Chapter 31. Adjectives of the Third Declension

Brevis/ brevis /breve (3): short, brief. Expositiō, expositiōnis (3f): exposition, narration, explanation. Rērum is the genitive plural form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair. Est: is.

Sēminātur is the third person singular passive form of sēminō, sēmināre, sēmināvī, sēminātum (1): to sow, plant. Corpus, corporis (3n): body. Animālis/animālis/ animāle (3): living, breathing; animal (as an adjective), belonging to or characteristic of an animal. Surget is the third person singular future form of surgō, surgere, surrēxī, surrēctum (3): to rise, arise. Spīritālis/spīritālis/ spīritāle (3): spiritual.

Nūllus/ nūlla /nūllum (1/2, irreg.): no, not any. Vīta, vītae (1f): life. Est: there is. Nōn: not. Brevis/ brevis /breve (3): short, brief.

Mūtābilis /mūtābilis/mūtābile (3): mutable, inconstant, fickle. Est: is. Cāsus, cāsūs (4m): fall; chance; accident; event; misfortune.

Dulcis/dulcis/ dulce (3): sweet, delightful. Bellum, bellī (2n): war. Inexpertīs is the m/f/n (here m) dative plural form of inexpertus/inexperta/inexpertum (1/2): inexperienced. The verb (est) is implied.

Agit is the third person singular form of agō, agere, ēgī, āctum (3): to drive, put in motion; do; act. Nōs is the accusative form of nōs: we. Agiturque: agitur is the third person singular passive form of agō, agere, ēgī, āctum (3): to drive, put in motion; do; act (the enclitic conjunction –que adds and). Vēlōx, vēlōcis (3, adj.): fast. Diēs, diēī (5m/f): day; time.

Frātrēs is the nominative plural form of frāter, frātris (3m): brother. Homō, hominis (3m): man, human. Pauper, pauperis (3, adj.): poor. Ōdērunt is the third person plural form of ōdī, ōdisse, ōsum (irreg.): to hate (ōdī has no present-tense forms, and the perfect is translated as present). Eum is the masculine accusative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that.

Tulit is the third person singular perfect form of ferō, ferre, tulī, lātum (3, irreg.): to carry; carry off, take away; endure. Ovem is the accusative singular form of ovis, ovis (3f): sheep. Vir, virī (2m): man. Pauper, pauperis (3, adj.): poor.

Victor, victōris (3m): conqueror, vanquisher, victor. Venit is the third person singular form of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come. Asia, Asiae (1f): Asia. Ferōx, ferōcis (3, adj.): wild; fierce; bold; brave.

Neque/ nec: (as conj.) and not, nor; (as adv.) neither, not either, not even. Auctor, auctōris (3m/f): creator; author; supporter; initiator; agent; seller. Quamvīs (rel. adv.): however (much); although. Audācī is the m/f/n dative singular form of audāx, audācis (3): daring, bold. Facinorī is the dative singular form of facinus, facinoris (3n): deed, act; misdeed, crime. Dēerat is the third person singular imperfect form of dēsum, dēesse/dēsse, dēfuī, dēfutūrus (irreg.): to be lacking; fail.

Opēs is the nominative plural form of ops, opis (3f): strength, power; (in plural) wealth, riches. Invīsae is the feminine nominative plural form of invīsus/invīsa/invīsum (1/2): hated, odious. Meritō (adv.): deservedly, justly, rightly. Sunt: are. Fortī is the m/f/n dative singular form of fortis/fortis/forte (3): brave; strong. Virō is the dative singular form of vir, virī (2m): man.

Nōn: not. Omnī is the m/f/n dative singular form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): every; all. Animae is the dative singular form of anima, animae (1f): soul. Omnis/omnis/ omne (3): every; all. Genus, generis (3n): kind, type. Placet is the third person singular form of placeō, placēre, placuī, placitum (2): to please, be pleasing to.

Iam (adv.): now; already; soon (repeated for emphasis = at any time now, very soon; right now, at this very time already). Efficācī is the m/f/n dative singular form of efficāx, efficācis (3): effective, efficacious. Dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give; assign, attribute. Manūs is the accusative plural form of manus, manūs (4f): hand (manūs dare is an idiom: to give up, surrender). Scientiae is the dative singular form of scientia, scientiae (1f): knowledge.

