Iacet
ille
nunc
prostratus. —
Cicero, Against Catiline
2.2
Now he lies there, having been overthrown.
Alt. : Now he lies overthrown.
Iacet is the third person singular form of iaceō, iacēre, iacuī, iacitum (2): to lie (in a certain place or state), be in a recumbent position. Ille /illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she, it. Nunc (adv.): now; as it is. Prōstrātus /prōstrāta/prōstrātum is the perfect passive participle (prostrated, overthrown) of prōsternō, prōsternere, prōstrāvī, prōstrātum (3): to knock down, overthrow.
From the founding of the city.
Ab /ā (prep.): from; by (takes the ablative). Urbe is the ablative singular form of urbs, urbis (3f): city. Conditā is the feminine ablative singular form of conditus/condita/conditum, the perfect passive participle (having been founded) of condō, condere, condidī, conditum (3): to build; found; bury; suppress.
All Gaul is divided into three parts.
Gallia, Galliae (1f): Gaul. Est: is. Omnis/ omnis /omne (3): all; every. Dīvīsus/ dīvīsa /dīvīsum is the perfect passive participle (divided) of dīvidō, dīvidere, dīvīsī, dīvīsum (3): to divide, separate. In (prep.): into (takes the accusative in this sense). Partēs is the accusative plural form of pars, partis (3f): part, share. Trēs is the accusative form of trēs/trēs/tria (3, plural only): three.
A man who has been saved by his son disinherits him.
More literally: The saved-by-(his-)son disinherits (him). Or: Having been saved by (his) son, he disinherits (him).
Servātus /servāta/servātum is the perfect passive participle (saved) of servō, servāre, servāvī, servātum (1): to keep, protect, save. Ab/ ā (prep.): from; by (takes the ablative). Fīliō is the ablative singular form of fīlius, fīliī (2m): son. Abdicat is the third person singular form of abdicō, abdicāre, abdicāvī, abdicātum (3): to deny; disinherit.
I’m ready to leave.
More literally: I am prepared to depart.
Parātus /parāta/parātum is the perfect passive participle (having been prepared) of parō, parāre, parāvī, parātum (1): to prepare, arrange (as an adjective: prepared, ready). Exeō, exīre, exīvī/exiī, exitum (irreg.): to go out, exit, depart. Sum: I am.
She was thrown down, and survived.
More literally: Having been thrown down, she lived.
Dēiectus/ dēiecta /dēiectum is the perfect passive participle (having been thrown down) of dēiciō, dēicere, dēiēcī, dēiectum (3): to throw down. Vīxit is the third person singular perfect form of vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctum (3): to live.
Her weakened mind has given way.
Labefactus/ labefacta /labefactum is the perfect passive participle (having been weakened) of labefaciō, labefacere, labefēcī, labefactum (3, –iō): to shake, make unsteady; weaken. Mēns, mentis (3f): mind; intention. Succubuit is the third person singular perfect form of succumbō, succumbere, succubuī, succubitum (3): to fall down; yield, be overcome; submit, surrender; give way, succumb.
Said and done.
(Sometimes rephrased as no sooner said than done.) Dictus/dicta/ dictum is the perfect passive participle (having been said) of dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum (3): to say. Atque/ ac (conj.): and. Factus/facta/ factum is the perfect passive participle (having been done) of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make.
He had come to Africa after his release by Caesar.
More literally: He, having been released by Caesar, had come into Africa.
Hic /haec/hoc (pron.): this; he, she, it. Dīmissus /dīmissa/dīmissum is the perfect passive participle (having been released) of dīmittō, dīmittere, dīmīsī, dīmissum (3): to send away, release. Ab/ ā (prep.): (away) from; by (takes the ablative). Caesare is the ablative singular form of Caesar, Caesaris (3m): Caesar. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into, against. Āfricam is the accusative singular form of Āfrica, Āfricae (1f): Africa. Vēnerat is the third person singular pluperfect form of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (4): to come.
There is nothing the busy man is less busied with than living.
More literally: Nothing is less of the occupied man (belongs less to the occupied man) than living.
Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here nom.): nothing. Minus (adv.): less. Est: is. Homō, hominis (3m): man, human being. Occupātī is the m/n genitive singular form of occupātus/occupāta/occupātum, the perfect passive participle (having been seized, occupied) of occupō, occupāre, occupāvī, occupātum (1): to seize, take possession of, occupy—as an adjective: occupied, busy. Quam (rel. adv.): than; as. Vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctum (3): to live.
I recognized nothing of my daughter, nothing of her defeated.
