Igitur
se
quisque
expedire, arma
atque
tela
temptare, intendere. —
Sallust, The War with Jugurtha
105.4
Therefore each man prepared himself, tried his arms and weapons, and was on the alert.
Igitur (conj.): therefore, so, then. Sē: himself—the accusative form of the reflexive pronoun. Quisque /quaeque/quidque (pron.): each one, each person, each thing. Expediō, expedīre, expedīvī/expediī, expedītum (4): to untie, extricate; be expedient; make ready, prepare. Arma is the accusative form of arma, armōrum (2n, plural only): arms, weapons. Atque /ac (conj.): and, and also, and then. Tēla is the accusative plural form of tēlum, tēlī (2n): weapon, missile. Temptō, temptāre, temptāvī, temptātum (1—also tentō): to test; try, attempt. Intendō, intendere, intendī, intentum (3): to stretch out; direct; turn attention to, focus on.
He begged, weeping, that he should not believe those things.
Ille /illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she, it; the former. Lacrumāns, lacrumantis (3) is the present active participle (weeping—see Chapter 38) of lacrumō, lacrumāre, lacrumāvī, lacrumātum (1—more often lacrimō): to weep. Ōrō, ōrāre, ōrāvī, ōrātum (1): to plead, beg; pray. Nē (conj.): lest, that not (with the subjunctive). Ea is the neuter accusative plural form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Crēderet is the third person singular imperfect subjunctive form of crēdō, crēdere, crēdidī, crēditum (3): to believe.
I loved him.
Amābam is the first person singular imperfect form of amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum (1): to love.
You offered double the money, you offered it to greedy men, you offered it to pirates.
Alt. : You were offering double the money, you were offering (it) to greedy men, you were offering (it) to pirates.
Duplam is the feminine accusative singular form of duplus/dupla/duplum (1/2): double. Pecūniam is the accusative singular form of pecūnia, pecūniae (1f): money. Dabās is the second person singular imperfect form of dō, dare, dedī, datum (1, irreg.): to give, offer (note the short a) (dabās can be read as the conative imperfect: you were trying to give). Avārīs is the m/f/n (here m) dative plural form of avārus/avāra/avārum (1/2): greedy. Pīrātīs is the dative plural form of pīrāta, pīrātae (1m): pirate.
The workmanship surpassed the material.
Māteriam is the accusative singular form of māteria, māteriae (1f): material; matter, substance. Superābat is the third person singular imperfect form of superō, superāre, superāvī, superātum (1): to climb over; overcome; surpass; be present in excess; abound; survive. Opus, operis (3n): work; workmanship; need.
He is even stronger than we thought.
Est: he is. Firmior /firmior/firmius (3) is the comparative form of firmus/firma/firmum (1/2): strong. Etiam (particle): even; still. Quam (rel. adv.): than. Putābāmus is the first person plural imperfect form of putō, putāre, putāvī, putātum (1): to suppose, think.
E
e
What were you arguing about in the road?
Quid is the neuter accusative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? In (prep.): (with. abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Viā is the ablative singular form of via, viae (1f): road, path, way. Tractābātis is the second person plural imperfect form of tractō, tractāre, tractāvī, tractātum (1): to handle; manage; discuss.
E
e
But they cried out the more.
At (conj.): but. Illī is the masculine nominative plural form of ille/illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she, it; the former. Magis (adv.): more. Clāmābant is the third person plural imperfect form of clāmō, clāmāre, clāmāvī, clāmātum (1): to cry out, shout.
I was sitting next to Pompey.
Proximus /proxima/proximum (1/2): next, nearest, closest; very near, very close—the superlative form of propinquus/propinqua/propinquum (1/2): near, close. Pompēiō is the m/n (here m) dative singular form of Pompēius/Pompēia/Pompēium (1/2): family name; the most notable member of that family is Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, known in English as Pompey the Great or simply Pompey. Sedēbam is the first person singular imperfect form of sedeō, sedēre, sēdī, sessum (2): to sit.
But you were in need.
At (conj.): but. Egēbās is the second person singular imperfect form of egeō, egēre, eguī, egitūrus (2): to need; be in need; lack; be without.
E
e
There he sat with his disciples.
Ibi (adv.): there. Sedēbat is the third person singular imperfect form of sedeō, sedēre, sēdī, sessum (2): to sit. Cum (prep.): with (takes the ablative). Discipulīs is the ablative plural form of discipulus, discipulī (2m): student; disciple. Suīs is the m/f/n ablative plural form of suus/sua/suum (1/2): his (own).
We possessed the whole world.
Ūniversum is the accusative singular form of ūniversum, ūniversī (2n): universe, whole world (a substantive use of ūniversus/ūniversa/ūniversum (1/2): all (together); whole, entire). Habēbāmus is the first person plural imperfect form of habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum (2): to have.
