Chapter 1: Judgment

Omnia is the neuter nominative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): every; all; (n. pl. used substantively) all things, everything. Ex (prep.): from, out of (takes the ablative). Opīniōne is the ablative singular form of opīniō, opīniōnis (3f): opinion, belief. Suspēnsa is the neuter nominative plural form of suspēnsus/suspēnsa/suspēnsum (1/2), the perfect passive participle (having been suspended) of suspendō, suspendere, suspendī, suspēnsum (3): to suspend; hang (in the passive) be made to depend on. Sunt: (they) are. (All things are suspended from/dependent on opinion.)

Nōn: not. Ambitiō, ambitiōnis (3f): ambition. Tantum (adv.): so much; only (nōn. . . tantum = not only). Ad (prep.): to (takes the accusative). Illam is the feminine accusative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she, it. Respicit is the third person singular form of respiciō, respicere, respexī, respectum (3, –iō): to look back (at/to); look to, have regard for, be mindful of, consider. Et (conj.): and (et. . . et = both. . . and). Luxuria, luxuriae (1f): luxury. Et (conj.): and. Avāritia, avāritiae (1f): greed. Nōn tantum(not only) is often found with sed etiam(but also); though sed etiam is absent here, it can be implied. (Not only ambition, (but also) both luxury and greed look to it.)

Ad (prep.): to; according to (takes the accusative). Opīniōnem is the accusative singular form of opīniō, opīniōnis (3f): opinion, belief. Dolēmus is the first person plural form of doleō, dolēre, doluī, dolitum (2): to suffer. (We suffer according to opinion.)

Tam (adv.): so (much), as. Miser /misera/miserum (1/2): wretched, miserable. Est: is. Quisque /quaeque/quidque (pron.): each one, each person, each thing. Quam (rel. adv.): as. Crēdidit is the third person singular perfect form of crēdō, crēdere, crēdidī, crēditum (3): to believe. (As miserable is each man as he has believed.)

Est: is. Ergō (particle): therefore, then. Aegritūdō, aegritūdinis (3f): grief; distress. Opīniō, opīniōnis (3f): opinion, belief. Recēns, recentis (3, adj.): new, recent, fresh. Malum, mālī (2n): a bad thing; evil; trouble, misfortune. Praesēns, praesentis (3, adj.): present. (Grief, then, is a fresh opinion of a present bad thing. . .)

In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Quō is the m/n ablative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Dēmittī is the passive infinitive form of dēmittō, dēmittere, dēmīsī, dēmissum (3): to send down, cause to fall. Contrahīque: contrahī is the passive infinitive form of contrahō, contrahere, contrāxī, contractum (3): to draw together; cause to shrink, compress, contract; diminish; depress (the enclitic conjunction – que adds and). Animō is the ablative singular form of animus, animī (2m): mind, soul; will, intention. Rēctus/rēcta/ rēctum (1/2): straight; right. Esse: to be. Videātur is the third person singular passive subjunctive form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see; (in the passive) seem (subjunctive because it’s in a relative clause of characteristic). (. . . in which—or, less literally, about which—it would seem to be right to be cast down and diminished in spirit.)

Laetitia, laetitiae (1f): joy; delight. Opīniō recēns: a recent opinion (see above). Bonum, bonī (2n): a good thing, a good. Praesēns, praesentis (3, adj.): present. In quō: in which (or about which; see above). Efferrī is the passive infinitive form of efferō, efferre, extulī, ēlātum (3): to carry out; lift up; carry away (emotionally; e. g. , elate) (dēmittī suggests movement down, while efferrī refers to movement up or out.). Rēctum esse videātur: would seem to be right (see above). (Joy a fresh opinion of a present good thing about which it would seem to be right to be elated.)

Metus, metūs (4m): fear. Opīniō, opīniōnis (3f): opinion, belief. Impendentis is the m/f/n genitive singular form of impendēns, impendentis (3), the present active participle (threatening, impending) of impendeō, impendēre, —, — (2): to hang over; impend, threaten. Malum, mālī (2n): a bad thing; evil; trouble, misfortune. Quī/quae/ quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Intolerābilis/intolerābilis/ intolerābile (3): intolerable, unbearable. Esse videātur: would seem to be (see above). (Fear an opinion of an impending bad thing that would seem to be unbearable.)

Libīdō, libīdinis (3f): desire, longing, craving, lust. Opīniō, opīniōnis (3f): opinion, belief. Ventūrī is the m/n genitive singular of ventūrus/ventūra/ventūrum (1/2), the future active participle (about to come) of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come. Bonum, bonī (2n): a good thing, a good. (Desire an opinion of a good about to come. . .)

Quod is the neuter accusative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Sit is the third person singular subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be (subjunctive because it’s in a relative clause of characteristic). Ex /ē (prep.): from, out of (takes ablative). Ūsū is the ablative singular form of ūsus, ūsūs (4m): use; need; practice; experience (esse ex ūsū is an idiom meaning to be of use). Iam (adv.): already; now. Praesēns is the neuter accusative singular form of praesēns, praesentis (3, adj.): present. Esse: to be. Atque /ac (conj.): and, and also, and then. Adsum, adesse, adfuī, adfutūrus (irreg.): to be present, be there. (. . . that would be of use to already be present and be there.)

Quis/quis/ quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Est: is. Praecipuus/praecipua/ praecipuum (1/2): particular; excellent; paramount, most important. (What is most important?)

Altōs is the masculine accusative plural form of altus/alta/altum (1/2): high; deep—modifying spīritūs. Suprā (prep.): above (takes accusative). Fortuīta is the neuter accusative plural form of fortuītus/fortuīta/fortuītum (1/2): happening by chance (used substantively). Spīritūs is the accusative plural form of spīritus, spīritūs (4m): breath; spirit. Tollō, tollere, sustulī, sublātum (3): to raise. (To raise your spirits high above things happening by chance. . .)

Homō, hominis (3m): man, human. Meminī, meminisse, — (3): to remember, be mindful of (verbs of remembering and forgetting often take the genitive; thus hominis) (. . . to remember the human condition; more literally, to be mindful of the human being. . .)

