Who beat you up?
Quis /quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Tē is the accusative singular form of tū: you. is the third person singular perfect form of verberō, verberāre, verberāvī, verberātum (1): to flog, scourge, or beat (up).
You had a son who was less cruel.
More literally: You (sg.) had a less cruel son.
Fīlium is the accusative singular form of fīlius, fīliī (2m): son. Minus (adv.): less. Crūdēlem is the m/f accusative singular form of crūdēlis/crūdēlis/crūdēle (3): cruel. is the second person singular perfect form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have.
I’ve only ever fought when I’ve been forced to.
More literally: I’ve never fought unless forced (to).
Numquam (adv.): never. Pugnō, pugnāre, , pugnātum (1): to fight. Nisi (conj.): if not, unless; except. Coāctus /coācta/coāctum (1/2): forced—the perfect passive participle of cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coāctum (3): to drive or bring together, round up, gather, collect; force, compel.
As yet you (m. sg.) have attained nothing.
Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here acc.): nothing. Adhūc (adv.): still, yet. is the second person masculine singular perfect form of cōnsequor, cōnsequī, cōnsecūtus sum (3, deponent): to follow; overtake, catch up with; attain.
You have come together on the signal of the second watch.
Signō is the ablative singular form of signum, signī (2n): sign; signal (a specialized use of the ablative case—the ablative of time when). Secundae is the feminine genitive singular form of secundus/secunda/secundum (1/2): moving in the same direction; favorable; second. Vigilia, vigiliae (1f): watch, guard. is the second person plural perfect form of conveniō, convenīre, convēnī, conventum (4): to come together, meet.
Many have pardoned their enemies.
is the third person plural perfect form of ignōscō, ignōscere, ignōvī, ignōtum (3): to forgive, pardon (the person forgiven goes in the dative). Multī is the masculine nominative plural form of multus/multa/multum (1/2): much, many—an adjective used substantively. Hostibus is the dative plural form of hostis, hostis (3m/f): enemy.
None of them were ill-treated.
More literally: No one of them was ill-treated.
Nēmō, nēminis (3m): no one. Eōrum is the m/n (here m) genitive plural form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. is the third person masculine singular perfect passive form of violō, violāre, violāvī, violātum (1): to violate; treat with violence.
Suppose we grant that Homer was a philosopher.
More literally: Let us concede to them Homer to have been a philosopher.
Dēmus is the first person plural subjunctive form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give; concede (subjunctive because it’s hortatory). Illīs is the m/f/n (here m) dative plural form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that, that one; he, she, it. Homērum is the accusative singular form of Homērus, Homērī (2m): Homer. Philosophum is the accusative singular form of philosophus, philosophī (2m): philosopher. is the perfect infinitive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.
He studied civil law.
Iūs is the accusative singular form of iūs, iūris (3n): law; right; prerogative. Cīvīle is the neuter accusative singular form of cīvīlis/cīvīlis/cīvīle (3): civil, pertaining to citizens. is the third person singular perfect form of discō, discere, didicī, discitūrus (3): to learn.
He’s a friend; he didn’t mean it. He’s an enemy; what else should he do?
More literally: He is a friend, he did what he did not want; (he is) an enemy, he did what he had to.
(What to say when provoked by someone.) Amīcus, amīcī (2m): friend. Est: he is. is the third person singular perfect form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Quod is the neuter accusative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Nōluit is the third person singular perfect form of nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, — (irreg): not to want, be unwilling, refuse. Inimīcus, inimīcī (2m): enemy. is the third person singular perfect form of dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitum (2): to owe; ought, should, must, have to, be supposed to.
We (m.) have been visited with punishment.
is the first person masculine plural perfect passive form of adficiō, adficere, adfēcī, adfectum (3, –iō—also afficiō): to do something to one, affect someone, visit (acc.) with (abl.), bestow (abl.) upon (acc.). Poenā is the ablative singular form of poena, poenae (1f): penalty, punishment.
He has never been cruel.