You all mourned without saying a word.
Alt. : You (pl.) silent were mourning.
Vōs: you (pl.). Tacitī is the masculine nominative plural form of tacitus/tacita/tacitum (1/2): silent. Maerēbātis is the second person plural imperfect form of maereō, maerēre, —, — (2): to be sad, be mournful, mourn.
They were silent amidst tortures.
In (prep.): in; during, among, amidst (when no “into” motion is implied, it takes the ablative). Tormentīs is the ablative plural form of tormentum, tormentī (2n): torture, torment. Tacēbant is the third person plural imperfect form of taceō, tacēre, tacuī, tacitum (2): to be silent.
E
e
I made good all the damage.
Alt. : I made good the damage every time.
Ego: I. Damnum is the accusative singular form of damnum, damnī (2n): loss, harm, damage. Omne is the neuter accusative singular form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Reddēbam is the first person singular imperfect form of reddō, reddere, reddidī, redditum (3): to give back, return; pay back.
What did you want, what did you pray for?
Quid is the neuter accusative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Cupiēbās is the second person singular imperfect form of cupiō, cupere, cupīvī/cupiī, cupītum (3, –iō): to desire. Optābās is the second person singular imperfect form of optō, optāre, optāvī, optātum (1): to choose; wish for; pray for.
What did he do then?
Alt. : What did he use to do then?
Tunc (adv.): then. Quid is the neuter accusative singular form of quis/quis/quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Faciēbat is the third person singular imperfect form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make.
We were writing an epic.
Scrībēbāmus is the first person plural imperfect form of scrībō, scrībere, scrīpsī, scrīptum (3): to write. Epos (3n, a Greek borrowing that’s only found in the nom. /acc. sg. form in Latin; here it’s accusative): epic; heroic poem.
You believed there was an end of evil.
Fīnem is the accusative singular form of fīnis, fīnis (3m): end; limit; purpose. Malum, malī (2n): evil; trouble, misfortune; misdeed; disease. Crēdēbātis is the second person plural imperfect form of crēdō, crēdere, crēdidī, crēditum (3): to believe; trust.
Why then were they fleeing?
Quid (interrog. adv.): why? Igitur (conj.): therefore, so, then. Fugiēbant is the third person plural imperfect form of fugiō, fugere, fūgī, fugitūrus (3, –iō): to flee, run away.
I knew it.
(He’s saying that when adversity arises, the sage will never be shocked that it could happen; he will always say this.) Sciēbam is the first person singular imperfect form of sciō, scīre, scīvī/sciī, scītum (4): to know.
Did you not know that?
Tū: you. Id is the neuter accusative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Nesciēbās is the second person singular imperfect form of nesciō, nescīre, nescīvī/nesciī, nescītum (4): to not know.
E
e
He heard him willingly.
Libenter (adv.): willingly, gladly. Eum the masculine accusative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. Audiēbat is the third person singular imperfect form of audiō, audīre, audīvī/audiī, audītum (4): to hear; listen to.
We used to hear about Alexandria, now we are getting to know her.
Audiēbāmus is the first person plural imperfect form of audiō, audīre, audīvī/audiī, audītum (4): to hear; listen to. Alexandrēam is the accusative form of Alexandrēa, Alexandrēae (1f—also Alexandrīa): Alexandria. Nunc (adv.): now. Cognōscimus is the first person plural form—present tense—of cognōscō, cognōscere, cognōvī, cognitum (3): to learn, get to know; recognize.
So you were coming to Africa.
Veniēbātis is the second person plural imperfect form of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come. Igitur (conj.): therefore, so, then. In (prep.): (with abl.) in; (with acc.) into (this last meaning can sometimes idiomatically translate as to in English, but it denotes a motion whose end will be inside a place or thing—that is, a motion into or toward and into). Āfricam is the accusative singular form of Āfrica, Āfricae (1f): Africa.
E
e
His disciples heard it.
Audiēbant is the third person plural imperfect form of audiō, audīre, audīvī/audiī, audītum (4): to hear; listen to. Discipulī is the nominative plural form of discipulus, discipulī (2m): student; disciple. Eius is the m/f/n genitive singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that.
I was with Diodotus the Stoic.
(Diodotus was a Stoic philosopher who lived with Cicero.) Eram is the first person singular imperfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Cum (prep.): with (takes the ablative). Stōicō is the m/n ablative singular form of Stōicus/Stōica/Stōicum (1/2): Stoic. Diodotō is the ablative singular form of the name Diodotus, Diodotī (2m).
Where were you at that time?
