iactāta/iactātum (1/2), the perfect passive participle of iactō, iactāre, iactāvī, iactātum (1): to throw (esp. repeatedly), toss (about); boast (about), show off. Aequore is the ablative singular form of aequor, aequoris (3n): even surface; sea. Tōtō is the m/n ablative singular form of tōtus/tōta/tōtum (1/2, irreg.): whole, entire, complete, all, in its entirey. Trōas is the accusative plural form of Trōs, Trōis (3m—with some unusual inflections because it’s a Greek borrowing): a Trojan. Reliquiās is the accusative form of reliquiae, reliquiārum (1f, plural only): remnants, remains; leftovers; that which is left of or—sometimes, as in this case—by (gen.). The first syllable of reliquiae, normally short, is sometimes lengthened for the sake of the meter, as it is here. The word is sometimes spelled relliquiae then, which suggests that the first syllable may have been lengthened by pronouncing the l double; but this spelling might also be a rationalization. The matter is unclear and can’t be discussed at length in this note, but we’ve chosen to double the l in our recording. Danaum is the m/f/n genitive plural form of Danaus/Danaa/Danaum (1/2): Greek. Atque /ac (conj.): and, and then, and also. Immītis is the m/f/n genitive singular form of immītis/immītis/immīte (3): bitter, sour; harsh, merciless. Achillēs, Achillis/ Achillī (3m—with some unusual forms because it’s from Greek): Achilles. Arcēbat is the third person singular imperfect form of arceō, arcēre, arcuī, arcitum (2—it’s uncertain whether the fourth principal part was ever really in use; it was only mentioned once by the grammarian Priscian): to enclose; hold off, repulse; prevent; defend. Longē (adv.): a long way off, far away, at or from a distance. Latiō is the ablative singular form of Latium, Latiī (2n): Latium. (. . . she was/had been holding off the Trojans, the remnants of (i.e., left alive by) the Greeks and the merciless Achilles, tossed about on the entire sea (tossed about refers to the Trojans, not Achilles; this is clear in Latin), far away from Latium (i.e., she had been holding off the Trojans far away from Latium). . .)

Multōsque: multōs is the masculine accusative plural form of multus/multa/multum (1/2): much, many; the enclitic conjunction – que adds and. Per (prep.): through; throughout; by, by means of, by the agency of; during; for (a length of time) (takes the accusative). Annōs is the accusative plural form of annus, annī (2m): year. Errābant is the third person plural imperfect form of errō, errāre, errāvī, erratum (1): to err, be wrong, make a mistake; wander; go astray. Āctī is the masculine nominative plural form of āctus/ācta/āctum (1/2), the perfect passive participle of agō, agere, ēgī, āctum (3): to drive, put in motion; do, perform, transact, deal with, engage in, work at; act. Fātīs is the ablative plural form of fātum, fātī (2n): fate. Maria is the accusative plural form of mare, maris (3n): sea. Omnia is the neuter accusative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Circum (prep.): around, round about (takes the accusative). (. . . and during many years they were/had been wandering, driven by the fates, around all the seas.)

Tantae is the feminine genitive singular form of tantus/tanta/tantum (1/2): so great, such great, as great. Mōlēs, mōlis (3f): a large mass or massive structure; bulk; vast amount; vast undertaking; effort, exertion, trouble. Erat is the third person singular imperfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Rōmānam is the feminine accusative singular form of Rōmānus/Rōmāna/Rōmānum (1/2): Roman. Condō, condere, condidī, conditum (3): to store up, put away; sheathe; bury; hide; suppress; found, establish; compose. Gentem is the accusative singular form of gēns, gentis (3f): nation, people, race; gens, clan, (extended) family. (Of such great trouble it was (i.e., it involved so much trouble) to found the Roman race!)

Vix (adv.): scarcely, hardly, barely; with difficulty. Ex/ ē (prep.): out of, from (takes the ablative). Cōnspectū is the ablative singular form of cōnspectus, cōnspectūs (4m): sight, view. Siculae is the feminine genitive singular form of Siculus/Sicula/Siculum (1/2): Sicilian. Tellūs, tellūris (3f): earth; land; country. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Altum is the accusative singular form of altum, altī (2n): the open sea, the deep; high place; depth or depths. Vēla is the accusative plural form of vēlum, vēlī (2n): sail; awning; curtain. Dabant is the third person plural imperfect form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give. Vēla ventīs dare or just vēla dare = to expose one’s sails to the winds (so as to sail). Laetī is the masculine nominative plural form of laetus/laeta/laetum (1/2): (of plants) flourishing, luxuriant; (of soil) fertile; joyous, cheerful, glad, happy. Et (conj.): and. Spūmās is the accusative plural form of spūma, spūmae (1f): foam, froth. Sāl, salis (3m/n): salt; salt water; sea. Aere is the ablative singular form of aes, aeris (3n): copper, bronze or brass; anything made of those metals (here, the prows of ships); money. Ruēbant is the third person plural imperfect form of ruō, ruere, ruī, ruitūrus (3): to fall, collapse; rush; sweep headlong; churn (up), plow (up); overthrow. (Scarcely were they, cheerful[ly], giving [their] sails [to the winds] (i.e., sailing) out of sight of the Sicilian land into the open sea and plowing the foam(s) of the salt water with [the] bronze/brass/copper [of their prows]. . .)

Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. Iūnō, Iūnōnis (3f): Juno. Aeternum is the m/n accusative singular form of aeternus/aeterna/aeternum (1/2): eternal, everlasting, permanent. Servāns, servantis (3) is the present active participle of servō, servāre, servāvī, servātum (1): to observe; keep; save, preserve. Sub (prep.): (with abl.) under, in a position under; (with acc.) under (with motion), toward a position under. Pectore is the ablative singular form of pectus, pectoris (3n): chest, breast; the seat of feelings, ‘heart’. Volnus is the accusative singular form of volnus, volneris (3n—also vulnus): wound. Haec is the neuter accusative plural form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it. Sēcum: with herself (sē = herself; cum = with). (. . . when Juno, keeping an eternal wound under [her] breast (i.e., in her heart), [said] these things with (i.e., to) herself:)

Mēne: mē is the accusative form of ego: I (me); the enclitic interrogative particle – ne indicates that the word is part of a question. Inceptō is the ablative singular form of inceptum, inceptī (2n): a thing that has been started: an undertaking, enterprise, attempt (a substantive use of inceptus/incepta/inceptum (1/2), the perfect passive participle of incipiō, incipere, incēpī, inceptum (3, –iō): to start, begin). Dēsistō, dēsistere, dēstitī, — (3): to leave off, cease, desist. Victam is the feminine accusative singular form of victus/victa/victum (1/2), the perfect passive participle of vincō, vincere, vīcī, victum (3): to conquer, defeat, overcome; win, be victorious. Neque/ nec: (as conj.) and not, nor; (as adv.) neither, not either, not even. Possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can. Ītaliā is the ablative singular form of Ītalia, Ītaliae (1f): Italy (the first syllable is normally short but often lengthened in poetry). Teucrī, Teucrōrum (2m, plural): the Trojans (descendants of Teucer). Āvertō, āvertere, āvertī, āversum (3): to turn aside or away, divert or avert. Rēgem is the accusative singular form of rēx, rēgis (3m): king; ruler. This sentence is an exclamatory accusative-and-infinitive. (Me, to desist, defeated, from [my] undertaking, and not be able to turn the king of the Trojans away from Italy?)