Virtūtem is the accusative singular form of virtūs, virtūtis (3f): virtue, moral excellence; courage, valor, strength. Omnem is the m/f accusative singular form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Explicā is the singular imperative form of explicō, explicāre, explicāvī, explicātum (1): to unfold, spread out, deploy; display; explain.

Ūnum is the m/n accusative singular form of ūnus/ūna/ūnum (1/2, irreg.): one; sole. Hostem is the accusative singular form of hostis, hostis (3m/f): enemy. Inexōrābilem is the m/f accusative singular form of inexōrābilis/inexōrābilis/inexōrābile (3): inexorable, relentless. Habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have.

(By wasting it on things that don’t matter.) Sed (conj.): but. Breve is the neuter accusative singular form of brevis/brevis/breve (3): short, brief. Nōbīs is the dative form of nōs: we. Tempus is the accusative singular form of tempus, temporis (3n): time. Nōs: we. Fēcimus is the first person plural perfect form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make.

Ō (interjection): O! Oh! Impudentiam is the accusative singular form of impudentia, impudentiae (1f): shamelessness, impudence. Singulārem is the m/f accusative singular form of singulāris/singulāris/singulāre (3): singular; unmatched (an example of the exclamatory accusative: an exclamatory phrase put into the accusative case).

Populum is the accusative singular form of populus, populī (2m): people, nation. Impudentem is the m/f accusative singular form of impudēns, impudentis (3, adj.): shameless, impudent, insolent. Nōn: not. Vidēbis is the second person singular future form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see.

Cīvīle is the neuter accusative singular form of cīvīlis/cīvīlis/cīvīle (3): civil. Bellum is the accusative singular form of bellum, bellī (2n): war. Cōnsul, cōnsulis (3m): consul. Sulla, Sullae (1m): Sulla. Gessit is the third person singular perfect form of gerō, gerere, gessī, gestum (3): to bear, carry; carry on, transact, conduct, do, accomplish; wage (war).

Accipe is the singular imperative form of accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptum (3, –iō): to receive, accept, take. Hanc is the feminine accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Senīlem is the m/f accusative singular form of senīlis/senīlis/senīle (3): belonging to or characteristic of an old man; aged; senile. Manum is the accusative singular form of manus, manūs (4f): hand.

Ipse /ipsa/ipsum (pron.): (he) himself, (she) herself, (it) itself, that very person or thing. Fēcit is the third person singular perfect form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Rem is the accusative singular form of rēs, reī (5f): thing. Admīrābilem is the m/f accusative singular form of admīrābilis/admīrābilis/admīrābile (3): admirable, wonderful; astonishing, remarkable.

(Once attributed to Seneca, but now not viewed as his. He’s speaking of a young man’s ardor, and comparing an affair to a good marriage.) Nec (conj.): and not, neither, nor. Dūrat is the third person singular form of dūrō, dūrāre, dūrāvī, dūrātum (1): to harden; endure, last, continue. Diū (adv.): long, for a long time. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Venere is the ablative singular form of venus, veneris (3f): Venus (goddess of love); love, sexual love, sexual activity. Turpī is the m/f/n ablative singular form of turpis/turpis/turpe (3): foul, ugly; dishonorable.

(In other words, experiments should be tried first on humble subjects.) Fīat is the third person singular subjunctive form of fīō, fierī, —, — (irreg.): to become; be made; happen (a jussive subjunctive). Experīmentum, experīmentī (2n): experiment, test; experience. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Corpore is the ablative singular form of corpus, corporis (3n): body. Vīlī is the m/f/n ablative singular form of vīlis/vīlis/vīle (3): cheap; vile; worthless.

Nōs: we. Dē (prep.): from, down from; about, concerning (takes the ablative). Causā is the ablative singular form of causa, causae (1f): cause, reason. Generālī is the m/f/n ablative singular form of generālis/generālis/generāle (3): general, generic. Quaerimus is the first person plural form of quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī/quaesiī, quaesītum (3): to seek; ask.

(Typically refers to a case where the complaining party bears as much fault as the other side and therefore recovers nothing.) In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Parī is the m/f/n ablative singular form of pār, paris (3, adj.): even; equal; like. Dēlictō is the ablative singular form of dēlictum, dēlictī (2n): crime, fault.