Ubi (interrog. adv.): where? Tunc (adv.): then. Erās is the second person singular imperfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.
He was generous indeed.
(Describing someone who has died and is being mourned by those who leeched off of him.) Quippe (particle): certainly, indeed. Benignus /benigna/benignum (1/2): kind, favorable; generous. Erat is the third person singular imperfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.
We were together a great deal.
Multum (adv.): much, very much, a great deal. Ūnā (adv.): together. Erāmus is the first person plural imperfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.
E
e
But you were busied.
Occupātī is the masculine nominative plural form of occupātus/occupāta/occupātum (1/2): busied, occupied. Autem (particle): on the other hand, but, however; and, moreover. Erātis is the second person plural imperfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be.
There were no pirates.
Nūllī is the masculine nominative plural form of nūllus/nūlla/nūllum (1/2, irreg.): no, not any. Erant is the third person plural imperfect form of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (irreg.): to be. Praedōnēs is the nominative plural form of praedō, praedōnis (3m): thief, pirate, plunderer, criminal.
I was not moved by their speech.
Hōrum is the m/n (here m) genitive plural form of hic/haec/hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Ego: I. Sermōne is the ablative singular form of sermō, sermōnis (3m): conversation, speech. Nōn: not. Movēbar is the first person singular imperfect passive form of moveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtum (2): to move; disturb, concern.
You were being grasped at; I feared that you might get killed.
Captābāris is the second person singular imperfect passive form of captō, captāre, captāvī, captātum (1): to grasp at, seek to catch; seek to obtain. Timeō, timēre, timuī, — (2): to fear, be afraid. Nē (conj. , with subjunctive): lest, that not; that (something feared would happen). Occīderēris is the second person singular imperfect passive subjunctive form of occīdō, occīdere, occīdī, occīsum (3): to kill (subjunctive because it’s in a fear clause).
This is what was being feared?
(The reaction of a good Stoic after experiencing deprivations.) Hic/haec/ hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Est: is. Quī/quae/ quod (rel. pron.): who, which, that, what. Timēbātur is the third person singular imperfect passive form of timeō, timēre, timuī, — (2): to fear, be afraid.
I pursued it (i.e., philosophy) most keenly at the very periods when I least appeared to be doing so.
More literally: When we least seemed (to do so), then we were most philosophizing.
Cum (conj.): when; since; while; although. Minimē (adv.): least; very little; not at all. Vidēbāmur is the first person plural imperfect passive form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see; (in the passive) seem (the first person plural is sometimes used for the first person singular). Tum (adv.): then. Maximē (adv.) most; very much. Philosophābāmur is the first person plural imperfect form of philosophor, philosophārī, philosophātus sum (1, deponent): to study philosophy, philosophize. (The first person plural is being used for the first person singular.)
But in those days you used to be called Papisii.
(He’s writing to a friend whose family had come to be called Papirii.) Sed (conj.): but. Tum (adv.): then. Papīsiī is the masculine nominative plural form of Papīsius/Papīsia/Papīsium (1/2, later became Papīrius): a Roman family name. Dīcēbāminī is the second person plural imperfect passive form of dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say; call, name.
Matrons were dragged to jail, virgins raped.
Trahēbantur is the third person plural imperfect passive form of trahō, trahere, trāxī, tractum (3): to drag; draw. Mātrōnae is the nominative plural form of mātrōna, mātrōnae (1f): married woman; matron. Rapiēbantur is the third person plural imperfect passive form of rapiō, rapere, rapuī, raptum (3, –iō): to carry off, snatch; ravish; rape. Virginēs is the nominative plural form of virgō, virginis (3f): virgin; young woman.
I kissed him sadly.
More literally: I wretched kissed (him).
Ōsculābar is the first person singular imperfect form of ōsculor, ōsculārī, ōsculātus sum (1, deponent): to kiss. Miser /misera/miserum (1/2): wretched, unfortunate, miserable.
For you were traveling with yourself.
(The unsurprised reply of Socrates to someone who complained that he hadn’t benefited from his travels.) Tēcum: with you (tē = you; cum = with); used reflexively: with yourself. Enim (particle): for; indeed. Peregrīnābāris is the second person singular imperfect form of peregrīnor, peregrīnārī, peregrīnātus sum (1, deponent): to travel, go or be abroad.
Were you surprised that animal victims were slaughtered?
More literally: Were you surprised at sacrificial animals to be killed?
Hostiās is the accusative plural form of hostia, hostiae (1f): sacrificial animal, sacrifice. Caedī is the passive infinitive form of caedō, caedere, cecīdī, caesum (3): to cut; strike; kill, slaughter, murder. Mīrābāminī is the second person plural imperfect form of mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum (1, deponent): to be astonished at, wonder at; be surprised.