Quippe (particle): for; of course, naturally, indeed, in fact, in truth, as is to be expected; as being. Vetor is the first person singular passive form of vetō, vetāre, vetuī, vetitum (1): to forbid, prohibit, prevent. Fātīs is the ablative plural form of fātum, fātī (2n): fate. (In truth, I am being prevented by the fates.)

Pallasne: Pallas, Palladis/Pallados (3f): Pallas (another name of the goddess Athena/Minerva, the goddess of wisdom and war); the enclitic interrogative particle – ne indicates that the word is part of a question. Exūrō, exūrere, exussī, exustum (3): to burn (completely), burn to ashes, destroy by fire; remove by burning; parch; scald. Classem is the accusative singular form of classis, classis (3f): fleet. Argīvom (also Argīvum) is an alternative genitive plural form (for Argīvōrum) of Argīvus/Argīva/Argīvum (1/2): Argive (of Argos); Greek (esp. in the context of the Trojan war). Atque /ac (conj.): and, and then, and also. Ipsōs is the masculine accusative plural form of ipse/ipsa/ipsum (pron.): (he) himself, (she) herself, (it) itself; that very person or thing. Potuit is the third person singular perfect form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can. Submergō, submergere, submersī, submersum (3): to cause to sink, submerge. Pontō is the ablative singular form of pontus, pontī (2m): the sea. (Was Pallas able to burn to ashes the fleet of the Greeks and to submerge them (the Greeks) (themselves) in the sea. . .)

Ūnius (the i is often long but sometimes short; the short version fits the meter here) is the m/f/n genitive singular form of ūnus/ūna/ūnum (1/2, irreg.): one; alone; only, sole, single. Ob (prep.): toward; against, in front of, in the way of (so as to block); because of, for (takes the accusative). Noxam is the accusative singular form of noxa, noxae (1f): wrongdoing; harm. Et (conj.): and. Furiās is the accusative plural form of furia, furiae (1f): one of the Furies (goddesses of vengeance); fury, rage, frenzy or madness arising from a desire for revenge or other obsession (it’s usually plural). Aiāx, Aiācis (3m): Ajax (the name of two Greek heroes; the one referred to here is known as ‘the Lesser’). Oīleus, Oīlei (2m): the name of a king of Locris, one of the Argonauts, father of the Ajax just mentioned. This Ajax son of Oileus had descecrated Pallas/Athena’s temple by dragging away and raping the Trojan Cassandra who had taken refuge in it during the capture of Troy. (. . . because of the wrongdoing and frenzy of Oileus’s Ajax (of Ajax [son] of Oileus) alone—) Or: because of one man’s wrongdoing and the frenzy of Oileus’s Ajax (of Ajax [son] of Oileus)—)

Ipse/ ipsa /ipsum (pron.): (he) himself, (she) herself, (it) itself; that very person or thing. Iuppiter, Iovis (3m): Jupiter, Jove (king of the gods). Rapidum is the m/n accusative singular form of rapidus/rapida/rapidum (1/2): rapid, quick, swift. Iaculātus/ iaculāta /iaculātum (1/2) is the perfect active participle of iaculor, iaculārī, iaculātus sum (1, deponent): to throw, shoot, hurl. Ex/ ē (prep.): out of, from (takes the ablative). Nūbibus is the ablative plural form of nūbēs, nūbis (3f): cloud. Ignem is the accusative singular form of ignis, ignis (3m): fire. (she herself having hurled Jupiter’s swift fire (i.e., a thunderbolt) from the clouds. . .)

Disiēcitque: disiēcit is the third person singular perfect form of dis(i)iciō, dis(i)icere, disiēcī, disiectum (3, –iō): to break up and/or scatter; scatter into pieces; disperse; in this context, the enclitic – que adds both (in a both. . . and construction). Ratēs is the accusative plural form of ratis, ratis (3f): a raft, boat, or ship. Ēvertitque: ēvertit is the third person singular perfect form of ēvertō, ēvertere, ēvertī, ēversum (3): to turn upside down; agitate violently, churn up; overturn; overthrow; the enclitic conjunction – que adds and. Aequora is the accusative plural form of aequor, aequoris (3n): even surface; sea. Ventīs is the ablative plural form of ventus, ventī (2m): wind. (. . . both scattered the ships and churned up the sea(s) with winds;)

Illum is the masculine accusative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it. Expīrantem is the m/f accusative singular form of expīrāns expīrantis (3), the present active participle of expīrō, expīrāre, expīrāvī, expīrātum (1—also exspīrō): to breathe out, exhale; expire. Trānsfīxō is the m/n ablative singular form of trānsfīxus/trānsfīxa/trānsfīxum (1/2), the perfect passive participle of trānsfīgō, trānsfīgere, trānsfīxī, trānsfīxum (3): to pierce through. Pectore is the ablative singular form of pectus, pectoris (3n): chest, breast; the seat of feelings, ‘heart’. Flammās is the accusative plural form of flamma, flammae (1f): flame. Turbine is the ablative singular form of turbō, turbinis (3m): something that spins; a spinning or whirling motion; whirlwind, tornado; whirlpool. Corripuit is the third person singular perfect form of corripiō, corripere, corripuī, correptum (3, –iō): to snatch up, seize; carry away, sweep off; contract; shorten. Scopulōque: scopulō is the dative or ablative singular form of scopulus, scopulī (2m): a projecting rock (esp. in the sea or on the coast); the enclitic conjunction – que adds and. Īnfīxit is the third person singular perfect form of īnfīgō, īnfīgere, īnfīxī, īnfīxum (3): to drive in, imbed, plant, fix; impale (the thing that something/someone is driven in or impaled on etc. can go in the dative or ablative). Acūtō is the m/n dative or ablative singular form of acūtus/acūta/acūtum (1/2): sharp, pointed; acute; shrill, piercing (originally the perfect passive participle of acuō, acuere, acuī, acūtum (3): to sharpen; intensify). (him, breathing out flames from [his] pierced-through breast, she snatched up in a whirlwind and impaled on a pointed rock—)

Ast (conj.): but if; and if; but, yet, however, whereas; and. Ego: I. Quī/ quae /quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Dīvom (also dīvum) is an alternative genitive plural form (for dīvōrum) of dīvus, dīvī (2m): god. Incēdō, incēdere, incessī, incessum (3): to step, walk, advance (often in a slow or stately manner). Rēgīna, rēgīnae (1f): queen. Iovisque: Iuppiter, Iovis (3m): Jupiter, Jove; the enclitic conjunction – que adds and. Et (conj.): and (et. . . et = both. . . and). Soror, sorōris (3f): sister. Et (conj.): and. Coniūnx, coniugis (3m/f): spouse, consort; husband or wife. Saying dīvom incēdō rēgīna etc. (literally I walk the queen of the gods etc.) isn’t very differnt from saying ‘I am the queen of the gods etc.’; but it adds majesty to the statement as one pictures a queen-goddess advancing in a stately gait. Ūnā is the feminine ablative singular form of ūnus/ūna/ūnum (1/2, irreg.): one; alone; only, sole, single. Cum (prep.): with (takes the ablative). Gente is the ablative singular form of gēns, gentis (3f): nation, people, race; gens, clan, (extended) family. Tot (indeclinable adj.): so many, as many. Annōs is the accusative plural form of annus, annī (2m): year. Bella is the accusative plural form of bellum, bellī (2n): war. Gerō, gerere, gessī, gestum (3): to bear, carry; wear; carry on, conduct, do, perform; wage (war). (yet have I, who walk (as) the queen of the gods and both the sister and the spouse of Jupiter, been waging war(s) with (against) one people for so many years?)