(Than Epicurus.) Nēmō, nēminis (3m): no one. Dē (prep.): from, down from; about, concerning (takes the ablative). Tenuī is the m/f/n ablative singular form of tenuis/tenuis/tenue (3): thin, slender; fine, delicate, subtle; poor, mean; modest, simple. Vīctū is the ablative singular form of vīctus, vīctūs (4m): living, way of life; sustenance, food. Plūra is the neuter accusative form of plūrēs/plūrēs/plūra (3—usually plural when it’s an adjective): more numerous, more (in number); many. Dīxit is the third person singular perfect form of dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say.

(Why all things the atmosphere creates are short-lived.) Nāscuntur is the third person plural form of nāscor, nāscī, nātus sum (3, deponent): to be born; grow, spring forth. Enim (particle): for, indeed. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Rē is the ablative singular form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair. Fugācī is the m/f/n ablative singular form of fugāx, fugācis (3, adj.): apt to flee, fleeing, fugitive, evasive, fleeting, quick to decay. Et (conj.): and. Mūtābilī is the m/f/n ablative singular form of mūtābilis/mūtābilis/mūtābile (3): mutable, changeable, inconstant, fickle.

Ego: I. Vērō (particle): truly, indeed; on the other hand, but, however; and, moreover. Ūtar is the first person singular future form of ūtor, ūtī, ūsus sum (3, deponent): to use, manage, enjoy (takes an ablative object). Viā is the ablative singular form of via, viae (1f): way, road. Vetere is the m/f/n ablative singular form of vetus, veteris (3, adj.): old; former, previous.

Virtūtēs is the nominative plural form of virtūs, virtūtis (3f): virtue, moral excellence; courage, valor. Omnēs is the m/f nominative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): every; all. Ut (rel. adv.): as. Dīcitis is the second person plural form of dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say. Parēs is the m/f nominative plural form of pār, paris (3, adj.): equal. Sunt: are.

(The verb is implied.) Corpora is the nominative plural form of corpus, corporis (3n): body. Hominum is the genitive plural form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human being. Salūbria is the neuter nominative plural form of salūber/salūbris/salūbre (3): healthy. Et (conj.): and. Ferentia is the neuter nominative plural form of ferēns, ferentis (3), the present active participle (used as an adjective—tolerant) of ferō, ferre, tulī, lātum (3, irreg.): to carry, bring, bear; endure; tolerate. Labōrum is the genitive plural form of labor, labōris (3m): labor, work.

Mortālēs is the m/f nominative plural form of mortālis/mortālis/mortāle (3): mortal. Esse: to be. Inimīcitiae is the nominative plural form of inimīcitia, inimīcitiae (1f, usually plural): enmity, hostility. Dēbent is the third person plural form of dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitum (2): to owe; ought.

(In other words, the only people who boast about their ancestors are those with nothing to boast about of their own.) Quis /quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Parentem is the accusative singular form of parēns, parentis (3m/f): parent. Laudābit is the third person singular future form of laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātum (1): to praise. Nisi (conj.): if not, unless; except. Īnfēlīcēs is the m/f nominative plural form of īnfēlīx, īnfēlīcis (3, adj.): unhappy, unfortunate, unsuccessful. Fīliī is the nominative plural form of fīlius, fīliī (2m): son; (in plural) children.

(He’s caricaturing the views of the Stoics.) Omnia is the neuter nominative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): every; all. Peccāta is the nominative plural form of peccātum, peccātī (2n): sin, wrong. Sunt: (they) are. Paria is the neuter nominative plural form of pār, paris (3, adj.): even; equal; like.

Quid is the neuter accusative form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Enim (particle): for; indeed. Immortāle is the neuter accusative singular form of immortālis/immortālis/immortāle (3): immortal. Manūs is the nominative plural form of manus, manūs (4f): hand. Mortālēs is the m/f nominative plural form of mortālis/mortālis/mortāle (3): mortal. Fēcērunt is the third person plural perfect form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make.

Brevēs is the m/f nominative plural form of brevis/brevis/breve (3): short. Diēs is the nominative plural form of diēs, diēī (5m/f): day. Homō, hominis (3m): man, human. Sunt: are.

(Generally attributed to “pseudo-Sallust”; in other words, probably written by an ancient imitator.) Contemnit is the third person singular form of contemnō, contemnere, contempsī, contemptum (3): to despise, scorn. Simultātem is the accusative singular form of simultās, simultātis (3f): enmity, grudge. Hominum is the genitive plural form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human. Nōbilium is the m/f/n genitive plural form of nōbilis/nōbilis/nōbile (3): renowned; noble.