Ut (conj.): so that; it introduces a purpose clause. Sīve (conj.): or if; whether; if. Fēlīx, fēlīcis (3, adj.): happy, fortunate. Eris is the second person singular future form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be; a future-tense verb in the dependent clause (protasis) of a conditional statement is translated in the present. (. . . so that, if you are fortunate. . .)

Sciās is the second person singular subjunctive form of sciō, scīre, scīvī/sciī, scītum (4): to know (subjunctive because it’s in a purpose clause). Hoc is the neuter accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Nōn: not. Futūrum is the neuter accusative singular form of futūrus/futūra/futūrum (1/2), the future active participle (about to be, going to be) of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Diū (adv.): long, for a long time. (. . . you know this will not be for long; very literally, you know this not (to be) going to be (the case) for long. . .)

Sīve: or if; whether; if. Īnfēlīx, īnfēlīcis (3, adj.): unfortunate. Sciās: see above. Hoc is the neuter accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Nōn: not. Esse: to be. Sī: if. Nōn: not. Putēs is the second person singular subjunctive form of putō, putāre, putāvī, putātum (1): to think, suppose (subjunctive because the clause is part of indirect speech). (. . . or if unfortunate, you know yourself not to be this if you do not think (so).)

Ubi (rel. adv.): where; when. Animum is the accusative singular form of animus, animī (2m): mind, soul. Simul (adv.): at the same time; both. Et (conj.): and. Corpus is the accusative singular form of corpus, corporis (3n): body. Voluptātēs is the nominative plural form of voluptās, voluptātis (3f): pleasure. Corrūpēre (variant of corrūpērunt) is the third person plural perfect form of corrumpō, corrumpere, corrūpī, corruptum (3): to spoil, damage, destroy; corrupt. (When pleasures have corrupted both mind and body. . .)

Nihil (indeclinable neuter noun): nothing. Tolerābilis/tolerābilis/ tolerābile (3): tolerable, bearable. Vidētur is the third person singular passive form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see; (in the passive) seem. (. . . nothing seems bearable. . .)

Nōn: not. Quia (conj.): because. Dūra is the neuter accusative plural form of dūrus/dūra/dūrum (1/2): hard. Sed (conj.): but. Quia (conj.): because. Mollis /mollis/molle (3): soft; weak; used substantially here. Patitur is the third person singular form of patior, patī, passus sum (3, –ior, deponent): to suffer, endure. (. . . not because (one suffers) hard things, but because a soft person suffers (them).)

Quis/quis/ quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Est: is there. Enim (particle): for, indeed. Cūr (rel. adv.): why, on account of which (quid est cūr = why? what reason is there (for/to)? —more literally, what is there on account of which (one should do so and so); the expression is followed by a verb in the subjunctive). Tussis, tussis (3f): cough. Alicuius: of somebody—the m/f/n genitive singular form of aliquis/aliqua/aliquid (pron.): someone, something. Aut (conj.): or. Sternūtāmentum, sternūtāmentī (2n): sneezing attack. Musca, muscae (1f): fly (cf. mosquito). Parum (adv.): (too) little, not enough. Cūriōsē (adv.): carefully. Fugātus/ fugāta /fugātum (1/2) is the perfect passive participle (chased) of fugō, fugāre, fugāvī, fugātum (1): to chase away. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Rabiem is the accusative singular form of rabiēs, rabiēī (5f): rage, madness. Agat is the third person singular subjunctive form of agō, agere, ēgī, āctum (3): to set in motion, drive; do; act. (For what is the reason why somebody’s cough or sneezing attack or a fly chased away not carefully enough should drive (one) into a rage. . .)

Aut (conj.): or. Obversātus is the perfect active participle (having got in the way) of obversor, obversārī, obversātus sum (1, deponent): to get in the way; appear before. Canis, canis (3m/f): dog. Clāvis, clāvis (3f): key. Neglegēns, neglegentis (3, adj.): careless, negligent—originally the present active participle (neglecting) of neglegō, neglegere, neglēxī, neglēctum (3): to neglect. Servus, servī (2m): slave. Manibus is the ablative plural form of manus, manūs (4f): hand. Ēlāpsus/ ēlāpsa /ēlāpsum (1/2) is the perfect active participle (having slipped out) of ēlābor, ēlābī, ēlāpsus sum (3, deponent): to slip out or away. (. . . or a dog having got in the way, or a key having slipped from the hands of a careless servant?)

Hī is the masculine nominative plural form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Nempe (particle): no doubt, indeed, in truth. Oculī is the nominative plural form of oculus, oculī (2m): eye. Quī is the masculine nominative plural form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Nōn: not. Ferunt is the third person plural form of ferō, ferre, tulī, lātum (3, irreg.): to carry, bear; endure, tolerate (quī nōn ferunt = which don’t tolerate (relative clause)). Nisi (conj.): unless, if not; except. Varium is the neuter accusative singular form of varius/varia/varium (1/2): varied, variegated. Atque/ ac (conj.): and. Recentī is the m/f/n ablative singular form of recēns, recentis (3, adj.): recent, fresh. Cūrā is the ablative singular form of cūra, cūrae (1f): care. Nitēns is the neuter accusative singular form of nitēns, nitentis (3), the present active participle (shining) of niteō, nitēre, nituī, — (2): to shine (recentī cūrā nitēns = recently polished; more lit. , shining from recent care). Marmor is the accusative singular form of marmor, marmoris (3n): marble. (Indeed these eyes, which do not tolerate marble unless varied and shining from recent care. . .)

Quī: which (see above). Nōlunt is the third person plural form of nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, — (irreg.): to be unwilling, refuse, not want. Domī: at home—the locative singular form of domus, domūs (2/4f): house, home. Nisi (conj.): unless, if not; except. Aurō is the ablative singular form of aurum, aurī (2n): gold (an ablative of comparison). Pretiōsiōra is the neuter accusative plural form of pretiōsior/pretiōsior/pretiōsius (3): costlier, more precious—the comparative form of pretiōsus/pretiōsa/pretiōsum (1/2): costly, precious. Calcārī is the passive infinitive form of calcō, calcāre, calcāvī, calcātum (1): to trample, walk upon. (. . . which don’t want (anything) to be walked upon at home except things more precious than gold. . .)

