Chapter 39: The Perfect Passive Participle

Plurimum remedia continuāta proficiunt. — Seneca, Epistles 69.2
Translation

The remedies which are most helpful are those which are not interrupted.

More literally: Continued remedies help most.

Details

Plūrimum (adv.): very much; most; generally. Remedia is the nominative plural form of remedium, remediī (2n): remedy. Continuāta is the neuter nominative plural form of continuātus/continuāta/continuātum, the perfect passive participle of continuō, continuāre, continuāvī, continuātum (1): to connect; continue; practice without interruption. Prōficiunt is the third person plural form of prōficiō, prōficere, prōfēcī, prōfectum (3, –iō): to advance, make progress; profit, accomplish; help.


Tum iussam poenam subiit. — Tacitus, Annals 15.68
Translation

He then underwent the ordained penalty.

Details

Tum (adv.): then. Iussam is the feminine accusative singular form of iussus/iussa/iussum, the perfect passive participle of iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussum (2): to order, command, bid. Poenam is the accusative singular form of poena, poenae (1f): penalty, punishment. Subiit is the third person singular perfect form of subeō, subīre, subiī, subitum (irreg.): to go under; submit to, undergo.


Quorum nihil invenies in īrātō. — Seneca, On Anger 3.6. 1
Translation

In an angry man you will find none of these things.

More literally: Of which you will find nothing in the angered (man).

Details

Quōrum is the m/n (here n) genitive plural form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here acc.): nothing. Inveniēs is the second person singular future form of inveniō, invenīre, invēnī, inventum (4): to find. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Īrātō is the m/n (here m) ablative singular form of īrātus/īrāta/īrātum, the perfect active participle (having become angry, angered, enraged) of īrāscor, īrāscī, īrātus sum (1, deponent): to be or become angry—used as an adjective: angry. .


Iam multum operis effectī est. — Seneca, Epistles 79.11
Translation

Much of the work has already been done.

More literally: There is already a lot of finished work.

Details

Iam (adv.): already; now; soon. Multum, multī (2n): a large amount, much, a lot. Opus, operis (3n): work. Effectī is the m/n genitive singular form of effectus/effecta/effectum, the perfect passive participle of efficiō, efficere, effēcī, effectum (3, –iō): to complete, finish; produce, bring about; carry out, accomplish. Est: there is.


Egit me attonitum dolor. — Seneca the Elder, Controversies 9.1.3
Translation

I was bewildered, driven on by my grief.

More literally: Pain drove me, stunned.

Details

Ēgit is the third person singular perfect form of agō, agere, ēgī, āctum (3): to drive, put in motion; do; act. is the accusative form of ego. Attonitum is the m/n accusative singular form of attonitus/attonita/attonitum, the perfect passive participle of attonō, attonāre, attonuī, attonitum (1): to strike with lightning; stun, stupefy, amaze (forms other than the perfect passive participle are rare). Dolor, dolōris (3m): pain.


Surrexit a mortuīs. — Matt. 27:64
Translation

He has risen from the dead.

Details

Surrēxit is the third person singular perfect form of surgō, surgere, surrēxī, surrēctum (3): to rise, get up. Ab/ ā (prep.): (away) from; by (takes the ablative). Mortuīs is the m/f/n (here m) ablative plural form of mortuus/mortua/mortuum, the perfect active participle (having died) of morior, morī, mortuus sum (3, –ior, deponent): to die—as an adjective: dead.


Ignovit abavus tuus victīs. — Seneca, On Mercy 1.10.1
Translation

Your great-great-grandfather spared the vanquished.

Details

Ignōvit is the third person singular perfect form of ignōscō, ignōscere, ignōvī, ignōtum (3): to forgive, pardon (takes a dative object). Abavus, abavī (2m): great-great-grandfather. Tuus /tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours. Victīs is the m/f/n (here m) dative plural form of victus/victa/victum, the perfect passive participle of vincō, vincere, vīcī, victum (3): to conquer, vanquish, defeat; win, be victorious.


Saepe animus etiam aperta dissimulat. — Seneca, Epistles 94.25
Translation

The mind often tries not to notice even that which lies before our eyes.

More literally: Often the mind ignores even things uncovered.

Details

Saepe (adv.) often. Animus, animī (2m): mind, soul. Etiam (particle): still; also; even. Aperta is the neuter accusative plural form of apertus/aperta/apertum, the perfect passive participle of aperiō, aperīre, aperuī, apertum (4): to open; uncover. Dissimulat is the third person singular form of dissimulō, dissimulāre, dissimulāvī, dissimulātum (1): to conceal, hide; ignore.


Ingerantur lacerātō pectori manus. — Seneca, Consolation to Marcia 6.2
Translation

Let our hands pummel our bruised breast.

More literally: Let the hands be made to fall repeatedly on the lacerated breast.