Et (conj.): and. Quisquam /quicquam (pron.): anyone, anything. Nūmen is the accusative singular form of nūmen, nūminis (3n): nod of the head; divine power, divine will, divine nature or divine majesty; divinity, godhead. Iūnō, Iūnōnis (3f): Juno. Adōrat is the third person singular form of adōrō, adōrāre, adōrāvī, adōrātum (1): to plead with; entreat; pray to; worship (a potential subjunctive). Praetereā (adv.): in addition, besides, furthermore, moreover; (rarely) henceforth, thenceforth, after this/that. (And anyone after this worships Juno’s godhead. . .)

Aut (conj.): or. Supplex, supplicis (3, adj.): entreating humbly, suppliant. Ārīs is the dative plural form of āra, ārae (1f): altar. Impōnet is the third person singular future form of impōnō, impōnere, imposuī, impositum (3): to put, place or lay (acc.) on (dat.); impose (acc.) on (dat.). Honōrem is the accusative singular form of honor, honōris (3m): honor, respect, esteem, or a mark thereof; function (esp. official or political), office. (. . . or will suppliant[ly] lay (a mark of) honor on [her] altar(s)?)

Tālia is the neuter accusative plural form of tālis/tālis/tāle (3): such, of such a kind or quality. Flammātō is the m/n ablative singular form of flammātus/flammāta/flammātum (1/2), the perfect passive participle of flammō, flammāre, flammāvī, flammātum (1): to set fire to, kindle, inflame. Sēcum: with herself (sē = herself; cum = with). Dea, deae (1f): goddess. Corde is the ablative singular form of cor, cordis (3n): heart. Volūtāns, volūtantis (3) is the present active participle of volūtō, volūtāre, volūtāvī, volūtātum (1): to roll (an object); turn over in one’s mind, ponder; (in the passive) roll about, wallow. (The goddess, turning such things over with herself (i.e., within herself, or by talking with herself) in [her] inflamed heart. . .)

Nimbōrum is the genitive plural form of nimbus, nimbī (2m): cloud (especially a rain cloud or storm cloud); rain shower, rainstorm, sudden downpour. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Patriam is the accusative singular form of patria, patriae (1f): fatherland, country. Loca is the accusative plural form of locus, locī (2m, but often n in the plural): place. Fēta is the neuter accusative plural form of fētus/fēta/fētum (1/2): having recently given birth; pregnant; fruitful. Furentibus is the m/f/n ablative plural form of furēns, furentis (3), the present active participle of furō, furere, furuī, — (3): to be out of one’s mind, mad; rave; be furious, rage. Austrīs is the ablative plural form of Auster, Austrī (2m): south wind. Aeoliam is the accusative singular form of Aeolia, Aeoliae (1f): Aeolia, the kingdom of Aeolus, god of the winds. Venit is the third person singular form of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come (it’s in the historical present). (. . . comes into the fatherland of storm clouds, places pregnant with raging south winds, Aeolia.)

Hīc (adv.): here. Vastō is the m/n ablative singular form of vastus/vasta/vastum (1/2—the length of the a is uncertain): desolate, deserted; huge, vast, immense. Rēx, rēgis (3m): king. Aeolus, Aeolī (2m): Aeolus, god of the winds. Antrō is the ablative singular form of antrum, antrī (2n): cave, cavern. Luctantēs is the m/f accusative plural form of luctāns, luctantis (3), the present active participle of luctor, luctārī, luctātus sum (1, deponent): to wrestle, struggle. Ventōs is the accusative plural form of ventus, ventī (2m): wind. Tempestātēsque: tempestātēs is the accusative plural form of tempestās, tempestātis (3f): time, season; weather; storm, tempest; the enclitic conjunction – que adds and. Sonōrās is the feminine accusative plural form of sonōrus/sonōra/sonōrum (1/2): loud, noisy, sonorous. Imperiō is the ablative singular form of imperium, imperiī (2n): (supreme) power, authority, rule, sway, command, dominion; order. Premit is the third person singular form of premō, premere, pressī, pressum (3): to press; pursue; suppress, check, subdue. Atque/ ac (conj.): and. Vinclīs is the ablative plural form of vinclum, vinclī (2n—also vinculum): bond, tie, chain, fetter. Et (conj.): and. Carcere is the ablative singular form of carcer, carceris (3m): jail, prison. Frēnat is the third person singular form of frēnō, frēnāre, frēnāvī, frēnātum (1): to bridle; curb, restrain, keep in check. (Here, in a vast cavern, king Aeolus subdues the struggling winds and noisy storms with command and restrains [them] with bonds and prison.)

Illī is the masculine nominative plural form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it. Indignantēs is the m/f nominative plural form of indignāns, indignantis (3), the present active participle of indignor, indignārī, indignātus sum (1, deponent): to resent, be angry, be indignant, take offense, protest. Magnō is the m/n ablative singular form of magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): big, large, great. Cum (prep.): with (takes the ablative). Murmure is the ablative singular form of murmur, murmuris (3n): a low, continuous noise; rumble; murmur(ing), mutter(ing). Mōns, montis (3m): mountain. Circum (prep.): around, round about (takes the accusative). Claustra is the accusative plural form of claustrum, claustrī (2n, usually plural): bar, lock, barricade, barrier, door, anything used to close something, enclose a space or keep someone in; (in pl.) a set of such things: cage, prison, jail, confining space. Fremunt is the third person plural form of fremō, fremere, fremuī, fremitum (3): to rumble, roar, growl, mutter, grumble; complain. (They, (being) indignant, roar around the barriers with a great rumble of the mountain.)

Celsā is the feminine ablative singular form of celsus/celsa/celsum (1/2): high, tall, lofty. Sedet is the third person singular form of sedeō, sedēre, sēdī, sessum (2): to sit, be seated. Aeolus, Aeolī (2m): Aeolus, god of the winds. Arce is the ablative singular form of arx, arcis (3f): citadel, fortress, stronghold. Scēptra is the accusative plural form of scēptrum, scēptrī (2n): scepter (a poetic plural). Tenēns, tenentis (3) is the present active participle of teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentum (2): to hold; keep. (Aeolus sits in a lofty citadel, holding the scepter(s). . .)