Aequissimō is the m/n ablative singular form of aequissimus/aequissima/aequissimum (1/2): very/most even; very/most fair, very/most equitable; very/most calm—the superlative form of aequus/aequa/aequum (1/2): even; fair, equitable; calm. Animō is the ablative singular form of animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit; will, intention. Aequissimō animō = very calmly; more literally, with the calmest spirit. Forīs (adv.): outside, outdoors. Et (conj.): and (et. . . et = both. . . and). Scabrās is the feminine accusative plural form of scaber/scabra/scabrum (1/2): rough. Lutōsāsque: lutōsās is is the feminine accusative plural form of lutōsus/lutōsa/lutōsum (1/2): muddy (the enclitic conjunction – que adds and). Sēmitās is the accusative plural form of sēmita, sēmitae (1f): pathway. Spectant is the third person plural form of spectō, spectāre, spectāvī, spectātum (1): to look at. Et (conj.): and. Maiōrem is the m/f accusative singular form of maior/maior/maius (3): greater, larger—the comparative form of magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): great, large. Partem is the accusative singular form of pars, partis (3f): part. Occurrentium is the m/f/n genitive plural form of occurrēns, occurrentis (3), the present active participle (occurring, meeting) of occurrō, occurrere, occurrī, occursum (3): to meet. Squālidam is the feminine accusative singular form of squālidus/squālida/squālidum (1/2): filthy; rough. Parietēs is the accusative plural form of pariēs, parietis (3m): wall. Īnsulārum is the genitive plural form of īnsula, īnsulae (1f): island; lower-class tenement. Exēsōs is the masculine accusative singular form of exēsus/exēsa/exēsum (1/2), the perfect passive participle (corroded) of exedō, exēsse, exēdī, exēsum (3, irreg.): to eat up, consume; corrode. Rīmōsōs is the masculine accusative plural form of rīmōsus/rīmōsa/rīmōsum (1/2): cracked. Inaequālēs is the m/f accusative plural form of inaequālis/inaequālis/inaequāle (3): uneven, irregular, crooked. (. . . outside look with the calmest spirit at both the pathways rough and muddy and the greater part of the meeting people (i.e., of the people that cross your path) filthy; the walls of tenements corroded, cracked, crooked.)

Quis/quis/ quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Ergō (particle): therefore, then. Alius/alia/ aliud (1/2): another, other. Est: is it. Quī/quae/ quod (rel. pron.): who, which that, what. Illōs is the masculine accusative plural form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she, it (them—i.e., your eyes). In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Pūblicō is the m/n ablative singular form of pūblicus/pūblica/pūblicum (1/2): public, belonging to the public (neuter used substantively). Nōn: not. Offendat is the third person singular subjunctive form of offendō, offendere, offendī, offēnsum (3): to strike; offend (subjunctive because it’s in a relative clause of characteristic; the same goes for moveat below). Domī: at home (see above). Moveat is the third person singular subjunctive form of moveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtum (2): to move; disturb, concern. (What else, then, is it that does not offend them in public, (but) disturbs (them) at home. . .)

Quam (rel. adv.): than. Opīniō, opīniōnis (3f): opinion. Illīc (adv.): there. Aequus/ aequa /aequum (1/2): even; calm. Et (conj.): and. Patiēns, patientis (3, adj.): patient. Domī: at home (see above). Mōrōsus/ mōrōsa /mōrōsum (1/2): critical, pernickety. Et (conj.): and. Querulus/ querula /querulum (1/2): complaining, querulous. (. . . than opinion, there calm and patient, at home critical and complaining?) In Latin, the suffix – ōsus (like – ous in English), when added to a noun, forms an adjective describing an abundance of that noun. There are four examples in this passage of words formed that way: pretiōsus, lutōsus, rīmōsus, and mōrōsus.

Etenim (conj.): and indeed, the fact is, for. Sī (conj.): if. Dolōrēs is the accusative plural form of dolor, dolōris (3m): pain. Eōsdem is the masculine accusative plural form of īdem/eadem/idem (adj.): the same. Tolerābilius (adv.): in a more bearable manner, more easily—the comparative form of tolerābiliter (adv.): in a bearable manner. Patiuntur is the third person plural form of patior, patī, passus sum (3, –ior, deponent): to suffer, endure. (For if they endure the same pains more easily. . .)

Quī is the masculine nominative plural form of quī / quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Excipiunt is the third person plural form of excipiō, excipere, excēpī, exceptum (3, –iō): to except; receive, take, admit; sustain. Eōs: them—the masculine accusative plural form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Prō (prep.): in front of; instead of; for the sake of (takes the ablative). Patriā is the ablative singular form of patria, patriae (1f): country, fatherland. (. . . who receive them for the sake of (their) country. . .)

Quam (rel. adv.): than. Quī: (those) who (see above). Leviōre is the m/f/n ablative singular form of levior/levior/levius (3): lighter—the comparative form of levis/levis/leve (3): light. Dē (prep.): from, down from; about, concerning; (idiomatically) for (a reason). Causā is the ablative singular form of causa, causae (1f): cause, reason. (. . . than who (receive them) from a lighter cause. . .)

Opīniō, opīniōnis (3f): opinion, belief, expectation. Facit is the third person singular form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make, create. Nōn: not. Nātūra, nātūrae (1f): nature. (. . . opinion, not nature, makes. . .)

Vim is the accusative singular form of vīs, vīs (3f, irreg.): force, strength, power. Dolor, dolōris (3m): pain. Aut (conj.): or (aut. . . aut = either. . . or). Maiōrem is the m/f accusative singular form of maior/maior/maius (3): greater, larger—the comparative form of magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): great, large. Aut (conj.): or. Minōrem is the m/f accusative singular form of minor/minor/minus (3): smaller, lesser—the comparative form of parvus/parva/parvum (1/2): small, little. (. . . the power of the pain greater or lesser.)