Details

(. . . if it will help bring back the dead person we’re grieving; but since it won’t, let’s not.) Ingerantur is the third person plural passive subjunctive form of ingerō, ingerere, ingessī, ingestum (3): to carry into (something in the dative); press or thrust upon or into; inflict upon; heap on; cause to fall repeatedly on, rain (missiles or blows) (subjunctive because it’s jussive). Lacerātō is the m/n dative singular form of lacerātus/lacerāta/lacerātum, the perfect passive participle of lacerō, lacerāre, lacerāvī, lacerātum (1): to tear to pieces, lacerate; batter; torture. Pectorī is the dative singular form of pectus, pectoris (3n): chest, breast. Manūs is the nominative plural form of manus, manūs (4f): hand.


Omnes cum fortuna cōpulātī sumus. — Seneca, On Tranquility of Mind 10.3
Translation

All of us are chained to fortune.

More literally: We are all coupled with fortune.

Details

Omnēs is the m/f nominative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Cum (prep.): with (takes the ablative). Fortūnā is the ablative singular form of fortūna, fortūnae (1f): fortune, luck; fate. Cōpulātī is the masculine nominative plural form of cōpulātus/cōpulāta/cōpulātum, the perfect passive participle of cōpulō, cōpulāre, cōpulāvī, cōpulātum (1): to connect, couple, tie. Sumus: we are.


E poculo perforātō bibere. — Erasmus, Adagia (1536)
Translation

To drink from a cup with a hole in it.

Details

(Speaking of those who can’t keep secrets.) Ex/ ē (prep.): out of, from (takes the ablative). Pōculō is the ablative singular form of pōculum, pōculī (2n): drinking cup. Perforātō is the m/n ablative singular form of perforātus/perforāta/perforātum, the perfect passive participle of perforō, perforāre, perforāvī, perforātum (1): to pierce (through). Bibō, bibere, bibī, bibitum (3): to drink.


Accipe c ommissae munera laetitiae. — Propertius, Elegies 1.10.12
Translation

Here is the reward for sharing your happiness.

More literally: Accept the rewards of delight having been imparted.

Details

Accipe is the singular imperative form of accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptum (3, –iō): to receive, accept, take. Commissae is the feminine genitive singular form of commissus/commissa/commissum, the perfect passive participle of committō, committere, commīsī, commissum (3): to commit, entrust, impart; begin. Mūnera is the accusative plural form of mūnus, mūneris (3n): gift, favor; service, office. Laetitia, laetitiae (1f): joy, pleasure, delight.


Omnium quidem occupātōrum condicio misera est. — Seneca, On the Shortness of Life 20.1
Translation

The condition of all who are engrossed is wretched.

Details

(Especially when engrossed in work dictated by others.) Omnium is the m/f/n genitive plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): every; all. Quidem (particle): at any rate; indeed, certainly, in fact. Occupātōrum is the m/n (here m) genitive plural form of occupātus/occupāta/occupātum, the perfect passive participle of occupō, occupāre, occupāvī, occupātum (1): to occupy; seize. Condiciō, condiciōnis (3f): condition. Miser/ misera /miserum (1/2): wretched, unfortunate, miserable. Est: is.


Pigmaei gigantum humeris i mpositī plusquam ipsi gigantes vident. — expression of unknown provenance
Translation

Dwarfs placed on the shoulders of giants see more than the giants themselves.

Details

(Sometimes attributed to Bernard of Chartres in the 12th century; made most famous by Isaac Newton.) Pigmaeī is a misspelling of Pygmaeī, the nominative plural form of Pygmaeus, Pygmaeī (2m): Pygmy, one of a legendary race of dwarfs (a loanword from Greek). Gigantum is the genitive plural form of gigās, gigantis (3m): giant (also from Greek). Humerīs is the dative plural form of humerus, humerī (2m—also umerus): shoulder. Impositī is the masculine nominative plural form of impositus/imposita/impositum, the perfect passive participle of impōnō, impōnere, imposuī, impositum (3): to place upon (something in the dative). Plusquam: more than (two words written as one; plūs is the accusative form of plūs, plūrīs (3n): more; and quam (rel. adv.), meaning than). Ipsī is the masculine nominative plural form of ipse/ipsa/ipsum (adj.): himself/herself/itself/myself/etc. ; in person; the very, the actual. # themselves% Gigantēs is the nominative plural form of gigās, gigantis (3m): giant. Vident is the third person plural form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see.


Quam multa non exspectāta venerunt! — Seneca, Epistles 13.10
Translation

How often has the unexpected happened!

More literally: How many things not expected have come!

Details

Quam (interrog. adv.): how (much)? to what degree? Multa is the neuter nominative plural form of multus/multa/multum (1/2): much, many. Nōn: not. Exspectāta is the neuter nominative plural form of exspectātus/exspectāta/exspectātum, the perfect passive participle of exspectō, exspectāre, exspectāvī, exspectātum (1—also expectō): to wait for; expect. Vēnērunt is the third person plural perfect form of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come.

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