Mollitque: mollit is the third person singular form of molliō, mollīre, mollīvī/molliī, mollītum (4): to soften; mollify, appease, mitigate; the enclitic conjunction – que adds and. Animōs is the accusative plural form of animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit; attitude, disposition, inclination; intention; courage, morale; pride, haughtiness, arrogance; anger, animosity. Et (conj.): and. Temperat is the third person singular form of temperō, temperāre, temperāvī, temperātum (1): to restrain, temper, moderate, regulate; behave with moderation, be temperate, be moderate. Īrās is the accusative plural form of īra, īrae (1f): anger. (. . . and he mollifies animosities and tempers angers.)

Nī (conj.): if not, unless. Faciat is the third person singular subjunctive form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Maria is the accusative plural form of mare, maris (3n): sea. Atque/ ac (conj.): and. Terrās is the accusative plural form of terra, terrae (1f): earth; land. Caelumque: caelum is the accusative singular form of caelum, caelī (2n): sky, heaven(s); the enclitic conjunction – que adds and. Profundum is the m/n accusative singular form of profundus/profunda/profundum (1/2): deep. Quippe (particle): for; of course, naturally, indeed, in fact, in truth, as is to be expected; as being. Ferant is the third person plural subjunctive form of ferō, ferre, tulī, lātum (3, irreg.): to carry, take (away), bring, bear; endure; bring forth, produce; get, win, acquire; tell, say, relate. Rapidī is the masculine nominative plural form of rapidus/rapida/rapidum (1/2): snatching (away), seizing; moving rapidly in such a way as to sweep things along; rapid, quick, swift. Sēcum: with them(selves) (sē = them(selves); cum = with). Verrantque: verrant is the third person plural subjunctive form of verrō, verrere, —, versum (3): to sweep (clean/away/along); the enclitic conjunction – que adds and. Per (prep.): through; throughout; by, by means of, by the agency of; during; for (a length of time) (takes the accusative). Aurās is the accusative plural form of aura, aurae (1f): air in gentle motion, breeze, (gentle) wind; (in pl.) the air, the atmosphere, the upper air, space, ‘on high’. The verbs are subjunctive because they denote potential situations (within a future-less-vivid conditional). (If he were not to do [so], they would, indeed, swift[ly] (and snatching[ly]) carry away with them(selves) the seas and the lands and the deep heaven(s) and sweep [them] through the air/space.)

Sed (conj.): but. Pater, patris (3m): father. Omnipotēns, omnipotentis (3, adj.): almighty, omnipotent. Spēluncīs is the ablative plural form of spēlunca, spēluncae (1f): cave, cavern. Abdidit is the third person singular perfect form of abdō, abdere, abdidī, abditum (3): to put away; hide, conceal. Ātrīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of āter/ātra/ātrum (1/2): black, dark. (But the father almighty (i.e., Jupiter) put [them] away in dark caves. . .)

Hoc is the neuter accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it. Metuēns, metuentis (3) is the present active participle of metuō, metuere, metuī, metūtum (3): to fear, be afraid, dread. (. . . fearing this. . .)

Mōlemque: mōlem is the accusative singular form of mōlēs, mōlis (3f): a large mass or massive structure; bulk; vast amount; vast undertaking; effort, exertion, trouble; the enclitic conjunction – que adds and. Et (conj.): and. Montīs is the accusative plural form of mōns, montis (3m): mountain. Īnsuper (adv.): on top; in addition. Altōs is the masculine accusative plural form of altus/alta/altum (1/2): high, lofty, tall; deep. Imposuit is the third person singular perfect form of impōnō, impōnere, imposuī, impositum (3): to put, place or lay (on); impose. (. . . and put a large mass and tall mountains on top. . .)

Rēgemque: rēgem is the accusative singular form of rēx, rēgis (3m): king; the enclitic conjunction – que adds and. Dedit is the third person singular perfect form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give. (. . . and gave [them] a king. . .)

Quī /quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Foedere is the ablative singular form of foedus, foederis (3n): (formal) agreement, treaty, compact, covenant, alliance. Certō is the m/n ablative singular form of certus/certa/certum (1/2): fixed, set, settled, predetermined, definite; sure, certain; confident; unerring; reliable, dependable; firm, steady. Et (conj.): and (et. . . et = both. . . and). Premō, premere, pressī, pressum (3): to press; grip tight; pursue; suppress, check, subdue. Et (conj.): and. Laxās is the feminine accusative plural form of laxus/laxa/laxum (1/2): spacious, wide, roomy; slack, loose. Scīret is the third person singular imperfect subjunctive form of sciō, scīre, scīvī/sciī, scītum (4): to know; know how (to) (subjunctive because it’s in a relative clause of characteristic). Dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give. Iussus /iussa/iussum (1/2) is the perfect passive participle of iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussum (2): to order, command, bid. Habēnās is the accusative plural form of habēna, habēnae (1f): rein. (. . . who, by a fixed covenant, would know both how to grip tight [the reins] and how to give slack reins [when] ordered.)

Ad (prep.): to, toward; at (takes the accusative). Quem is the masculine accusative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Tum (adv.): then, at that time or moment. Iūnō, Iūnōnis (3f): Juno. Supplex, supplicis (3, adj.): entreating humbly, suppliant. Hīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Vōcibus is the ablative plural form of vōx, vōcis (3f): voice; speech; utterance; word; saying, maxim. Ūsa est is the third person feminine singular perfect form of ūtor, ūtī, ūsus sum (3, deponent): to use; treat; experience (takes an ablative object). (Toward whom then Juno, suppliant, used these words:)

Aeole is the vocative singular form of Aeolus, Aeolī (2m): Aeolus, god of the winds. Namque (conj.): for. Tibī (the second i is often short but sometimes long; the long version fits the meter here) is the dative form of tū: you. Dīvom (also dīvum) is an alternative genitive plural form (for dīvōrum) of dīvus, dīvī (2m): god. Pater, patris (3m): father. Atque /ac (conj.): and. Hominum is the genitive plural form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human being. Rēx, rēgis (3m) king. Et (conj.): and (et. . . et = both. . . and). Mulceō, mulcēre, mulsī, mulsum/mulctum (2): to stroke, caress; soothe, appease; relieve. Dedit is the third person singular perfect form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give. Flūctūs is the accusative plural form of flūctus, flūctūs (4m): wave, billow. Et (conj.): and. Tollō, tollere, sustulī, sublātum (3): to pick up, lift (up), raise; pick up a child to acknowledge and raise it; take away, remove, do away with. Ventō is the ablative singular form of ventus, ventī (2m): wind. (Aeolus—for the father of the gods and king of men has given you (the power) both to appease the waves and to lift [them] up with wind—)

Gēns, gentis (3f): nation, people, race; gens, clan, (extended) family. Inimīcus/ inimīca /inimīcum (1/2): unfriendly, hostile. Mihī (the second i is often short but sometimes long; the long version fits the meter here) is the dative form of ego: I. Tyrrhēnum is the m/n accusative singular form of Tyrrhēnus/Tyrrhēna/Tyrrhēnum (1/2): Tyrrhenian, Tyrrhene, Tuscan, Etruscan. Nāvigat is the third person singular form of nāvigō, nāvigāre, nāvigāvī, nāvigātum (1): to sail. Aequor is the accusative singular form of aequor, aequoris (3n): even surface; sea. (a people hostile to me is sailing the Tyrrhenian sea. . .)