Haec is the neuter nominative plural form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Ad (prep.): to; with respect to (takes the accusative). Quae is the neuter accusative plural form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Omnēs is the m/f nominative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): every; all. Inbēcillī is the masculine nominative plural form of inbēcillus/inbēcilla/inbēcillum (1/2—also imbēcillus)): weak. Sumus: we are. (These things, with respect to which we are all weak. . .)

Dūra is the neuter accusative plural form of dūrus/dūra/dūrum (1/2): hard. Atque /ac (conj.): and. Intoleranda is the neuter accusative plural form of intolerandus/intoleranda/intolerandum (1/2): intolerable, beyond endurance. Crēdimus is the first person plural form of crēdō, crēdere, crēdidī, crēditum (3): to believe, regard (as). (. . . we regard as hard and intolerable. . .)

Oblītī is the masculine nominative plural form of oblītus/oblīta/oblītum (1/2), the perfect active participle (having forgotten) of oblīvīscor, oblīvīscī, oblītus sum (3, deponent): to forget. (Note that while perfect participles are usually passive in Latin, this one is active because oblīvīscor is deponent.) Quam (interrog. adv.): how (much)? to what degree? Multīs is the m/f/n (here m) dative plural form of multus/multa/multum (1/2): much, many. Tormentum, tormentī (2n): torment, anguish. Sit: it is—the third person singular subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect question). Vīnō is the ablative singular form of vīnum, vīnī (2n): wine. Careō, carēre, caruī, caritum (2): to lack, be without (takes ablative). Aut (conj.): or. Prīmā is the feminine ablative singular form of prīmus/prīma/prīmum (1/2): first. Lūce is the ablative singular form of lūx, lūcis (3f): light. Prīmā lūce = at first light (daybreak). Excitārī is the passive infinitive form of excitō, excitāre, excitāvī, excitātum (1): to call forth; excite; awaken. (. . . having forgotten to how many it is a torment to be without wine or to be awakened at first light.)

Nōn: not. Ista is the neuter nominative plural form of iste/ista/istud (pron.): that; he, she, it. Difficilia is the neuter nominative plural form of difficilis/difficilis/difficile (3): difficult. Sunt: (they) are. Nātūrā is the ablative singular form of nātūra, nātūrae (1f): nature. Sed (conj.): but. Nos: we. Fluvidī is the masculine nominative plural form of fluvidus/fluvida/fluvidum (1/2): flowing, fluid; soft. Et (conj.): and. Ēnervēs is the m/f nominative plural form of ēnervis/ēnervis/ēnerve (3): slack, feeble, weak. (Those things are not difficult by nature, but we (are) soft and weak.)

Nempe (particle): no doubt, indeed, in truth. Dolor, dolōris (3m): pain. Es: you are. Quem is the masculine accusative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Podagricus, podagricī (2m): gouty person. Ille /illa/illud (adj.): that. Contemnit is the third person singular form of contemnō, contemnere, contempsī, contemptum (3): to despise. (In truth you are pain, which that gouty person despises. . .)

Quem: which (see above). Stomachicus, stomachicī (2m): dyspeptic person; someone suffering in the stomach. Ille /illa/illud (adj.): that. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Ipsīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of ipse/ipsa/ipsum (adj.): himself/herself/itself/etc. ; the very. Dēliciīs is the ablative form of dēliciae, dēliciārum (1f, plural only): delight, pleasure. In ipsīs dēliciīs = in delights themselves, in his very pleasures. Perfert is the third person singular form of perferō, perferre, pertulī, perlātum (3, irreg.): to bear, endure to the end (the prefix per – is an intensifier). (. . . which that dyspeptic endures in his very pleasures. . .)

Quem: which (see above). In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Puerperiō is the ablative singular form of puerperium, puerperiī (2n): childbirth. Puella, puellae (1f): girl. Perpetitur is the third person singular form of perpetior, perpetī, perpessus sum (3, –ior, deponent): to endure (steadfastly or to the end). (. . . which a girl endures in childbirth.)

Tūne: tū = you (the enclitic interrogative particle – ne turns the word into part of a question). Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. Puerōs is the accusative plural form of puer, puerī (2m): boy. Lacedaemone: at Sparta—the locative singular form of Lacedaemō, Lacedaemonis (3f). Adolēscentēs is the accusative plural form of adolēscēns, adolēscentis (3m/f—also adulēscēns): a youth, young man or (less often) young woman—originally the present active participle (maturing) of adolēscō, adolēscere, adolēvī, adultum (3—also adulēscō): to mature. Olympiae: at Olympia—the locative singular form of Olympia, Olympiae (1f). Barbarōs is the accusative plural form of barbarus, barbarī (2m): foreigner; barbarian, savage (a substantive use of barbarus/barbara/barbarum (1/2): foreign; savage, barbarous, uncivilized). In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Arēnā is the ablative singular form of arēna, arēnae (1f): sand; arena. Vīderīs is the second person singular perfect subjunctive form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see (subjunctive because it’s in a concessive cum clause). (You, when you have seen boys at Sparta, young men at Olympia, barbarians in the arena. . .)

Excipientēs is the m/f accusative plural form of excipiēns, excipientis (3), the present active participle (receiving) of excipiō, excipere, excēpī, exceptum (3, –iō): to take out; receive. Gravissimās is the feminine accusative plural form of gravissimus/gravissima/gravissimum (1/2): very heavy/heaviest; very/most severe—the superlative form of gravis/gravis/grave (3): heavy; severe. Plāgās is the accusative plural form of plāga, plāgae (1f): a blow; wound. Et (conj.): and. Ferentēs is the m/f accusative plural form of ferēns, ferentis (3), the present active participle (bearing, enduring) of ferō, ferre, tulī, lātum (3, irreg.): to carry, bear; endure. Silentiō is the ablative singular form of silentium, silentiī (2n): silence. (. . . receiving the most severe wounds and enduring (them) in silence. . .)

