Modus
operandi. —
common expression
Method of operating (m. o.).
(The method a criminal uses, or anyone’s typical method of doing anything.) Modus, modī (2m): method. Operandī is the genitive gerund ((of) working or operating) of operor, operārī, operātus sum (1, deponent): to work; operate.
Burden of proof.
More literally: Burden of proving.
Onus, oneris (3n): burden. Probandī is the genitive gerund ((of) proving) of probō, probāre, probāvī, probātum (1): to approve; test; prove.
So ended the parley.
More literally: This (was) the end of the speaking.
Hic /haec/hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Fīnis, fīnis (3m): end; limit; purpose. Fandī is the genitive gerund ((of) speaking) of for, fārī, fātus sum (1, deponent): to speak.
In either case, there is an end of suffering.
(He’s talking about the pain of severe illness; it either goes away or kills you.) In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Utrōque is the m/n (here n) ablative singular form of uterque/utraque/utrumque (1/2, irreg.): each of two, either; both. Fīnis, fīnis (3m): end. Dolendī is the genitive gerund ((of) suffering) of doleō, dolēre, doluī, dolitum (2): to suffer. Est: there is.
He went to Jugurtha to placate him.
More literally: He goes to Jugurtha for the sake of placating.
Iugurtham is the accusative singular form of Iugurtha, Iugurthae (1m) (an African king who made war on Rome). Plācandī is the genitive gerund ((of) placating) of plācō, plācāre, plācāvī, plācātum (1): to placate, appease. Grātiā is the ablative singular form of grātia, grātiae (1f): favor; goodwill; gratitude; popularity; grace; in abl. grātiā preceded by gen. : for the sake (of). Accēdit is the third person singular form of accēdō, accēdere, accessī, accessum (3): to go or come toward.
For I do not mean to reproach you, but to remind you.
More literally: For I will say (it) not for the sake of reproaching, but for the sake of reminding.
Nōn: not. Enim (particle): for; indeed. Exprobrandī is the genitive gerund ((of) reproaching) of exprobrō, exprobrāre, exprobrāvī, exprobrātum (1): to reproach, scold. Causā is the ablative singular form of causa, causae (1f): cause, reason; in abl. causā preceded by gen. : for the sake (of). Sed (conj.): but. Commonendī is the genitive gerund ((of) reminding) of commoneō, commonēre, commonuī, commonitum (2): to remind. Grātiā is the ablative singular form of grātia, grātiae (1f): favor; goodwill; gratitude; popularity; grace; in abl. grātiā preceded by gen. : for the sake (of). Dīcam is the first person singular future form of dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say.
He was insolvent.
More literally: For he was not (fit) for paying/(up) to paying. (He wasn’t able to pay.)
Solvendō is the dative gerund ((for/to) paying) of solvō, solvere, solvī, solūtum (3): to loosen, untie; free, release; solve; pay. Enim (particle): for; indeed. Nōn: not. Erat is the third person singular imperfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. (Another use of non esse + the dative; compare the comment in the previous chapter on the scit se esse oneri ferendo illustration.)
And now the time was at hand when the child should be born.
More literally: And already she hardly was (fit) for bearing (she could hardly bear) the womb heavy with a ripe weight.
Iamque: iam (adv.): now; already (the enclitic conjunction – que adds and). Ferendō is the dative gerund ((for/to) bearing) of ferō, ferre, tulī, lātum (3, irreg.): to carry, bear; endure. Vix (adv.): with difficulty; barely, hardly. Erat is the third person singular imperfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Ille/ illa /illud (pron.): that; he, she, it; the former. Gravem is the m/f accusative singular form of gravis/gravis/grave (3): heavy. Mātūrō is the m/n ablative singular form of mātūrus/mātūra/mātūrum (1/2): ripe; full-grown; having reached full term; mature. Pondere is the ablative singular form of pondus, ponderis (3n): weight. Ventrem is the accusative singular form of venter, ventris (3m): belly; womb (the direct object of the gerund).
You summon me to write.
More literally: You call me to writing.
Mē is the accusative form of ego. Vocās is the second person singular form of vocō, vocāre, vocāvī, vocātum (1): to call, summon. Ad (prep.): to; for. Scrībendum is the accusative gerund (writing) of scrībō, scrībere, scrīpsī, scrīptum (3): to write.