Numquam (adv.): never. is the third person singular perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Crūdēlis /crūdēlis/crūdēle (3): cruel.
Even Philip is satisfied with selling.
More literally: Even Philip is content to have sold.
Philippus, Philippī (2m): Philip. Quoque (adv.): too, as well; even. is the perfect infinitive form of vēndō, vēndere, vēndidī, vēnditum (3): to sell. Contentus /contenta/contentum (1/2): satisfied, content. Est: is.
Great commanders have experienced those things.
(The sufferings that you’re experiencing now, or even greater ones.) is the third person plural perfect form of sentiō, sentīre, sēnsī, sēnsum (4): to feel; perceive, notice; experience; think. Ista is the neuter accusative plural form of iste/ista/istud (pron.): that (of yours); he, she, it. Magnī is the masculine nominative plural form of magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): great, large. Ducēs is the nominative plural form of dux, ducis (3m/f): guide; leader; general, commander.
I stood at the door.
Ad (prep.): to, toward; at (takes the accusative). Iānuam is the accusative singular form of iānua, iānuae (1f): door. Stō, stāre, , statum (1): to stand.
All his hearers were deeply stirred.
More literally: The minds of all were moved.
is the third person masculine plural perfect passive form of commoveō, commovēre, commōvī, commōtum (2): to move, stir, agitate, excite. Animī is the nominative plural form of animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit. . Omnium is the m/f/n (here m) genitive plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every; (m. pl. used substantively) all (people), everyone.
You (sg.) have come after the feast.
Post (prep.): after; behind (takes the accusative). Fēstum is the accusative singular form of fēstum, fēstī (2n): holiday, festival; feast. is the second person singular perfect form of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come.
You made war contrary to the dictates of justice and religion.
More literally: For you (pl.) did not wage war justly (n)or piously.
Nōn: not. Enim (particle): for, indeed. Iūstē (adv.): justly. Neque /nec (conj. and adv.): and not, nor; neither, not either, not even. Piē (adv.): in a way that’s in accordance with one’s moral duty (to one’s parents, family, country, gods, etc.); dutifully; righteously; piously. Bellum is the accusative singular form of bellum, bellī (2n): war. is the second person plural perfect form of gerō, gerere, gessī, gestum (3): to bear, carry; carry on, transact, conduct, do, accomplish; wage (war).
Our predecessors achieved a great deal.
More literally: They did much who were (i.e., existed) before us.
Multum is the accusative form of multum, multī (2n): a large amount, much. is the third person plural perfect form of agō, agere, ēgī, āctum (3): to drive, cause to move; do, perform, achieve, deal with, engage in; act. Quī is the masculine nominative plural form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Ante (prep.): before; behind (take the accusative). Nōs is the accusative form of nōs: we (us). is the third person plural perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.
Some things we’ve done, others we’ve planned, some we’ve hoped for, others still we’ve supported.
Alia is the neuter accusative plural form of alius/alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): other, another; different (alius. . . alius = one. . . another; or, if the forms are plural: some. . . others). is the first person plural perfect form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Alia is the neuter accusative plural form of alius/alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): other, another; different. is the first person plural perfect form of cōgitō, cōgitāre, cōgitāvī, cōgitātum (1): to think (of/about); plan, intend. is the first person plural perfect form of optō, optāre, optāvī, optātum (1): to wish for, desire, pray for; choose. Aliīs is the m/f/n (here n) dative plural form of alius/alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): other, another; different. is the first person plural perfect form of faveō, favēre, fāvī, fautum (2): to favor, support (takes a dative object).
I said: “He is honorable.” I said: “He is handsome.”
Dīcō, dīcere, , dictum (3): to say. Honestus /honesta/honestum (1/2): honorable, noble. Est: he is. Dīcō, dīcere, , dictum (3): to say. Pulcher /pulchra/pulchrum (1/2): beautiful, handsome.