Sī (conj.): if. Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Forte (adv.): by chance. Dolor, dolōris (3m): pain. Aliquis /aliqua/aliquid (pron. or sometimes, like here, adj.): someone, something; (as adj.) some. Pervellerit is the third person singular future perfect form of pervellō, pervellere, pervellī, pervulsum (3): to pull, pinch. Exclāmābis is the second person singular future form of exclāmō, exclāmāre, exclāmāvī, exclāmātum (1): to cry out. Ut (rel. adv.): as, like. Mulier, mulieris (3f): woman. (. . . if some pain by chance will have pinched you, will you cry out like a woman. . .)

Nōn: not. Cōnstanter (adv.): firmly; steadfastly. Et (conj.): and. Sēdātē (adv.): calmly. Ferēs is the second person singular future form of ferō, ferre, tulī, lātum (3, irreg.): to carry, bear; endure. Sī. . . exclāmābis is a future-more-vivid conditional. (. . . (and) not endure (it) firmly and calmly?)

Fīō, fierī, —, — (irreg.): to be made; be done; become; happen. Nōn: not. Potest is the third person singular form of possum, posse, potuī, — (irreg.): to be able, can. Nātūra, nātūrae (1f): nature. Patitur is the third person singular form of patior, patī, passus sum (3, –ior, deponent): to suffer, endure, bear; allow. (“It cannot be done: nature cannot—more literally, does not—bear it.”)

Audiō, audīre, audīvī/audiī, audītum (4): to hear, listen—I hear (what you say). Puerī is the nominative plural form of puer, puerī (2m): boy. Ferunt is the third person plural form of ferō, ferre, tulī, lātum (3, irreg.): to carry, bear; endure. Glōriā is the ablative singular form of glōria, glōriae (1f): glory. Ductī is the masculine nominative plural form of ductus/ducta/ductum (1/2), the perfect passive participle (led) of dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductum (3): to lead. (I hear (this/what you’re saying). Boys endure (it), led by glory. . .)

Ferunt: (they) endure (it)—see above. Pudōre is the ablative singular form of pudor, pudōris (3m): sense of shame. Aliī is the masculine nominative plural form of alius/alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): other. Multī is the masculine nominative plural form of multus/multa/multum (1/2): much, many. Metū is the ablative singular form of metus, metūs (4m): fear, dread. (. . . others endure it from shame, many from fear. . .)

Et (conj.): and. Tamen (adv.): yet. Verēmur is the first person plural form of vereor, verērī, veritus sum (2, deponent): to stand in awe, be afraid. Ut (conj.): so that; (in a fear clause) that not. Hoc is the neuter accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Quī/quae/ quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Ab/ ā (prep.): from; by (takes the ablative). Tam (adv.): so (much), to such an extent. Multīs is the m/f/n (here m) ablative plural form of multus/multa/multum (1/2): much, many. Tot (indeclinable adj.): so many. Locīs is the ablative plural form of locus, locī (2m; often n in the plural): place. Perferātur is the third person singular passive subjunctive form of perferō, perferre, pertulī, perlātum (3): to bear or endure to the end, carry through. Nātūra, nātūrae (1f): nature. Patiātur is the third person singular subjunctive form of patior, patī, passus sum (3, –ior, deponent): to suffer, endure. (. . . and yet we fear that nature may not bear this, which by so many, and which in so many places, is endured?)

Nōn: not. Habet is the third person singular form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have. Pānem is the accusative singular form of pānis, pānis (3m): bread. Meus /mea/meum (1/2): my, mine. Pistor, pistōris (3m): baker. (My baker does not have bread.)

Sed (conj.): but. Habet: has (see above). Vīlicus, vīlicī (2m): overseer (of property). Sed (conj.): but. Habet: has (see above). Ātriēnsis, ātriēnsis (3m): steward. Sed (conj.): but. Habet: has (see above). Colōnus, colōnī (2m): farmer; tenant (farmer). (. . . but the overseer has (it), but the steward has (it), but the tenant has (it).)

Malum is the m/n accusative singular form of malus/mala/malum (1/2): bad; evil. Pānem is the accusative singular form of pānis, pānis (3m): bread. The phrase malum pānem(bad bread) is in the accusative because it’s the direct object of an implicit habet. Inquis is the second person singular form of inquam (irreg. and defective): to say. Exspectā is the singular imperative form of exspectō, exspectāre, exspectāvī, exspectātum (1—also expectō): to wait. Bonus /bona/bonum (1/2): good. Fīet is the third person singular future form of fīō, fierī, —, — (irreg.): to be made; become; happen. (Bad bread, you say. Wait: it will become good.)

Etiam (particle): still; even; also. Illum is the masculine accusative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she it. Tibi is the dative form of tū: you (to you). Tenerum is the m/n accusative singular form of tener/tenera/tenerum (1/2): soft, delicate, tender. Et (conj.): and. Silīgineum is the m/n accusative singular form of silīgineus/silīginea/silīgineum (1/2): of wheat, wheaty. Famēs, famis (3f): hunger. Reddet is the third person singular future form of reddō, reddere, reddidī, redditum (3): to return, hand over; render, make (so and so). (Hunger will render even that tender and wheaty to you.)

Ideō (adv.): therefore, for that reason. Nōn: not. Est: it is. Ante (adv.): before, earlier, previously. Edendus/edenda/ edendum (1/2) is the gerundive (to be eaten) of edō, ēsse, ēdī, ēsum (3, irreg.): to eat. Est edendum = eating must be done, one should eat (an impersonal passive periphrastic construction). Quam (rel. adv.): than. Nōn ante. . . quam = not any earlier than, not until. Ille/ illa /illud (pron.): that; he, she, it (hunger). Imperat is the third person singular form of imperō, imperāre, imperāvī, imperātum (1): to command; demand; rule. (For that reason it is not to be eaten until that—i.e., hunger—demands.)