Īlium is the accusative singular form of Īlium, Īliī (2n): Ilium, another name for Troy. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into. Ītaliam is the accusative singular form of Ītalia, Ītaliae (1f): Italy (the first syllable is normally short but often lengthened in poetry). Portāns, portantis (3) is the present active participle of portō, portāre, portāvī, portātum (1): to carry, bear, bring. Victōsque: victōs is the masculine accusative plural form of victus/victa/victum (1/2), the perfect passive participle of vincō, vincere, vīcī, victum (3): to conquer, defeat, overcome; win, be victorious; the enclitic conjunction – que adds and. Penātēs is the accusative form of Penātēs, Penātium (3m, plural only): Penates, household gods. (. . . carrying Ilium (Troy) and [their] defeated Penates (household gods) into Italy.)

Incute is the singular imperative form of incutiō, incutere, incussī, incussum (3, –iō): to strike (acc.) on, against, or into (dat.); instil (acc.) into (dat.) forcefully. Vim is the accusative singular form of vīs, vīs (3f, irreg.): force, power, vigor, energy; violence; strength. Ventīs is the dative plural form of ventus, ventī (2m): wind. (Strike/instil force into the winds. . .)

Submersāsque: submersās is the feminine accusative plural form of submersus/submersa/submersum (1/2), the perfect passive participle of submergō, submergere, submersī, submersum (3): to cause to sink, submerge; the enclitic conjunction – que adds and. Obrue is the singular imperative form of obruō, obruere, obruī, obrutum (3): to overwhelm; bury; cause to sink or drown. Puppēs is the accusative plural form of puppis, puppis (3f): the stern of a ship; (by metonymy) ship. (. . . and sink the ships, submerged. . .)

Aut (conj.): or. Age is the singular imperative form of agō, agere, ēgī, āctum (3): to drive, put in motion; do, perform, transact, deal with, engage in, work at; act. Dīversōs is the masculine accusative plural form of dīversus/dīversa/dīversum (1/2): turned, facing, going, etc. , in a different direction or different directions; situated apart or on opposite sides/on the opposite side; separate; divergent; different; various; opposite; at odds, in conflict, unfriendly. (. . . or drive [the men] in different directions. . .)

Et (conj.): and. Disiice (also spelled disice; whatever the spelling, the pronunciation is approximately dis -yick-ay) is the singular imperative form of dis(i)iciō, dis(i)icere, disiēcī, disiectum (3, –iō): to break up and/or scatter; scatter into pieces; disperse. Corpora is the accusative plural form of corpus, corporis (3n): body. Pontō is the ablative singular form of pontus, pontī (2m): the sea. (. . . and scatter [their] bodies on the sea.)

Sunt: there are. Mihi is the dative form of ego: I. Bis (adv.): twice. Septem (indeclinable): seven. Praestantī is the m/f/n ablative singular form of praestāns, praestantis (3): excellent, outstanding—originally the present active participle (excelling) of praestō, praestāre, praestitī/praestāvī, praestātum/praestitum (1): to be better or best; excel; offer; provide; fulfill. Corpore is the ablative singular form of corpus, corporis (3n): body. Praestantī corpore is an ablative of quality/description. Nymphae is the nominative plural form of nympha, nymphae (1f): nymph. (There are to/for me (i.e., I have) twice seven nymphs with/of outstanding body. . .)

Quārum is the feminine genitive plural form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Quī/ quae /quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Fōrmā is the ablative singular form of fōrma, fōrmae (1f): shape, form; looks, appearance; beauty. Pulcherrimus/ pulcherrima /pulcherrimum (1/2): very/most beautiful—the superlative form of pulcher/pulchra/pulchrum (1/2): beautiful. Dēiopēa, Dēiopēae (1f): the name of this nymph. Cōnūbiō is the ablative singular form of cōnūbium, cōnūbiī (2n): intermarriage; the right to intermarry; marriage, wedlock; the right to marry (the length of the u may habe been variable; here the word could scan as either cō-nu-bi-ō with a short u, or cō-nūb-iō with a long u and a consonantal i —making iō sound like yo). Iungam is the first person singular future form of iungō, iungere, iūnxī, iūnctum (3): to put in the yoke, harness; fasten, attach, connect, join, unite; form, create (by joining). Stabilī is the m/f/n ablative singular form of stabilis/stabilis/stabile (3): standing firm, steady, stable; firmly established, lasting, permanent. Propriamque: propriam is the feminine accusative singular form of proprius/propria/proprium (1/2): one’s (my, your, his, etc.) own; belonging specifically, properly, rightly, exclusively or perpetually (to); peculiar (to), specific (to); the enclitic conjunction – que adds and. Dicābō is the first person singular future form of dicō, dicāre, dicāvī, dicātum (1): to dedicate, devote, assign. (. . . of whom [the one] who [is] the most beautiful in appearance, Deiopea, I will join [to you] in stable wedlock and assign [to you as your] own. . .)

Omnīs is the m/f accusative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Ut (conj. , with subjunctive): that, so that, in order that. Tēcum: with you (tē = you; cum = with). Meritīs is the ablative plural form of meritum, meritī (2n): worthiness to receive a reward or punishment, deserving; an act that entitles one to a reward, a meritorious action, merit, service. Prō (prep.): in front of, before; for; in place of, instead of; in exchange for; in return for; as, in the capacity of; on behalf of; in defense of; in view of; in proportion to (takes the ablative). Tālibus is the m/f/n ablative plural form of tālis/tālis/tāle (3): such, of such a kind or quality. Annōs is the accusative plural form of annus, annī (2m): year. Exigat is the third person singular subjunctive form of exigō, exigere, exēgī, exāctum (3): to drive out; demand, require, exact; inquire into, examine; spend, pass (time); achieve, complete. (. . . so that she may spend all years with you (in return) for such merits. . .)

Et (conj.): and. Pulchrā is the feminine ablative singular form of pulcher/pulchra/pulchrum (1/2): beautiful. Faciat is the third person singular subjunctive form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make (subjunctive because it’s in a purpose clause; this verb depends on the ut mentioned in the last paragraph). Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Prōle is the ablative singular form of prōlēs, prōlis (3f): offspring. Parentem is the accusative singular form of parēns, parentis (3m/f): parent; father or mother. (. . . and make you a parent with (by means of) beautiful offspring.)