You (f. sg.) were captured by pirates.
is the second person feminine singular perfect passive form of capiō, capere, cēpī, captum (3, –iō): to take, seize, capture. Ab/ ā (prep.): from; by (takes the ablative). Pīrātīs is the ablative plural form of pīrāta, pīrātae (1m): pirate.
You have addressed me by the title of Imperator.
Vōs: you (pl.). Mē is the accusative form of ego: I (me). Imperātor, imperātōris (3m): general, commander; emperor. Nōmine is the ablative singular form of nōmen, nōminis (3n): name. is the second person plural perfect form of appellō, appellāre, appellāvī, appellātum (1): to address, call; name, call (by a certain name); appeal to (for help, etc.), call on; solicit (with a request).
The pig heard the trumpet.
(To refer to someone who doesn’t understand the value of what they hear. War horses are roused by trumpets but pigs run away.) Sūs, suis (3 m/f): pig. Tubam is the accusative singular form of tuba, tubae (1f): trumpet. is the third person singular form of of audiō, audīre, audīvī/audiī, audītum (4): to hear.
I judge you unfortunate because you (sg.) have never been unfortunate.
Miserum is the m/n (here m) accusative singular form of miser/misera/miserum (1/2): miserable, wretched, unfortunate. Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. , iūdicāre, iūdicāvī, iūdicātum (1): to judge. Quod (conj.): that; the fact that; regarding the fact that; in that; because. Numquam (adv.): never. is the second person singular perfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Miser /misera/miserum (1/2): miserable, wretched, unfortunate.
Why were you a slave, then?
(The speaker has just claimed that he’s the son of a king. He’s imagining this question being thrown back at him.) Quārē (interrog. adv.): why? Ergō (particle): therefore, so, then. is the second person singular perfect form of serviō, servīre, servīvī/serviī, servītum (4): to serve; be a slave.
To have may be taken from us, to have had, never.
Alt. : We can be robbed of “having,” but never of “having had.”
More literally: To have is snatched away; to have had, never (is snatched away).
(Beforehand: “What resource do we find, then, in the face of these losses? Simply this—to keep in memory the things we have lost.”) Habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have. Ēripitur is the third person singular passive form of ēripiō, ēripere, ēripuī, ēreptum (3, –iō): to snatch away. is the perfect infinitive form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have. Numquam (adv.): never.
For he followed the most eminent Greek authors.
More literally: For he followed the most eminent (ones) of the Greeks.
Nam (particle): for, because. Is /ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Ēminentissimōs is the masculine accusative plural form of ēminentissimus/ēminentissima/ēminentissimum (1/2): very/most outstanding, very/most distinguished, very/most eminent—the superlative form of ēminēns, ēminentis (3, adj.): projecting, prominent; outstanding, distinguished, eminent; which is originally the present active participle of ēmineō, ēminēre, ēminuī, — (2): to stick out, project, protrude; stand out; excel. Graecōrum is the m/n (here m) genitive plural form of Graecus/Graeca/Graecum (1/2): Greek. is the third person masculine singular perfect form of sequor, sequī, secūtus sum (3, deponent): to follow.
“Let him be tortured”: this was not even done under Philip.
Torqueātur is the third person singular passive subjunctive form of torqueō, torquēre, torsī, tortum (2): to torment, torture (subjunctive because it’s jussive). Hic/haec/ hoc (pron.): this, this one; he, she, it. Nec (adv.): not even; not either. Sub (prep.): (with abl.) under, in a position under; (with acc.) under (with motion), to a position under, toward and under. Philippō is the ablative singular form of Philippus, Philippī (2m): Philip. is the third person neuter singular perfect passive form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make.
If you (sg.) have given to a good man, be patient.
(He will make repayment without being asked.) Sī (conj.): if. Bonō is the m/n dative singular form of bonus/bona/bonum (1/2): good. Virō is the dative singular form of vir, virī (2m): man. is the second person singular perfect form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give. is the singular imperative form of expectō, expectāre, expectāvī, expectātum (1—also exspectō): to wait; expect.