Exspectābō is the first person singular future form of exspectō, exspectāre, exspectāvī, exspectātum (1—also expectō): to wait. Ergō (particle): therefore, then. Neque/ nec (conj.): and not, neither, nor. Ante (adv.): before, earlier, previously. Edam is the first person singular future form of edō, ēsse, ēdī, ēsum (3, irreg.): to eat. Quam (rel. adv.): than. Nec ante. . . quam = and not any earlier than, and not until. Aut (conj.): or (aut. . . aut = either. . . or). Bonum is the m/n accusative singular form of bonus/bona/bonum (1/2): good. Pānem is the accusative singular form of pānis, pānis (3m): bread. Habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have. Coeperō is the first person singular future perfect form of coepī, coepisse, coeptum (irreg. ; usually occurs only in the perfect, pluperfect and future perfect tenses): to begin. Aut (conj.): or. Malum is the m/n accusative singular form of malus/mala/malum (1/2): bad. Fastīdiō, fastīdīre, fastīdīvī/fastīdiī, fastīdītum (4): to feel disgust (for); disdain. Dēsierō is the first person singular future perfect form of dēsinō, dēsinere, dēsiī/dēsīvī, dēsitum (3): to cease. (Therefore I will wait, and I will not eat until I will have begun to have good bread or I will have ceased to feel disgust for bad (bread).)

Etenim (conj.): and indeed, the fact is, for. Quis /quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? What? Hoc is the neuter accusative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Nōn: not. Videt is the third person singular form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see. Dēsīderiīs is the ablative plural form of dēsīderium, dēsīderiī (2n): desire, longing. Omnia is the neuter accusative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Ista is the neuter accusative plural form of iste/ista/istud (pron.): that, this; he, she, it. Condīrī is the passive infinitive form of condiō, condīre, condīvī/condiī, condītum (4): to season, spice. (For who does not see this, all these things to be seasoned by desires?)

Dārīus, Dārīī (2m): Darius. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Fugā is the ablative singular form of fuga, fugae (1f): flight, escape. Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. Aquam is the accusative singular form of aqua, aquae (1f): water. Turbidam is the feminine accusative singular form of turbidus/turbida/turbidum (1/2): turbulent, agitated; muddy. Et (conj.): and. Cadāveribus is the ablative plural form of cadāver, cadāveris (3n): corpse, cadaver. Inquinātam is the feminine accusative singular form of inquinātus/inquināta/inquinātum (1/2), the perfect passive participle (polluted, befouled) of inquinō, inquināre, inquināvī, inquinātum (1): to make dirty, befoul, pollute. Bibisset is the third person singular pluperfect subjunctive form of bibō, bibere, bibī, bibitum (3): to drink (subjunctive because it’s in a historical cum clause). (When Darius in (his) flight had drunk water muddy and polluted by corpses. . .)

Negāvit is the third person singular perfect form of negō, negāre, negāvī, negātum (1): to deny. Umquam (adv.): ever, at any time. Sē: himself—the accusative form of the reflexive pronoun. Bibisse is the perfect infinitive form of bibō, bibere, bibī, bibitum (3): to drink. Iūcundius (adv.): more delightfully, more pleasantly—the comparative form of iūcundē (adv.): delightfully, pleasantly. (. . . he denied himself ever to have drunk more delightfully.)

Numquam (adv.): never. Vidēlicet (adv.): it is easy to see; clearly, evidently; that is to say, namely. Sitiēns, sitientis (3) is the present active participle (thirsting) of sitiō, sitīre, sitīvī/sitiī, — (4): to thirst. Biberat is the third person singular pluperfect form of bibō, bibere, bibī, bibitum (3): to drink. (Evidently he had never drunk thirsting.)

Cōnfer is the singular imperative form of cōnferō, cōnferre, contulī, collātum (3, irreg.): to bring; confer, bestow; collect; bring together, unite; compare (hence the abbreviation cf. ). Sūdantēs is the m/f accusative plural form of sūdāns, sūdantis (3), the present active participle (sweating) of sūdō, sūdāre, sūdāvī, sūdātum (1): to sweat. Ructantēs is the m/f accusative plural form of ructāns, ructantis (3), the present active participle (belching) of ructō, ructāre, ructāvī, ructātum (1; the length of the u is uncertain): to belch. Refertōs is the masculine accusative plural form of refertus/referta/refertum (1/2), the perfect passive participle (filled up, stuffed) of referciō, refercīre, refersī, refertum (4): to fill up, stuff, cram full. Epulīs is the ablative form of epulae, epulārum (1f, plural only): feast, banquet; banquet food, delicacies. Tamquam (conj.): just as, like; as if. Opīmōs is the masculine accusative plural form of opīmus/opīma/opīmum (1/2): fat, plump; choice, rich, sumptuous; plentiful. Bovēs is the accusative plural form of bōs, bovis (3m/f): ox; cow. (Compare sweating, belching (men), stuffed with foods, like fat oxen.)

Tum (adv.): then. Intelligēs is the second person singular future form of intelligō, intelligere, intellēxī, intellēctum (3—also intellegō): to understand, perceive. Quī is the masculine nominative plural form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Voluptātem is the accusative singular form of voluptās, voluptātis (3f): pleasure. Maximē (adv.) most; very much; especially; chiefly; certainly. Sequantur is the third person plural subjunctive form of sequor, sequī, secūtus sum (3, deponent): to pursue (subjunctive because it depends on indirect speech). Eōs is the masculine accusative plural form of is/ea/id (pron.): this, that; he, she, it (them/those). Minimē (adv.): least; very little. Cōnsequor, cōnsequī, cōnsecūtus sum (3, deponent): to pursue; attain. (Then you will understand, who pursue pleasure most, them to attain (it) least—i.e., that those who pursue pleasure most attain it least. . .)