Occurrit is the third person singular form of occurrō, occurrere, occurrī, occursum (3): to run into; go to meet, come to; confront; appear; occur (takes the dative). Tot (indeclinable adj.): so many. Scelerum is the genitive plural form of scelus, sceleris (3n): crime, sin. Fēlīcium is the m/f/n genitive plural form of fēlīx, fēlīcis (3): happy, lucky, fortunate, prosperous, successful. Turba, turbae (1f): crowd.

(Men of free birth liked to abbreviate their three names into three letters, so this expression referred ironically to someone who wanted to be seen as having status. In Plautus a character is thus mocked as a man of three letters; the three letters evidently are f-ū-r: thief.) Trium is the m/f/n genitive form of trēs/trēs/tria (3, plural only): three. Litterārum is the genitive plural form of littera, litterae (1f): letter. Homō, hominis (3m): man, human.

Verbōrum is the genitive plural form of verbum, verbī (2n): word. Inānium is the m/f/n genitive plural form of inānis/inānis/ināne (3): empty, void; worthless; foolish, inane. Crepitus, crepitūs (4m): creaking, noise; fart. Est: it is.

Omnium is the m/f/n genitive plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Honestārum is the feminine genitive plural form of honestus/honesta/honestum (1/2): honorable, noble. Rērum is the genitive plural form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair. Sēmina is the accusative plural form of sēmen, sēminis (3n): seed. Animī is the nominative plural form of animus, animī (2m): mind, soul. Gerunt is the third person plural form of gerō, gerere, gessī, gestum (3): to bear, carry; carry on, transact, conduct, do, accomplish; wage (war).

Haec is the neuter accusative plural form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it (these refers back to the phrase the things that you have heard; hence the neuter gender). Commendā is the imperative singular form of commendō, commendāre, commendāvī, commendātum (1): to entrust; recommend. Fidēlibus is the m/f/n dative plural form of fidēlis/fidēlis/fidēle (3): faithful, loyal, trustworthy. Hominibus is the dative plural form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human.

Sed (conj.): but. Nōn: not. Dīxerat is the third person singular pluperfect form of dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say. Omnibus is the m/f/n dative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): every; all. Puellīs is the dative plural form of puella, puellae (1f): girl.

(But humans are insatiable.) Ūnus/ ūna /ūnum (1/2, irreg.): one; alone; only. Silva, silvae (1f): forest, wood. Elephantīs is the dative plural form of elephantus, elephantī (2m): elephant. Plūribus is the m/f/n dative form of plūrēs/plūrēs/plūra (3—usually plural when it’s an adjective): more numerous, more (in number); many. (Note the absence of an i in the neuter plural form plūra. The genitive form, however, does have the i: plūrium. This adjective is a comparative in sense, if not in form (see Chapter 32).) Sufficit is the third person singular form of sufficiō, sufficere, suffēcī, suffectum (3, –iō): to suffice, be sufficient; supply.

(With the songs you sing about battles fought by the people buried there.) Dās is the second person singular form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give; assign, attribute. Sōlācia is the accusative plural form of sōlācium, sōlāciī (2n): comfort, relief, solace, consolation. Grandibus is the m/f/n dative plural form of grandis/grandis/grande (3): great, large; mighty, important; grand. Sepulcrīs is the dative plural form of sepulcrum, sepulcrī (2n): grave, tomb, sepulcher.

Ō (interjection): O! Oh! Cōgitātiōnēs is the accusative plural form of cōgitātiō, cōgitātiōnis (3f): thinking, thought, reasoning; plan, project. Inānēs is the m/f accusative plural form of inānis/inānis/ināne (3): empty, void; worthless; foolish, inane. Meās is the feminine accusative plural form of meus/mea/meum (1/2): my, mine (another example of the exclamatory accusative).

Vincet is the third person singular future form of vincō, vincere, vīcī, victum (3): to conquer, overcome, overmatch; win, be victorious. Ūnus /ūna/ūnum (1/2, irreg.): one; alone, by oneself; only. Amor, amōris (3m): love. Omnīs is the m/f accusative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): every; all. Difficultātēs is the accusative plural form of difficultās, difficultātis (3f): difficulty, trouble.

Frangit is the third person singular form of frangō, frangere, frēgī, frāctum (3): to break. Fortia is the neuter accusative plural form of fortis/fortis/forte (3): brave; strong. Corda is the accusative plural form of cor, cordis (3n): heart. Dolor, dolōris (3m): pain.