(A father’s reaction when seeing his daughter just before her death; she was on the opposite side of a civil war from him, and her side had lost.) Nihil (n, indeclinable, nom. or acc. only—here acc.): nothing. Agnōscō, agnōscere, agnōvī, agnōtum (3): to recognize. Fīlia, fīliae (1f): daughter. Victae is the feminine genitive singular form of victus/victa/victum, the perfect passive participle (having been defeated) of vincō, vincere, vīcī, victum (3): to conquer, defeat; win, be victorious.
He loses his sense of shame by being found out.
More literally: Shame is removed for (i.e., from) (him) having been found out.
(Why it’s hard to embarrass someone who’s doing flagrantly bad things: when exposed, he just becomes more bold.) Dēprēnsō is the m/n (here m) dative singular form of dēprēnsus/dēprēnsa/dēprēnsum, the perfect passive participle (having been discovered) of dēprēndō, dēprēndere, dēprēndī, dēprēnsum (3, also dēprehendō): to seize, catch; detect, discover, find out. Pudor, pudōris (3m): shame; modesty. Dēmitur is the third person singular passive form of dēmō, dēmere, dēmpsī, dēmptum (3): to remove, take away (from someone = dative).
No one is sparing of a ruined reputation.
(Once someone’s reputation is terrible, he has little left to lose and might as well keep acting badly.) Nēmō, nēminis (3m): no one. Dignitātī is the dative singular form of dignitās, dignitātis (3f): worthiness; rank, status; reputation. Perditae is the feminine dative singular form of perditus/perdita/perditum, the perfect passive participle (having been ruined) of perdō, perdere, perdidī, perditum (3): to lose; destroy; ruin. Parcit is the third person singular form of parcō, parcere, pepercī/parsī, parsum (3): to refrain; spare (with dative).
We have survived the capture of the city.
More literally: We have survived the taken city.
Captae is the feminine dative singular form of captus/capta/captum, the perfect passive participle (having been captured, taken) of capiō, capere, cēpī, captum (3, –iō): to capture, take. Superāvimus is the first person plural form of superō, superāre, superāvī, superātum (1): to climb over; overcome; surpass; be present in excess; abound; survive (in that last meaning it can take an object in the dative case). Urbī is the dative singular form of urbs, urbis (3f): city.
He was getting ready to strip his conquered foe.
More literally: He was preparing to strip the conquered.
Victum is the m/n (here m) accusative singular form of victus/victa/victum, the perfect passive participle (having been defeated) of vincō, vincere, vīcī, victum (3): to conquer, defeat; win, be victorious. Spoliō, spoliāre, spoliāvī, spoliātum (1): to strip; rob, plunder. Parābat is the third person singular imperfect form of parō, parāre, parāvī, parātum (1): to prepare, arrange.
He, after perusing it, reads it out in an assembly of the soldiers.
More literally: He recites (it), having been perused, in an assembly of the soldiers.
Ille /illa/illud (pron.): that; he, she, it. Perlēctam is the feminine accusative singular form of perlēctus/perlēcta/perlēctum, the perfect passive participle (having been perused) of perlegō, perlegere, perlēgī, perlēctum (3): to peruse, read through. (It refers to a letter: epistula, epistulae (1f).) In (prep.): in, on (with abl.). Conventū is the ablative singular form of conventus, conventūs (4m): assembly. Mīlitum is the genitive plural form of mīles, mīlitis (3m): soldier. Recitat is the third person singular form of recitō, recitāre, recitāvī, recitātum (1): to recite, read aloud.
He scourged his son Sextus with rods and sent him among the enemy.
More literally: He sent his son Sextus, having been beaten with rods, toward the enemy.
Fīlium is the accusative singular form of fīlius, fīliī (2m): son. Suum is the m/n accusative singular form of suus/sua/suum (1/2): his (own). Sextum is the accusative singular form of the proper name (praenomen) Sextus, Sextī (2m). Tarquinium is the m/n (here m) accusative singular form of the family name Tarquinius/Tarquinia/Tarquinium (1/2). Caesum is the m/n accusative singular form of caesus/caesa/caesum, the perfect passive participle (having been struck, beaten) of caedō, caedere, cecīdī, caesum (3): to cut; strike, beat; kill. Virgīs is the ablative plural form of virga, virgae (1f): twig; a switch for flogging, rod, stick. Ad (prep.): to, toward (takes the accusative). Hostem is the accusative singular form of hostis, hostis (3m/f): enemy. Mīsit is the third person singular perfect form of mittō, mittere, mīsī, missum (3): to send; throw.
E
e
The voice of one crying in the wilderness.
Alt. : A voice of one crying in the desert.
More literally: The voice of a crying (one) in the deserted (place).