Iūcunditātemque: iūcunditātem is the accusative singular form of iūcunditās, iūcunditātis (3f): pleasure, delight (the enclitic conjunction – que adds and). Vīctus, vīctūs (4m): living, way of life; nourishment, sustenance. Esse: to be. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Dēsīderiō is the ablative singular form of dēsīderium, dēsīderiī (2n): desire, longing, wish. Nōn: not. Satietāte is the ablative singular form of satietās, satietātis (3f): satiety; abundance. (. . . and the pleasure of sustenance to be in longing, not in satiety—i.e., and that the pleasure of sustenance is. . .)

Quemadmodum (rel. adv.): how, in the manner in which, just as (it is correlated with ita, which appears later, to structure the comparison). Stomachus, stomachī (2m): gullet; stomach; taste (liking) or distaste; vexation, ill-temper. Morbō is the ablative singular form of morbus, morbī (2m): disease, illness. Vitiātus /vitiāta/vitiātum (1/2) is the perfect passive participle (impaired) of vitiō, vitiāre, vitiāvī, vitiātum (1): to spoil, impair, injure. Et (conj.): and. Colligēns, colligentis (3) is the present active participle (gathering) of colligō, colligere, collēgī, collēctum (3): to gather, collect, assemble. Bīlem is the accusative singular form of bīlis, bīlis (3f): bile. (Just as the stomach impaired by disease and gathering bile. . .)

Quōscumque is the masculine accusative plural form of quīcumque/quaecumque/quodcumque (rel. adj.): whatever. Accēpit is the third person singular perfect form of accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptum (3, –iō): to receive, accept, take to oneself. Cibōs is the accusative plural form of cibus, cibī (2m): food. Mūtat is the third person singular form of mūtō, mūtāre, mūtāvī, mūtātum (1): to change, transform. (. . . changes whatever foods it has received. . .)

Et (conj.): and. Omne is the neuter accusative singular form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): every; all. Alimentum is the accusative singular form of alimentum, alimentī (2n): food, nourishment, sustenance. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Causam is the accusative singular form of causa, causae (1f): cause; case; situation. Dolor, dolōris (3m): pain, grief, sorrow. Trahit is the third person singular form of trahō, trahere, trāxī, tractum (3): to drag; extract, draw out; get, derive. (. . . and draws all sustenance into a cause of pain. . .)

Ita (adv.): so, thus. Animus, animī (2m): mind; will, intention. Scaevus /scaeva/scaevum (1/2): (of the hand) left; unlucky; misguided, perverse, instinctively choosing what is wrong. Quidquid is the neuter accusative singular form of quisquis/quidquid (rel. pron. ; the neuter form is also spelled quicquid): whoever, whatever. Illī: (to) it—the m/f/n dative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she, it. Commīseris is the second person singular perfect subjunctive form of committō, committere, commīsī, commissum (3): to join; commit, give, entrust (a potential subjunctive because the subject is a general you). (. . . so the misguided mind, whatever you have entrusted to it. . .)

Id is the neuter accusative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Onus is the accusative singular form of onus, oneris (3n): burden. Suum: its (own)—the m/n accusative singular form of suus/sua/suum (1/2); it agrees with the thing possessed (opus). Et (conj.): and. Perniciem is the accusative singular form of perniciēs, perniciēī (5f): ruin, destruction, disaster. Occāsiōnem is the accusative singular form of occāsiō, occāsiōnis (3f): occasion, opportunity. Miseria, miseriae (1f): misfortune; misery, distress. Facit is the third person singular form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make. (. . . makes it its own burden and ruin and occasion of misery.)

Mihi: to me—the dative form of ego: I. Quidem (particle): at any rate; indeed. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Tōtā is the feminine ablative singular form of tōtus/tōta/tōtum (1/2, irreg.): whole, entire, total, all. Ratiōne is the ablative singular form of ratiō, ratiōnis (3f): reason; rationale; doctrine, theory. Eā is the feminine ablative singular form of is/ea/id (adj.): this, that. (To me at any rate, in this whole doctrine. . .)

Quī/ quae /quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Pertinet is the third person singular form of pertineō, pertinēre, pertinuī, — (2): to pertain, relate, apply, affect. Ad (prep.): to (takes the accusative). Animus, animī (2m): mind, soul. Perturbātiōnem is the accusative singular form of perturbātiō, perturbātiōnis (3f): confusion, disturbance, disorder. (. . . which relates to the disorder of the mind. . .)

Ūnus/ ūna /ūnum (1/2, irreg.): one; alone; only, sole, single. Rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair. Vidētur is the third person singular passive form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see; (in the passive) seem. Causam is the accusative singular form of causa, causae (1f): cause; case; situation; matter, subject. Contineō, continēre, continuī, contentum (2): to hold together; connect; contain, comprise, comprehend in itself. (. . . one thing seems to comprehend the matter in itself. . .)

Omnēs is the m/f accusative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Eās is the feminine accusative plural form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Esse: to be. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Nostrā is the feminine ablative singular form of noster/nostra/nostrum (1/2): our, ours. Potestāte is the ablative singular form of potestās, potestātis (3f): power, ability; control; authority. Iūdiciō is the ablative singular form of iūdicium, iūdiciī (2n): judgment, opinion; decision, choice. Susceptās is the feminine accusative plural form of susceptus/suscepta/susceptum (1/2), the perfect passive participle (taken up) of suscipiō, suscipere, suscēpī, susceptum (3, –iō): to take up; acknowledge; accept. Voluntāriās is the feminine accusative plural form of voluntārius/voluntāria/voluntārium (1/2): voluntary. (. . . them all to be—i.e., that they all are—in our control, all taken up by opinion/by means of judgment, all voluntary.)

Hic /haec/hoc (adj.): this. Igitur (conj.): therefore, then. Error, errōris (3m): wandering; error. Est: is. Ēripiendus /ēripienda/ēripiendum (1/2) is the gerundive (to be torn out) of ēripiō, ēripere, ēripuī, ēreptum (3, –iō): to pull or tear out, snatch away. Ēripiendus est is the passive periphrastic: must be pulled out, etc. (This error, then, is to be torn out. . .)

