Chapter 2: Externals

Ad (prep.): to; at (take the accusative). Summa is the neuter accusative plural form of summus/summa/summum (1/2): highest. Pervenit is the third person singular form of perveniō, pervenīre, pervēnī, perventum (4): to come (all the way to a place), arrive. Quī /quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Scit is the third person singular form of sciō, scīre, scīvī/sciī, scītum (4): to know. Quō is the m/n (here n) ablative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Gaudeat is the third person singular subjunctive form of gaudeō, gaudēre, gāvīsus sum (2, semi-deponent): to rejoice, be joyful, find joy (in) (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect question). (He arrives at the highest things, who knows in what he finds joy. . .)

Quī /quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Fēlīcitātem is the accusative singular form of fēlīcitās, fēlīcitātis (3f): happiness; good fortune. Suam: his (own)— the feminine accusative singular form of suus/sua/suum (1/2). In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Aliēnā is the feminine ablative singular form of aliēnus/aliēna/aliēnum (1/2): belonging to another; alien, foreign; that does not concern or affect one; also that is outside one’s sphere. Potestāte is the ablative singular form of potestās, potestātis (3f): power, ability; control; authority. Nōn: not. Posuit is the third person singular perfect form of pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positum (3): to place, lay down. (. . . who has not placed his own happiness in the power of another.)

Sollicitus /sollicita/sollicitum (1/2): disturbed, troubled. Est: he is. Et (conj.): and. Incertus /incerta/incertum (1/2): uncertain, doubtful; unsure. Suī is the genitive form of the reflexive pronoun (of himself). Quem is the masculine accusative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Spēs, speī (5f): hope. Aliquī/ aliqua /aliquod (adj.): some, any. Prōrītat is the third person singular form of prōrītō, prōrītāre, prōrītāvī, prōrītātum (1): to provoke, incite. (He is troubled and unsure of himself whom any hope provokes. . .)

Licet, licēre, licuit/licitum est (2): it is allowed; (used as a conjunction, generally with a subjunctive verb) even if, though (cf. the different ways the word granted is used is English). Ad (prep.): to; at (takes the accusative). Manum is the accusative singular form of manus, manūs (4f): hand. Sit is the third person singular subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Nōn: not. Ex /ē (prep.): from, out of (takes the ablative). Difficilī is the m/f/n (here n) ablative singular form of difficilis/difficilis/difficile (3): difficult, troublesome. Ex difficilī = from a difficult position or situation. Petātur is the third person singular passive subjunctive form of petō, petere, petīvī/petiī, petītum (3): to direct one’s course to, make for; ask; seek; pursue, desire; attack. (. . . even if it is at hand, even if it is not sought from a difficult position. . .)

Licet: even if (see above). Numquam (adv.): never. Illum: him—the masculine accusative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she it. Spērāta is the neuter nominative plural form of spērātus/spērāta/spērātum (1/2), the perfect passive participle (hoped for, expected) of spērō, spērāre, spērāvī, spērātum (1): to hope (for); expect. Dēcēperint is the third person plural perfect subjunctive form of dēcipiō, dēcipere, dēcēpī, dēceptum (3): to deceive; disappoint. (. . . even if things hoped for have never disappointed him.)

Licet, licēre, licuit, licitum est (2, impersonal): it is allowed or possible; one is permitted, can, may. Et (adv.): also; even. Ita (adv.): so, thus, in such a way. Fīniō, fīnīre, fīnīvī/fīniī, fīnītum (4): to finish, end; limit, set bounds to; define; determine. (It is also possible to define (it) in such a way. . .)

Ut (conj.): that, so that. Beātum is the m/n accusative singular form of beātus/ beāta/beātum (1/2): happy, blessed. Dīcāmus is the first person plural subjunctive form of dīco, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say; call (subjunctive because it’s in a result clause). Hominem is the accusative singular form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human. Eum is the masculine accusative singular form of is/ea/id (adj. or pron.): this, that; he, she it. (. . . that we call happy that man. . . ; or, that we call a happy man him. . .)