Vōx, vōcis (3f): voice; word; utterance; speech. Clāmāns, clāmantis (3) is the present active participle (crying) of clāmō, clāmāre, clāmāvī, clāmātum (1): to cry out, shout, exclaim. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Dēsertō is the m/n ablative singular form of dēsertus/dēserta/dēsertum, the perfect passive participle (having been deserted) of dēserō, dēserere, dēseruī, dēsertum (3): to desert, abandon (as the noun dēsertum, dēsertī (2n): deserted place, desert).
E
e
He found him in a desert land.
More literally: He found him in a deserted land.
Invēnit is the third person singular perfect form of inveniō, invenīre, invēnī, inventum (4): to find. Eum in the masculine accusative singular form of is/ea/id (pron.): he, she, it; this, that. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Terrā is the ablative singular form of terra, terrae (1f): land. Dēsertā is the feminine ablative singular form of dēsertus/dēserta/dēsertum, the perfect passive participle (having been deserted) of dēserō, dēserere, dēseruī, dēsertum (3): to desert, abandon (as an adjective: deserted, uninhabited).
For all vices are milder in the open.
Omnia is the neuter nominative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every. Enim (particle): for; indeed. Vitia is the nominative plural form of vitium, vitiī (2n): vice, fault. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Apertō is the m/n ablative singular form of apertus/aperta/apertum, the perfect passive participle (having been uncovered, opened) of aperiō, aperīre, aperuī, apertum (4): to open, uncover—as an adjective: open (the neuter is here used substantively). Lēniōra is the neuter nominative plural form of lēnior/lēnior/lēnius (3): milder—the comparative form of lēnis/lēnis/lēne (3): mild. Sunt: are.
They lay dead at the post where duty bade them stand.
More literally: They lay, having been killed, at the place in which they had been duty-bound to stand.
Iacuēre is the third person plural perfect form (equivalent to iacuērunt: recall that – ēre is an alternative third person plural perfect ending) of iaceō, iacēre, iacuī, iacitum (2): to lie (in a certain place or state), be in a recumbent position. Perēmptī is the masculine nominative plural form of perēmptus/perēmpta/perēmptum, the perfect passive participle (having been killed) of perimō, perimere, perēmī, perēmptum (3): to destroy; kill. Dēbuerant is the third person plural pluperfect form of dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitum (2): to owe; ought, be duty-bound. Quō is the m/n ablative singular form of quī/quae/quod (rel. pron. or adj.): who, which, that, what. Stō, stāre, stetī, statum (1): to stand. Locō is the ablative singular form of locus, locī (2m): place.
When we capture them, they capture us.
More literally: And having been captured, they have captured (us).
(He’s talking about pleasures: voluptās, voluptātis (3f).) Captaeque: captae is the feminine nominative plural form of captus/capta/captum, the perfect passive participle (having been taken) of capiō, capere, cēpī, captum (3, –iō): to take, seize (the enclitic conjunction – que adds and). Cēpēre is the third person plural perfect form of capiō, capere, cēpī, captum (3, –iō): to take, seize.
Everything depends on opinion.
More literally: All things are suspended from (dependent upon) opinion.
Omnia is the neuter nominative plural form of omnis/omnis/omne (3): all; every; (n. pl.) all things, everything. Ex /ē (prep.): out of, from (takes the ablative). Opīniōne is the ablative singular form of opīniō, opīniōnis (3f): opinion, belief. Suspēnsa is the neuter nominative plural form of suspēnsus/suspēnsa/suspēnsum, the perfect passive participle (having been suspended) of suspendō, suspendere, suspendī, suspēnsum (3): to suspend; (in the passive) be made to depend on. Sunt: (they) are.
Some matters are cured only by deception.
More literally: Some things are not healed unless deceived.
Quaedam is the neuter nominative plural form of quīdam/quaedam/quiddam (pron.): someone, something; (in pl.) some people, some things. Nōn: not. Nisi (conj.): if not, unless; except. Dēcepta is the neuter nominative plural form of dēceptus/dēcepta/dēceptum, the perfect passive participle (having been deceived) of dēcipiō, dēcipere, dēcēpī, dēceptum (3, –iō): to deceive, cheat. Sānantur is the third person plural passive form of sānō, sānāre, sānāvī, sānātum (1): to heal, cure.
I accept the enmity of scoundrels.
More literally: I accept the enmities of corrupted men.