Virōs is the accusative plural form of vir, virī (2m): man. Fortēs is the m/f accusative plural form of fortis/fortis/forte (3): brave; strong. Iungite is the plural imperative form of iungō, iungere, iūnxī, iūnctum (3): to join, bring together.

Plūrēs is the m/f accusative form of plūrēs/plūrēs/plūra (3—usually plural when it’s an adjective): more numerous, more (in number); many. Praedās is the accusative plural form of praeda, praedae (1f): plunder, booty, spoils. Dīvīsērunt is the third person plural perfect form of dīvidō, dīvidere, dīvīsī, dīvīsum (3): to divide.

Quadrupedī is the m/f/n dative singular form of quadrupēs, quadrupedis (3): (as an adjective) four-legged; (as a m/f/n noun) quadruped—in poetic language it often means a horse. Citus /cita/citum (1/2): quick, rapid. Impōnit is the third person singular form of impōnō, impōnere, imposuī, impositum (3): to place (acc.) upon (dat.); impose. Vēlōcia is the neuter accusative plural form of vēlōx, vēlōcis (3, adj.): fast, swift. Membra is the accusative plural form of membrum, membrī (2n): limb.

(You will then bear your own better.) Similēs is the m/f accusative plural form of similis/similis/simile (3): similar. Aliōrum is the m/n (here m) genitive plural form of alius/alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): other, another. Respice is the singular imperative form of respiciō, respicere, respexī, respectum (3, –iō): to look back at; look to; consider. Cāsūs is the accusative plural form of cāsus, cāsūs (4m): fall; chance; accident; event; calamity, misfortune.

Post (prep.): after (takes the accusative). Trēs is the m/f accusative form of trēs/trēs/tria (3, plural only): three. Diēs is the accusative plural form of diēs, diēī (5m/f): day. Resurgam is the first person singular future form of resurgō, resurgere, resurrēxī, resurrēctum (3): to rise again.

(He’s talking about sharp stakes left in a trench as a trap.) Haec is the neuter accusative plural form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Levibus is the m/f/n ablative plural form of levis/levis/leve (3): light; trifling; fickle. Crātibus is the ablative plural form of crātis, crātis (3f): hurdle; criss-cross structure. Terrāque: terrā is the ablative singular form of terra, terrae (1f): land; region; earth (the enclitic conjunction –que adds and). Inaequat is the third person singular form of inaequō, inaequāre, inaequāvī, inaequātum (1): to make even or level.

(This example illustrates the ablative of duration, in which the ablative case is used to express how long something lasted. The accusative of duration is more classical.) Tribus is the m/f/n ablative plural form of trēs/trēs/tria (3): three. Mēnsibus is the ablative plural form of mēnsis, mēnsis (3m): month. Rēgnāvit is the third person singular perfect form of rēgnō, rēgnāre, rēgnāvī, rēgnātum (1): to reign.

Hostis, hostis (3m/f): enemy. Meus /mea/meum (1/2): my, mine. Terribilibus is the m/f/n ablative plural form of terribilis/terribilis/terribile (3): frightful, terrible. Oculīs is the ablative plural form of oculus, oculī (2m): eye. Mē is the accusative form of ego: I (me). Intuitus est is the third person singular perfect form of intueor, intuērī, intuitus sum (2, deponent): to look at.

Sānābilibus is the m/f/n ablative plural form of sānābilis/sānābilis/sānābile (3): curable. Aegrōtāmus is first person plural form of aegrōtō, aegrōtāre, aegrōtāvī, aegrōtātum (1): to be ill. Malīs is the ablative plural form of malum, malī (2n): evil; trouble, misfortune; misdeed; disease.

Rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair; interest. Pūblicus/ pūblica /publicum (1/2): belonging to the state or the general public; public, general, common (rēs pūblica = state, commonwealth, republic, public affairs, public interest). Sine (prep.): without (takes the ablative). Curūlibus is the m/f/n ablative plural form of curūlis/curūlis/curūle (3): curule—an adjective applied to a special chair, and to a senior rank of magistrate entitled to occupy such a chair. Magistrātibus is the ablative plural form of magistrātus, magistrātūs (4m): magistrate. Erat is the third person singular imperfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.

Omnibus is the m/f/n ablative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): every; all. Rēbus is the ablative plural form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair. Fēlīx, fēlīcis (3, adj.): happy, fortunate. Est: he is.