Aeolus, Aeolī (2m): Aeolus, god of the winds. Haec is the neuter accusative plural form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it. Contrā (adv.): on the other side, across form one, in front of one, opposite; against one, in opposition; to the contrary; on the other hand; in return; in response. (Aeolus [said] these things in response:)

Tuus /tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours. Ō (interjection): O! Oh! Rēgīna is the vocative singular form of rēgīna, rēgīnae (1f): queen. Quid is the neuter accusative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Optēs is the second person singular subjunctive form of optō, optāre, optāvī, optātum (1): to express a wish for, wish for, pray for; choose (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect—and perhaps also deliberative—question). Explōrō, explōrāre, explōrāvī, explōrātum (1): to reconnoiter, inspect, explore, search out; inquire into, investigate, (try and) ascertain. Labor, labōris (3m): labor, work, toil, effort; task; trouble, hardship, suffering. Mihi is the dative form of ego: I. Iussa is the accusative plural form of iussum, iussī (2n, mostly used in the plural): something that has been ordered, an order, command (a substantive use of iussus/iussa/iussum (1/2), the perfect passive participle of iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussum (2): to order, command, bid). Capessō, capessere, capessīvī/capessiī, capessītum (3): to take hold of, seize; enter on (a course of action), undertake; start on (a road or journey); carry out, execute (an order). Fās (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here nom.): something that is right, permissible, or ordained (primarily by divine law but sometimes extended to other contexts); right; duty. Est: it is. (Your task, O queen, [is] to ascertain what you (should) wish for (or: [It is] your task, O queen, to ascertain. . .); to me it is a duty to execute orders.)

Tū: you. Mihi is the dative form of ego: I. Quīcumque/quaecumque/ quodcumque (rel. pron.): whoever, whatever. Hic/haec/ hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it. Rēgnum, rēgnī (2n): kingship; monarchy; reign; kingdom, realm. Tū: you. Scēptra is the accusative plural form of scēptrum, scēptrī (2n): scepter (a poetic plural). Iovemque: Iovem is the accusative singular form of Iuppiter, Iovis (3m): Jupiter, Jove; the enclitic conjunction – que adds and. Conciliās is the second person singular form of conciliō, conciliāre, conciliāvī, conciliātum (1): to bring together, unite, join; win over, make favorably disposed, obtain the favor of; bring about, procure, obtain. #obtain/obtain the favor of/win over (different translations make sense with the objects quodcumque hoc rēgnī and scēptra on the one hand, and with Iovem on the other% (You [obtain] for me whatever of a kingdom this [is], you obtain [for me my] scepter(s) and [the favor of] Jupiter;)

Tū: you. Dās is the second person singular form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give. Epulīs is the dative form of epulae, epulārum (1f, plural only): feast, banquet. Accumbō, accumbere, accubuī, accubitum (3): to lie down, recline (at = often dative); take one’s place at table (the ancients ate reclining on couches). Dīvom (also dīvum) is an alternative genitive plural form (for dīvōrum) of dīvus, dīvī (2m): god. Nimbōrumque: nimbōrum is the genitive plural form of nimbus, nimbī (2m): cloud (especially a rain cloud or storm cloud); rain shower, rainstorm, sudden downpour; the enclitic conjunction – que adds and. Facis is the second person singular form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Tempestātumque: tempestātum is the genitive plural form of tempestās, tempestātis (3f): time, season; weather; storm, tempest; the enclitic conjunction – que adds and. Potentem is the m/f accusative singular form of potēns, potentis (3, adj.): endowed, provided (with), possessing or having acquired possession (of) (with gen. or abl.); exercising power or control (over, with gen.), able to control (with gen.); capable (of), able (to) (with gen. , infinitive, or ad + acc.); powerful, mighty. (. . . you give [me] (the opportunity) to recline at the banquets of the gods and make [me] able to control clouds and storms.)

Haec is the neuter nominative plural form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it. Ubi (rel. adv.): where; when. Dicta is the neuter nominative plural form of dictus/dicta/dictum (1/2), the perfect passive participle of dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say (sunt is implied: dicta sunt is the third person neuter plural perfect passive form). (When these things [were] said. . .) When one sees a clause with a perfect passive participle and no visible finite verb, one usually assumes an implied form of esse. So that’s the more expected interpretation here: dicta (sunt). But there’s an alternative way that one could possibly analyze the phrase haec ubi dicta. In a few other places, Virgil uses the phrase haec ubi dicta dedit, meaning when he/she gave (i.e., said) these words. So one could take haec ubi dicta to imply the verb dedit rather than sunt. In that case, haec and dicta would be accusative (as the direct object of the implied dedit); dicta would be from the noun dictum, dictī (2n), meaning a thing that has been said, a word or utterance (a substantive use of the participle dictus/dicta/dictum); and haec would be used as a demonstrative adjective to that noun. An argument against this interpretation is that the phrase haec ubi dicta dedit only occurs later in the Aneid, and isn’t attested in any author prior to Virgil. An ellipsis of a verb like dedit is only likely if the audience knew what to expect, which woudln’t have been the case if haec ubi verba dedit wasn’t an established phrase yet (but maybe it was and its earlier uses just haven’t come down to us).

Cavum is the m/n accusative singular form of cavus/cava/cavum (1/2): hollow, concave. Conversā is the feminine ablative singular form of conversus/conversa/conversum (1/2), the perfect passive participle of convertō, convertere, convertī, conversum (3): to turn (upside down, around, from one side to the other, etc.); invert; convert. Cuspide is the ablative singular form of cuspis, cuspidis (3f): a sharp point or tip; spear, lance; stake, wand. Montem is the accusative singular form of mōns, montis (3m): mountain. Impulit is the third person singular perfect form of impellō, impellere, impulī, impulsum (3): to strike (against); push (forward), drive forward, propel, impel; constrain, compel. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on (denoting a position); (with acc.) into, onto, on (denoting a direction). Latus is the accusative singular form of latus, lateris (3n): side. (. . . he struck the hollow mountain on [its] side with [his] lance turned. . .)

Atque/ ac (conj.): and, and then, and also. Ventī is the nominative plural form of ventus, ventī (2m): wind. Velut (adv.): as for example; as, just as, like; as if. Agmine is the ablative singular form of agmen, agminis (3n): stream, current; a train of things; army (esp. on the march); (marching) column; line of troops; army drawn up for battle. Factō is the m/n ablative singular form of factus/facta/factum (1/2), the perfect passive participle of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. (. . . and the winds, as if with a column (of soldiers) having been made/formed. . .)

Quā (rel. adv.): by what way, by which way, by the way by which. Datus/ data /datum (1/2) is the perfect passive participle of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give (est or erat is implied: data est is the third person feminine singular perfect passive form; data erat is the third person feminine singular pluperfect passive form). Porta, portae (1f): gate; opening; entrance; outlet, exit. Ruunt is the third person plural form of ruō, ruere, ruī, ruitūrus (3): to fall, collapse; rush; sweep headlong; churn (up), plow (up); overthrow (it’s in the historical present). (. . . rush by what way an opening [was/had been] given. . .)

Et (conj.): and. Terrās is the accusative plural form of terra, terrae (1f): land; earth. Turbine is the ablative singular form of turbō, turbinis (3m): something that spins; a spinning or whirling motion; whirlwind, tornado; whirlpool. Perflant is the third person plural form of perflō, perflāre, perflāvī, perflātum (1): to blow through, over, or across (it’s in the historical present). (. . . and blow across the lands in a whirlwind.)