Cui is the m/f/n dative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what (to whom). Nūllus/nūlla/ nūllum (1/2, irreg.): no, not any. Bonum, bonī (2n): a good thing, a good. Malumque: malum, malī (2n): a bad thing; evil; trouble, misfortune (the enclitic conjunction – que adds and). Sit is the third person singular subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Nisi (conj.): unless, if not; except. Bonus /bona/bonum (1/2): good. Malusque: malus /mala/malum (1/2): bad; evil (the enclitic conjunction – que adds and). Animus, animī (2m): mind, soul. (. . . to whom there is no good and evil except a good and evil mind.)

Libenter (adv.): willingly, gladly, with pleasure. Ex /ē (prep.): out of, from (takes the ablative). Iīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Quī is the masculine nominative plural form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Ab/ ā (prep.): from; by (takes the ablative). Tē is the ablative form of tū: you. Veniunt is the third person plural form of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come. Cognōscō, cognōscere, cognōvī, cognitum (3): to learn; recognize. (I have learned with pleasure from them who come from you. . .)

Familiāriter (adv.): on friendly terms. Tē is the accusative form of tū: you. Cum (prep.): with (takes the ablative). Servīs is the ablative plural form of servus, servī (2m): slave, servant. Tuīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours. Vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctum (3): to live. (. . . you to be living—i.e., that you are living—on friendly terms with your slaves.)

Hic/haec/ hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Prūdentiam is the accusative singular form of prūdentia, prūdentiae (1f): knowledge of a matter; prudence, good sense. Tuam is the feminine accusative singular form of tuus/tua/tuum (1/2): your, yours. Ērudītiōnem is the accusative singular form of ērudītiō, ērudītiōnis (3f): education, learning. Decet, decēre, decuit, — (2, third person only): to befit, be suitable, be proper, be fitting. (This befits your good sense, this (your) learning.)

Servī is the nominative plural form of servus, servī (2m): slave, servant. Sunt: they are. Immō (particle): nay, rather; on the contrary; indeed (qualifying or contradicting what was just said). Hominēs is the nominative plural form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human being. Servī is the nominative plural form of servus, servī (2m): slave, servant. Sunt: they are. Immō (particle): nay, rather; on the contrary; indeed (qualifying or contradicting what was just said). Contubernālēs is the nominative plural form of contubernālis, contubernālis (3m/f): tent-mate; housemate; intimate friend, companion, comrade. Servī is the nominative plural form of servus, servī (2m): slave, servant. Sunt: they are. Immō (particle): nay, rather; on the contrary; indeed (qualifying or contradicting what was just said). Humilēs is the m/f nominative plural form of humilis/humilis/humile (3): low; lowly; humble. Amīcī is the nominative plural form of amīcus, amīcī (2m): friend. (They are slaves. Nay, men. They are slaves. Nay, comrades. They are slaves. Nay, lowly friends.)

Servī is the nominative plural form of servus, servī (2m): slave, servant. Sunt: they are. Immō (particle): nay, rather; on the contrary; indeed (qualifying or contradicting what was just said). Cōnservī is the nominative plural form of cōnservus, cōnservī (2m): fellow slave, companion in servitude. Sī (conj.): if. Cōgitāverīs is the second person singular perfect subjunctive form of cōgitō, cōgitāre, cōgitāvī, cōgitātum (1): to think, consider, reflect. Tantundem is the m/n accusative singular form of tantusdem/tantadem/tantundem (1/2): just as great, just as much (neuter used substantively). In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into, against. Utrōsque is the masculine accusative plural form of uterque/utraque/utrumque (1/2, irreg.): each of two, either; (in pl.) each of two groups or sides (at least one of which includes more than one person, like here). Licet, licēre, licuit/licitum est (2): it is allowed; one is permitted. Fortūnae is the dative singular form of fortūna, fortūnae (1f): fortune. (They are slaves. Nay, fellow slaves, if you reflect just as much to be permitted—i.e., that just as much is permitted—to fortune against each of the two sides.)