Hic/ haec /hoc (adj.): this. Dētrahendus/ dētrahenda /dētrahendum (1/2) is the gerundive (to be removed) of dētrahō, dētrahere, dētrāxī, dētractum (3): to remove, strip. Opīniō, opīniōnis (3f): opinion; belief. (. . . this opinion to be removed. . .)

Atque /ac (conj.): and, and also, and then. Ut (rel. adv.): just as. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Malīs is the ablative plural form of malum, malī (2n): a bad thing; evil; trouble, misfortune. Opīnātīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of opīnātus/opīnāta/opīnātum (1/2), the perfect passive participle (imagined, judged) of opīnor, opīnārī, opīnātus sum (1, deponent): to think (perfect participles of deponent verbs usually have an active meaning, but they do occasionally have a passive one, like here). Tolerābilia is the neuter nominative plural form of tolerābilis/tolerābilis/tolerābile (3): endurable, tolerable (it connects to efficienda in the next part of the sentence). (. . . and just as in imagined bad things/in things believed bad (things must be made) tolerable. . .)

Sīc (adv.): so, thus. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Bonīs is the ablative plural form of bonum, bonī (2n): a good thing, a good. Sēdātiōra is the neuter nominative plural form of sēdātior/sēdātior/sēdātius (3): calmer—the comparative form of sēdātus/sēdāta/sēdātum (1/2): calm (originally the perfect passive participle of sēdō, sēdāre, sēdāvī, sēdātum (1): to cause to subside; mitigate, restrain; calm down). Sunt: (they) are (efficienda sunt is the passive periphrastic: they must be made). Efficienda is the neuter nominative plural form of efficiendus/efficienda/efficiendum (1/2), the gerundive (to be made, accomplished) of efficiō, efficere, effēcī, effectum (3, –iō): to make, complete, accomplish, bring about. Ea is the neuter nominative plural form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. (. . . so in (believed) good things must be made calmer those things. . .)

Quae is the neuter nominative plural form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what (ea quae = those things which, the things that). Magna is the neuter nominative plural form of magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): great, large. Et (conj.): and. Laetābilia is the neuter nominative plural form of laetābilis/laetābilis/laetābile (3): welcome, gladdening. Dūcuntur is the third person plural passive form of dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductum (3): to lead; think, consider, regard (as). (. . . which are regarded as great and welcome.)

Magnō is the m/n ablative singular form of magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): great, large; important; magnīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of the same word. Animō is the ablative singular form of animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit; will, intention. Dē (prep.): from, down from; about, concerning (takes ablative). Rēbus is the ablative plural form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair. Magnīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of magnus/magna/magnum (1/2): great, large. Iūdicandus/iūdicanda/ iūdicandum (1/2) is the gerundive (to be judged) of iūdicō, iūdicāre, iūdicāvī, iūdicātum (1): to judge. Est: it is. Iūdicandum est is an impersonal passive periphrastic construction: it is to be judged, it must be judged; i.e., judging must be done, one must judge. (Judging about great matters must be done with a great mind.)

Aliōquī (adv.): otherwise; besides. Vidēbitur is the third person singular future passive form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see; (in the passive) seem. Illārum is the feminine genitive plural form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she, it. Vitium, vitiī (2n): vice; fault, defect. Esse: to be. Quī/quae/ quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Noster/nostra/ nostrum (1/2): our, ours. Est: is. (Otherwise that will seem to be their defect which is ours.)

Sīc (adv.): thus, so, in the same way. Quaedam is the neuter nominative plural form of quīdam/quaedam/quiddam (pron.): someone, something; a certain person or thing. Rēctissima is the neuter nominative plural form of rēctissimus/rēctissima/rēctissimum (1/2): very straight/straightest—the superlative form of rēctus/rēcta/rectum (1/2): straight. Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Aquam is the accusative singular form of aqua, aquae (1f): water. Dēmissa sunt is the third person neuter plural perfect passive form of dēmittō, dēmittere, dēmīsī, dēmissum (3): to send down, lower, descend. (In the same way, certain very straight things, when they have been lowered into the water. . .)

Speciem is the accusative singular form of speciēs, speciēī (5f): view, sight, appearance. Curvī is the m/n (here n) genitive singular form of curvus/curva/curvum (1/2): bent, crooked, curved. Praefractīque is the m/n (here n) genitive singular form of praefractus/praefracta/praefractum (1/2), the perfect passive participle (broken) of praefringō, praefringere, praefrēgi, praefractus (3): to break off at the end. Vīsentibus is the m/f/n (here m) dative plural form of vīsēns, vīsentis (3), the present active participle (looking at, viewing) of vīsō, vīsere, vīsī, — (3): to go and see, visit; look at, view. Reddunt is the third person plural form of reddō, reddere, reddidī, redditum (3): to give back, return; deliver. (. . . return to the viewers an appearance of (something) bent and broken off.)

Nōn: not. Tantum (adv.): so much: only. Quid is the accusative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Videās is the second person singular subjunctive form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect question). Sed (conj.): but. Quemadmodum (interrog. adv.): how? in what manner? Rēfert, rēferre, rētulit, — (3, irreg. , impers.): it matters, it is important, it makes a difference. (Not only what you see, but how, matters.)

Animus, animī (2m): mind, soul, spirit; will, intention. Noster /nostra/nostrum (1/2): our, ours. Ad (prep.): to (takes the accusative), for (when preceding a gerundive). Vēra is the neuter accusative plural form of vērus/vēra/vērum (1/2): true, real. Perspicienda is the neuter accusative plural form of perspiciendus/perspicienda/perspiciendum (1/2), the gerundive (to be perceived) of perspiciō, perspicere, perspexī, perspectum (3, –iō): to see through something; perceive clearly. The gerundive is used in the accusative with ad to describe purpose. Cālīgat is the third person singular form of cālīgō, cālīgāre, cālīgāvī, cālīgātum (1): to be dark; be misty or cloudy; have blurred vision, have poor eyesight. (Our mind, for the purpose of seeing real things clearly, has poor eyesight/is in a fog.)