Incubuēre is the third person plural perfect form of incumbō, incumbere, incubuī, — (3): to lean on, lie on; press on, burden; bear down on; apply oneself to (takes a dative object). Marī is the dative singular form of mare, maris (3n): sea. Tōtumque: tōtum is the m/n accusative singular form of tōtus/tōta/tōtum (1/2, irreg.): whole, entire, complete, all, in its entirey; the enclitic conjunction – que adds and. Ab/ ā (prep.): from; by (takes the ablative). Sēdibus is the ablative plural form of sēdēs, sēdis (3f): seat; abode; a person or thing’s place; foundation. Īmīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of īmus/īma/īmum (1/2): lowest, bottommost, deepest. Ūnā (adv.): together. Eurusque: Eurus, Eurī (2m): the east or south-east wind; in this context, the enclitic – que adds both (in a both. . . and construction). Notusque: Notus, Notī (2m): the south wind; the enclitic conjunction – que adds and. Ruunt is the third person plural form of ruō, ruere, ruī, ruitūrus (3): to fall, collapse; rush; sweep headlong; churn (up), plow (up); overthrow (it’s in the historical present). Crēberque: crēber /crēbra/crēbrum (1/2): occurring in close succession or placed at frequent intervals; frequent, repeated, constant; dense, tight-packed; abundant in, full of, making frequent use of or frequently causing (with ablative); the enclitic conjunction – que adds and. Procellis is the ablative plural form of procella, procellae (1f): storm. Āfricus, Āfricī (2m): the south-west (literally, African) wind. (They bore down on the sea, and both the (south-)east wind and the south wind, and the south-west wind abundant in storms, together churn [it] all up from [its] bottommost foundations. . . Or: Both the (south-)east wind and the south wind, and the south-west wind abundant in storms, together bore down on the sea and churn [it] all up from [its] bottommost foundations. . .)

Et (conj.): and. Vastōs is the masculine accusative plural form of vastus/vasta/vastum (1/2): desolate, deserted; huge, vast, immense. Volvunt is the third person plural form of volvō, volvere, volvī, volūtus (3): to cause an object to move in a rolling motion, roll, turn, spin, rotate; turn over in one’s mind; bring round in due course; go through, undergo. Ad (prep.): to, toward; at (takes the accusative). Lītora is the accusative plural form of lītus, lītoris (3n): (sea) shore, coast, beach. Flūctūs is the accusative plural form of flūctus, flūctūs (4m): wave, billow. (. . . and roll huge billows to the shores.)

Īnsequitur is the third person singular form of īnsequor, īnsequī, īnsecūtus sum (3, deponent): to follow; pursue (it’s in the historical present). Clāmorque: clāmor, clāmōris (3m): shout, cry, shouting, clamor; in this context, the enclitic – que adds both (in a both. . . and construction). Virum is a variant genitive plural form (for virōrum) of vir, virī (2m): man. Strīdorque: strīdor, strīdōris (3): a shrill noise such as a creaking, hissing, whizzing, etc; the enclitic conjunction – que adds and. Rudentum is the genitive plural form of rudēns, rudentis (3m/f): rope (especially on a ship). ([There] follows both a shouting of men and a creaking of ropes.)

Ēripiunt is the third person plural form of ēripiō, ēripere, ēripuī, ēreptum (3, –iō): to snatch (away) (it’s in the historical present). Subitō (adv.): suddenly. Nūbēs is the nominative plural form of nūbēs, nūbis (3f): cloud. Caelumque: caelum is the accusative singular form of caelum, caelī (2n): sky, heaven(s); in this context, the enclitic – que adds both (in a both. . . and construction). Diemque: diem is the accusative singular form of diēs, diēī (5m/f): day; the enclitic conjunction – que adds and. Teurcī, Teucrōrum (2m, pl.): the Trojans (descendents of Teucer). Ex /ē (prep.): from, out of (takes the ablative). Oculīs is the ablative plural form of oculus, oculī (2m): eye. (Clouds suddenly snatch both sky and day from the eyes of the Trojans.)

Pontō is the dative singular form of pontus, pontī (2m): sea. Nox, noctis (3f): night. Incubat is the third person singular form of incubō, incubāre, incubuī, incubitum (1): to lie on; lean, brood or hang over (with dative) (it’s in the historical present). Āter/ ātra /ātrum (1/2): black. (A black night lies on/hangs over the sea.)

Intonuēre is the third person plural perfect form of intonō, intonāre, intonuī, — (1): to thunder. Polī is the nominative plural form of polus, polī (2m): end of the axis on which the heavenly spheres revolve, pole; sky, heaven. (The poles/heavens thundered. . .)

Et (conj.): and. Crēbrīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of crēber/crēbra/crēbrum (1/2): occurring at close intervals or in rapid succession; repeated, frequent, constant. Micat is the third person singular form of micō, micāre, micuī, — (1): to dart; flicker; flash, glitter (it’s in the historical present). Ignibus is the ablative plural form of ignis, ignis (3m): fire. Aether, aetheris (3m): heaven, sky, ether; (upper) air. (. . . and the (upper) air flashes with fires occurring in rapid succession. . .)

Praesentemque: praesentem is the m/f accusative singular form of praesēns, praesentis (3, adj.): present; immediate; imminent; the enclitic conjunction – que adds and. Virīs is the dative plural form of vir, virī (2m): man. Intentant is the third person plural form of intentō, intentāre, intentāvī, intentātum (1): to point (acc.) at (dat.), especially in a threatening manner; threaten (the threat goes in the accusative and the person threatened goes in the dative) (it’s in the historical present). Omnia is the neuter nominative plural forms of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every; (n. pl. used substantively) all things, everything. Mortem is the accusative singular form of mors, mortis (3f): death. (. . . and all things point imminent death at/threaten imminent death to the men—i.e., threaten the men with imminent death.)

Extemplō (adv.): immediately, at once. Aenēae is the dative singular form of Aenēās, Aenēae (1m, with some unusual forms because it’s from Greek): Aeneas, hero of the Aeneid. Solvuntur is the third person plural passive form of solvō, solvere, solvī, solūtum (3): to loosen, untie, free, release; slacken; set sail; break up, dissolve, scatter; solve; pay; discharge, fulfill, perform (it’s in the historical present). Frīgore is the ablative singular form of frīgus, frīgoris (3n): cold(ness), chill(iness) (here, caused by fear). Membra is the nominative plural form of membrum, membrī (2n): limb; body part. (At once, for Aeneas, the limbs are slackened (i.e., Aeneas’s limbs were slackened) by a chill.)