Anger is needed to inflict punishment.
More literally: There is a need for anger for punishing.
(A view he means to refute.) Īrācundiā is the ablative singular form of īrācundia, īrācundiae (1f): irascibility; anger. Opus, operis (3n): work; need (with abl. of thing needed). Est: there is. Ad (prep.): to; for; (with gerund) in order to. Pūniendum is the accusative gerund (punishing) of pūniō, pūnīre, pūnīvī/pūniī, pūnītum (4): to punish.
There is no chance of evasion.
More literally: There is no room for (the purpose of) evading.
Nōn: not. Est: there is. Locus, locī (2m): place; room, space; opportunity. Ad (prep.): to; for; (with gerund) in order to. Tergiversandum is the accusative gerund (evading) of tergiversor, tergiversārī, tergiversātus sum (1, deponent): to evade.
Even when at dinner we must pursue learning.
More literally: It behooves (us) to know the love of learning even in the course of dining.
Oportet, oportēre, oportuit, — (2): it behooves, it is fitting, it is right or needed (impersonal verb; appears in the third person singular only, and often takes an infinitive—such as nōsse. It can often be turned into a personal construction in translation, such as one ought to/needs to/should. . . I/you/we (or any other person) ought to/need to/should. . . ). Etiam (particle): even. Inter (prep.): between; among; during, in the course of (takes the accusative). Cēnandum is the accusative gerund (dining) of cēnō, cēnāre, cēnāvī, cēnātum (1): to dine. Philologiam is the accusative singular form of philologia, philologiae (1f): literary study; the love of learning. Nōsse is the perfect infinitive form of nōscō, nōscere, nōvī, nōtum (3): to get to know; recognize (the perfect forms of this verb usually convey a meaning in the present tense: to know).
It is solved by walking.
(His response to paradoxes of Zeno that showed the unreality of motion: he stood and walked off.) Solvitur is the third person singular passive form of solvō, solvere, solvī, solūtum (3): to loosen, untie; release; solve. Ambulandō is the ablative gerund ((by) walking) of ambulō, ambulāre, ambulāvī, ambulātum (1): to walk; travel (on foot).
E
e
For he took all by fight.
More literally: For he took all by warring.
Omnēs is the m/f accusative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Enim (particle): for; indeed. Bellandō is the ablative gerund ((by) warring) of bellō, bellāre, bellāvī, bellātum (1): to war, wage war; fight. Cēpit is the third person singular perfect form of capiō, capere, cēpī, captum (3, –iō): to take, seize, capture.
No one becomes braver by becoming angry.
(Except someone who doesn’t know how to be brave otherwise.) Nēmō, nēminis (3m): no one. Īrāscendō is the ablative gerund ((by) getting angry) of īrāscor, īrāscī, īrātus sum (3, deponent): to be or become angry. Fit is the third person singular form of fīō, fierī, —, — (irreg.): to become; be made; happen (the thing that the subject becomes—the predicate complement—goes in the nominative case). Fortior /fortior/fortius (3): braver; stronger—the comparative form of fortis/fortis/forte (3): brave; strong.
For there is a difference between confidence and timidity.
More literally: For to be confident differs from fearing.
Discrepat is the third person singular form of discrepō, discrepāre, discrepāvī/discrepuī, — (3): to disagree; differ. Enim (particle): for; indeed. Ab/ ā (prep.): (away) from; by (takes the ablative). Timendō is the ablative gerund (fearing) of timeō, timēre, timuī, — (2): to fear, be afraid. Cōnfīdō, cōnfīdere, cōnfīsus sum (3, semi-deponent): to be confident; (with dat. or abl.) trust, rely upon.
She stayed true and became an old woman waiting for him.
More literally: She remained, having become an old woman in waiting for him.
Illum is the masculine accusative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she, it (the direct object of the gerund). Exspectandō is the ablative gerund ((by/in) waiting) of exspectō, exspectāre, exspectāvī, exspectātum (1—also expectō): to wait (for); expect; look forward to. Factus/ facta /factum (1/2) is the perfect passive participle (having been made, having become) of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. Remānsit is the third person singular perfect form of remaneō, remanēre, remānsī, remānsum (2): to remain, stay without moving; endure. Anus, anūs (4f): old woman.