Ostende is the singular imperative form of ostendō, ostendere, ostendī, ostentum/ostēnsum (3): to show, exhibit. Quis /quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Nōn: not. Sit is the third person singular subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect question). (Show (me) who is not (a slave).)

Alius /alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): another, other; different (alius. . . alius = one. . . another). Libīdinī is the dative singular form of libīdō, libīdinis (3f): desire, lust. Servit is the third person singular form of serviō, servīre, servīvī/serviī, servītum (4): to serve; be a slave. Alius /alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): another, other; different. Avāritiae is the dative singular form of avāritia, avāritiae (1f): avarice, greed; miserliness. Alius /alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): another, other; different. Ambitiōnī is the dative singular form of ambitiō, ambitiōnis (3f): ambition, desire for favor. Omnēs is the m/f nominative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): every; all. Timōrī is the dative singular form of timor, timōris (3m): fear, dread. (One is a slave to lust, another to greed, another to ambition, all to fear.)

Dabō is the first person singular future form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give. Cōnsulārem is the accusative singular form of cōnsulāris, cōnsulāris (3m): ex-consul. Aniculae is the dative singular form of anicula, aniculae (1f): little old woman. Servientem is the m/f accusative singular form of serviēns, servientis (3), the present active participle (serving, being a slave) of serviō, servīre, servīvī/serviī, servītum (4): to serve; be a slave. (I will give (you) an ex-consul being a slave to a little old woman. . .)

Dabō: I will give (see above). Ancillulae is the dative singular form of ancillula, ancillulae (1f): young female slave; serving-maid. Dīvitem is the m/f accusative singular form of dīves, dīvitis (3, adj.): rich (used substantively: a rich man). (I will give (you) a rich man (being a slave) to a serving-maid. . .)

Ostendam is the first person singular future form of ostendō, ostendere, ostendī, ostentum/ostēnsum (3): to show, exhibit. Nōbilissimōs is the masculine accusative plural form of nōbilissimus/nōbilissima/nōbilissimum (1/2): very/most famous; very/most noble—the superlative form of nōbilis/nōbilis/nōbile (3): famous; noble. Iuvenēs is the accusative plural form of iuvenis, iuvenis (3m/f): a youth, young man or (less often) young woman (a substantive use of iuvenis/iuvenis/iuvene (3): young). Mancipia is the accusative plural form of mancipium, mancipiī (2n): property; slave. (The term comes from the words manus and capere, meaning something like a taking by hand, and by extension property taken by hand. It refers to a special legal class of property—including land, slaves, and sometimes livestock—the sale of which was closely regulated by Roman law.) Pantomīmōrum is the genitive plural form of pantomīmus, pantomīmī (2m): pantomime player. (I will show (you) the noblest youths (being) the slaves of pantomime players.)

Nūllus/ nūlla /nūllum (1/2, irreg.): no, not any. Servitūs, servitūtis (3f): slavery, servitude. Turpior/ turpior /turpius (3): uglier, more foul; more shameful, more disgraceful—the comparative form of turpis/turpis/turpe (3): ugly, foul; shameful, disgracious. Est: is. Quam (rel. adv.): than; as. Voluntārius/ voluntāria /voluntārium (1/2): voluntary. (No servitude is more disgraceful than the voluntary.)

Nēmō, nēminis (3m/f): no one. Istōrum is the m/n genitive plural form of iste/ista/istud (pron.): that (of yours); he, she it. Quōs is the masculine accusative plural form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Dīvitiae is the nominative form of dīvitiae, dīvitiārum (1f, plural only): wealth, riches. Honōrēsque: honōrēs is the nominative plural form of honor, honōris (3m): honor; reputation; office (the enclitic conjunction – que adds and). In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Altiōre is the m/f/n ablative singular form of altior/altior/altius (3): higher; deeper—the comparative form of altus/alta/altum (1/2): high; deep. Fastīgiō is the ablative singular form of fastīgium, fastīgiī (2n): sharp point, tip, apex; pediment (pointed roof); peak, summit; position in the social scale, rank. Pōnunt is the third person plural form of pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positum (3): to place, set up. Magnus /magna/magnum (1/2): great, large, big. Est: is. (No one of those whom riches and honors place in a higher rank is great.)