Ingemit is the third person singular form of ingemō, ingemere, —, — (3): to groan, moan (it’s in the historical present). Et (conj.): and. Duplicīs is the m/f accusative plural form of duplex, duplicis (3, adj.): twofold, double, forming a pair; sometimes a poetic way to say two or both. Tendēns, tendentis (3) is the present active participle of tendō, tendere, tetendī, tentum/tēnsum (3): to stretch; aim, intend; strive; direct one’s course. Ad (prep.): to, toward; at (takes the accusative). Sīdera is the accusative plural form of sīdus, sīderis (3n): heavenly body—star, planet; constellation. Palmās is the accusative plural form of palma, palmae (1f): palm of the hand; palm tree; date (fruit of the date palm); palm leaves or branches; the palm as a symbol of victory (because palm leaves or branches were given to the winner in a contest); (by metonymy) victory. Tālia is the neuter accusative plural form of tālis/tālis/tāle (3): such, of such a kind or quality. Vōce is the ablative singular form of vōx, vōcis (3f): voice; speech; utterance; word; saying, maxim. Refert is the third person singular form of referō, referre, rettulī, relātum (3, irreg.): to bring back; give back, return, restore; trace back, refer, ascribe, relate; assign (to a category); report, register, record; mention, relate, recall in speech or writing; express; render, reflect (it’s in the historical present). (He groans and, stretching double/both palms toward the stars, he expresses such things with [his] voice/in speech:)

Ō (interjection): O! Oh! Terque: ter (adv.): three times, thrice; in this context, the enclitic – que adds both (in a both. . . and construction). Quaterque: quater (adv.): four times; the enclitic conjunction – que adds and. Beātī is the masculine nominative or vocative plural form of beātus/beāta/beātum (1/2): happy, blessed, fortunate. (O both three times and four times blessed [are those]. . . Or: O both three times and four times blessed ones. . .)

Quīs (alternative for quibus) is the m/f/n dative plural form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Ante (prep.): before; in front of (takes the accusative). Ōra is the accusative plural form of ōs, ōris (3n): mouth; face. Patrum is the genitive plural form of pater, patris (3m): father. Troia, Troiae (1f): Troy. Sub (prep.): (with abl.) under, in a position under; (with acc.) under (with motion), toward a position under. Moenibus is the ablative form of moenia, moenium (3n, plural only): (defensive) walls. Altīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of altus/alta/altum (1/2): high, tall, lofty. Contigit is the third person singular perfect form of contingō, contingere, contigī, contāctum (3): to touch; reach, extend to; happen; be granted to, fall to the lot of (someone in the dative). Oppetō, oppetere, oppetīvī/oppetiī, oppetītum (3): to encounter, meet (one’s death), perish, especially prematurely; the object mortem (or a similar one) can be expressed or implied. (. . . to whom it was granted to perish/meet [their/your deaths] before the faces of [their/your] fathers under the lofty walls of Troy!)

Ō (interjection): O! Oh! Danaum is the m/f/n genitive plural form of Danaus/Danaa/Danaum (1/2): Greek. Fortissime is the masculine vocative singular form of fortissimus/fortissima/fortissimum (1/2): very brave/bravest, very/most valiant; very strong/strongest—the superlative form of fortis/fortis/forte (3): brave, valiant; (more rarely) strong (in a physical sense). Gēns, gentis (3f): nation, people, race; gens, clan, (extended) family. Tȳdīdē is the vocative singular form of Tȳdīdēs, Tȳdīdae (1m, with some unusual forms because it’s from Greek): a son of Tydeus; it usually refers to Diomedes. (O bravest of the race of the Greeks, son of Tydeus!)

Mēne: mē is the accusative form of ego: I (me); the enclitic interrogative particle – ne indicates that the word is part of a question. Īliacīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of Īliacus/Īliaca/Īliacum (1/2): of or relating to Ilium/Troy, Trojan. Occumbō, occumbere, occubuī, — (3): to fall (in death), meet one’s death (the object mortem can be expressed or implied). Campīs is the ablative plural form of campus, campī (2m): plain, field. Nōn: not. Potuisse is the perfect infinitive form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can (this potuisse is the main verb of an exclamatory accusative-and-infinitive clause where mē is the accusative subject). Tuāque: tuā is the feminine ablative singular form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours; the enclitic conjunction – que adds and. Animam is the accusative singular form of anima, animae (1f): breath; breath of life, vital principle, life; soul, spirit. Hanc is the feminine accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Effundō, effundere, effūdī, effūsum (3): to pour out, pour forth, shed, discharge. Dextrā is the ablative singular form of dextra, dextrae (1f—also dextera): right hand (a substantive use of dexter/dext(e)ra/dext(e)rum (1/2): right, situated on the right; it’s feminine because the noun manus (4f, meaning hand) is implied). (Me, to have not been able to fall on the Trojan plains and to pour out this spirit (i.e., die) by your right hand. . .)

Saevus /saeva/saevum (1/2): savage, ferocious, fierce; cruel. Ubi (rel. adv.): where; when. Aeacidēs, Aeacidae (1m, with some unusual forms because it’s from Greek): a son or descendant of Aeacus; here, the Greek hero Achilles. Tēlō is the ablative singular form of tēlum, tēlī (2n): spear; missile weapon; weapon. Iacet is the third person singular form of iaceō, iacēre, iacuī, iacitum (2): to lie (as opposed to sitting or standing); lie (in a certain place or state); lie overthrown, dead, slain, or in another undesirable condition. Hector, Hectoris (3m): Hector, Trojan hero and son of the king of Troy. Ubi (rel. adv.): where; when. Ingēns, ingentis (3, adj.): huge, enormous, immense, (very) great. Sarpēdōn, Sarpēdonis/Sarpēdonos (3m): the name of a Lycian king allied with the Trojans in the Trojan war; he was the son of Jupiter and a human mother. (. . . where fierce Hector lies [slain] by the spear of the descendant of Aeacus, where the great Sarpedon [lies slain]. . .)

Ubi (rel. adv.): where; when. Tot (indeclinable adj.): so many, as many. Simois, Simoentis/Simoentos (3m): the Simois or Simoeis, a river flowing near Troy. Correpta is the neuter accusative plural form of correptus/correpta/correptum (1/2), the perfect passive participle of corripiō, corripere, corripuī, correptum (3, –iō): to snatch up, seize; carry away, sweep off; contract; shorten. Sub (prep.): (with abl.) under, in a position under; (with acc.) under (with motion), toward a position under. Undīs is the ablative plural form of unda, undae (1f): wave; water. Scūta is the accusative plural form of scūtum, scūtī (2n): shield. Virum is a variant genitive plural form (form virōrum) of vir, virī (2m): man. Galeāsque: galeās is the accusative plural form of galea, galeae (1f): helmet; the enclitic conjunction – que adds and. Et (conj.): and. Fortia is the neuter accusative plural form of fortis/fortis/forte (3)): brave, valiant; (more rarely) strong (physically). Corpora is the accusative plural form of corpus, corporis (3n): body. Volvit is the third person singular form of volvō, volvere, volvī, volūtus (3): to cause an object to move in a rolling motion, roll, turn, spin, rotate; turn over in one’s mind; bring round in due course; go through, undergo. (. . . where the Simois rolls so many shields of men and helmets and brave bodies (i.e., bodies of brave men) carried away under [its] waters?)