Quārē (interrog. adv.): why? Ergō (particle): therefore, then. Magnus /magna/magnum (1/2): great, large, big. Vidētur is the third person singular passive form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see; (in the passive) seem. (Why, then, does he seem great?)

Cum (prep.): with (takes ablative). Basī is the ablative singular form of basis, basis (3f): base, foundation; pedestal. Illum is the masculine accusative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she it. Suā: his (own)—the feminine ablative singular form of suus/sua/suum (1/2). Mētīris is the second person singular form of mētior, mētīrī, mēnsus sum (4, deponent): to measure. (You are measuring him with his pedestal.)

Nōn: not. Est: is. Magnus /magna/magnum (1/2): great, large, big. Pūmiliō, pūmiliōnis (3m): dwarf. Licet, licēre, licuit, licitum est (2): it is allowed; (used as a conjunction, generally with a subjunctive verb) even if, though. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Monte is the ablative singular form of mōns, montis (3m): mountain. Cōnstiterit is the third person singular perfect subjunctive form of cōnsistō, cōnsistere, cōnstitī, — (3): to stop, come to a halt; take up position, stand. (A dwarf is not great, though he has taken position on a mountain.)

Colossus, colossī (2m): colossal statue, colossus. Magnitūdinem is the accusative singular form of magnitūdō, magnitūdinis (3f): greatness, size. Suam: its (own)—the feminine accusative singular form of suus/sua/suum (1/2). Servābit is the third person singular future form of servō, servāre, servāvī, servātum (1): to save; protect; keep. Etiam (particle): still; even; also. Sī (conj.): if. Steterit is the third person singular future perfect form of stō, stāre, stetī, statum (1): to stand. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Puteō is the ablative singular form of puteus, puteī (2m): well; pit. (A colossus will keep its size even if it stands in a well.)

Hōc is the m/n ablative singular form of hic/haec/hoc (adj.): this. Labōrāmus is the first person plural form of labōrō, labōrāre, labōrāvī, labōrātum (1): to labor, toil; suffer. Errōre is the ablative singular form of error, errōris (3m): wandering; error, mistake. (We suffer from this error. . .)

Sīc (adv.): thus, so, in such manner, in this way. Nōbīs is the dative form of nōs: we (us). Impōnitur is the third person singular passive form of impōnō, impōnere, imposuī, impositum (3): to place upon; impose on, deceive, trick (someone in the dative) (an impersonal passive verb). (. . . in this way it is imposed on us—i.e., in this way we are imposed on. . .)

Quod (conj.): that; the fact that; in that; because. Nēminem is the accusative form of nēmō, nēminis (3m/f): no one. Aestimāmus is the first person plural form of aestimō, aestimāre, aestimāvī, aestimātum (1): to estimate, value. Eō is the m/n ablative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Quī/quae/ quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Est: he is. (. . . that we value no one by that which he is. . .)

Sed (conj.): but. Adicimus is the first person plural form of adiciō, adicere, adiēcī, adiectum (3, –iō): to throw (at); add. Illī is the m/f/n dative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she, it. Et (adv.): also; even. Ea is the neuter accusative plural form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Quibus is the m/f/n ablative plural form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Adōrnātus /adōrnāta/adōrnātum (1/2) is the perfect passive participle (adorned) of adōrnō, adōrnāre, adōrnāvī, adōrnātum (1): to equip; adorn. Est: he is. (. . . but we add to him also those things with which he is adorned.)

Vidēs is the second person singular form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see. Illum is the masculine accusative singular form of ille/illa/illud (adj.): that. Scythia, Scythiae (1f): Scythia (a region located roughly where modern Ukraine is). Sarmatiaeve: Sarmatia, Sarmatiae (1f): Sarmatia (a region in the west of Scythia) (the enclitic conjunction – ve adds or). Rēgem is the accusative singular form of rēx, rēgis (3m): king. Īnsignī is the ablative singular form of īnsigne, īnsignis (3n): anything worn as a sign of rank or identity; mark, token, badge, emblem (a substantive use of īnsignis/īnsignis/īnsigne (3, adj.): clearly visible, conspicuous; noteworthy, remarkable). Caput, capitis (3n): head. Decōrum is the m/n accusative singular form of decōrus/decōra/decorum (1/2): handsome, elegant; fitting, proper. (Do you see that king of Scythia or Sarmatia elegant with the badge of the head?)

Sī (conj.): if. Vīs is the second person singular form of volō, velle, voluī, — (irreg.): to wish, want. Illum: him (see above). Aestimō, aestimāre, aestimāvī, aestimātum (1): to estimate, value, assess, reckon. Totumque: totum is the m/n accusative singular form of tōtus/tōta/tōtum (1/2, irreg.): whole, entire, total, all (the enclitic conjunction – que adds and). Sciō, scīre, scīvī/sciī, scītum (4): to know. Quālis /quālis/quāle (3, interrog. adj.): of what kind? Sit is the third person singular subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect question). Fasciam is the accusative singular form of fascia, fasciae (1f): band, ribbon (many ancient kings, especially Alexander and his successors, wore a headband as a mark of office). Solve is the singular imperative form of solvō, solvere, solvī, solūtum (3): to loosen, undo; solve; pay. (If you wish to assess him and to know entire(ly) of what kind he is, undo the band.)

Multum, multī (2n): a large amount, much. Malum, malī (2n): a bad thing; evil; trouble, misfortune. Sub (prep.): (with abl.) under (as a static location); (with acc.) under (as a direction), toward and under. Illā is the feminine ablative singular form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she it. Latet is the third person singular form of lateō, latēre, latuī, — (2): to hide, lurk; be unknown. (Much of evil hides under it.)

Quid (interrog. adv.): why? Dē (prep.): from, down from; about, concerning (takes the ablative). Aliīs is the m/f/n (here m) ablative plural form of alius/alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): other, another. Loquor, loquī, locūtus sum (3, deponent): to speak. (Why do I speak about others?)

Sī (conj.): if. Perpendō, perpendere, perpependī, perpēnsum (3): to weigh carefully or exactly. Tē is the accusative form of tū: you (used reflexively: yourself). Volēs is the second person singular future form of volō, velle, voluī, — (irreg.): to want, wish. (If you want to weigh yourself carefully. . .)

Sēpōne is the singular imperative form of sēpōnō, sēpōnere, sēposuī, sēpositum (3): to put aside; disregard. Pecūniam is the accusative singular form of pecūnia, pecūniae (1f): money. Domum is the accusative singular form of domus, domūs (2/4f): house, home. Dignitātem is the accusative singular form of dignitās, dignitātis (3f): worth; rank, status, office; dignity, greatness. Intus (adv.): within, inside. Tē is the accusative singular form of tū: you (used reflexively: yourself). Ipse /ipsa/ipsum (pron. or adj.): himself/herself/itself/yourself/etc. ; in person. Cōnsīderā is the singular imperative form of cōnsīderō, cōnsīderāre, cōnsīderāvī, cōnsīderātum (1): to look at closely, inspect, examine; consider, contemplate. (Put aside money, house, office; yourself examine yourself inside.)

Nunc (adv.): now, at present; as it is, as matters stand. Quālis /quālis/quāle (3, interrog. adj.): of what kind? Sīs is the second person singular subjunctive form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be (subjunctive because it’s in an indirect question). Aliīs is the m/f/n (here m) dative plural form of alius/alia/aliud (1/2, irreg.): other, another. Crēdis is the second person singular form of crēdō, crēdere, crēdidī, crēditum (3): to believe; trust. (As it is, of what kind you are, you are believing others/trusting to others.)