Suscipiō, suscipere, suscēpī, susceptum (3, –iō): to take up, assume, accept, receive. Inimīcitiās is the accusative plural form of inimīcitia, inimīcitiae (1f, most often pl.): enmity, ill will. Hominum is the genitive plural form of homō, hominis (3m): man, human. Perditōrum is the m/n genitive plural form of perditus/perdita/perditum, the perfect passive participle (having been corrupted, ruined) of perdō, perdere, perdidī, perditum (3): to destroy; ruin; waste; corrupt; lose—as an adjective: hopeless; corrupt, dissolute, morally depraved.
Yet Lycurgus paid dear for his felled vines.
More literally: Yet Lycurgus suffered the penalties of vines having been cut.
(Alludes to a myth: Lycurgus of Thrace cut down vines to stop the evils that result from drinking wine; Dionysius retaliated by driving Lycurgus into madness, which in turn caused him to kill his wife and son.) Tamen (adv.): nevertheless, yet, still. Lycūrgus, Lycūrgī (2m): Lycurgus. Poenās is the accusative plural form of poena, poenae (1f): punishment, penalty. Caesārum is the feminine genitive plural form of caesus/caesa/caesum, the perfect passive participle (having been cut) of caedō, caedere, cecīdī, caesum (3): to cut; strike, beat; kill. Vītium is the genitive plural form of vītis, vītis (3f): vine. Luit is the third person singular perfect form of luō, luere, luī, — (3): to suffer as a punishment.
What but misery for the conquered?
(A taunt said to have been made by Brennus, a Gallic leader, to captured Romans who complained about his treatment of them.) Quis/quis/ quid (interrog. pron.): who? what? Nisi (conj.): unless; except. Victīs is the m/f/n (here m) dative plural form of victus/victa/victum, the perfect passive participle (having been defeated) of vincō, vincere, vīcī, victum (3): to conquer, defeat; win, be victorious. Dolor, dolōris (3m): pain; grief, suffering.
The dictator pressed on after the flying legions.
More literally: The dictator pursues the chased-away legions.
Dictātor, dictātōris (3m): dictator (in ancient Rome, a dictator was a magistrate who was given plenary powers in order to resolve a crisis). Legiōnibus is the dative plural form of legiō, legiōnis (3f): legion. Fugātīs is the m/f/n dative plural form of fugātus/fugāta/fugātum, the perfect passive participle (having been chased away) of fugō, fugāre, fugāvī, fugātum (1): to chase away, put to flight. Īnstat is the third person singular form of īnstō, īnstāre, īnstitī, īnstātūrus (1): to stand on; press on, harass, pursue (with dative).
She did not wish us to be harassed.
(He’s talking about nature.) Ille/ illa /illud (pron.): that; he, she, it. Nōluit is the third person singular perfect form of nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, — (irreg.): to not want, be unwilling, refuse. Esse: to be. Districtōs is the masculine accusative plural form of districtus/districta/districtum, the perfect passive participle (having been distracted, pulled in different directions) of distringō, distringere, distrīnxī, districtum (3): to detain, distract; divide in mind, pull in different directions.
And he ordered them all to be flogged and crucified.
More literally: And he ordered (them), having been lacerated with whips, to be fastened to a cross.
Lacerātōsque: lacerātōs is the masculine accusative plural form of lacerātus/lacerāta/lacerātum, the perfect passive participle (having been lacerated) of lacerō, lacerāre, lacerāvī, lacerātum (1): to tear to pieces, lacerate; torture (the enclitic conjunction – que adds and). Verberibus is the ablative plural form of verber, verberis (3n): whip, lash (often plural). Crucī is the dative singular form of crux, crucis (3f): cross (for crucifixion). Adfīgī is the passive infinitive form of adfīgō, adfīgere, adfīxī, adfīxum (3—also affīgō): to fix, fasten, nail. Iussit is the third person singular perfect form of iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussum (2): to command, order.
One man remedied the desperate situation.
More literally: One man repaired the ruined circumstances.
Vir, virī (2m): man. Ūnus /ūna/ūnum (1/2, irreg.): one; only; alone. Rēs is the accusative plural form of rēs, reī (5f): thing; matter, affair; circumstance. Perditās is the feminine accusative plural form of perditus/perdita/perditum, the perfect passive participle (having been ruined) of perdō, perdere, perdidī, perditum (3): to lose; destroy; ruin. Restituit is the third person singular perfect form of restituō, restituere, restituī, restitūtum (3): to put back, restore, rebuild, repair.
He sees the armor left behind.
Arma is the accusative form of arma, armōrum (2n, plural only): arms, weapons, armor. Relicta is the neuter accusative plural form of relictus/relicta/relictum, the perfect passive participle (having been left behind, abandoned) of relinquō, relinquere, relīquī, relictum (3): to leave behind, abandon, relinquish. Videt is the third person singular form of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (2): to see.
We made peace with the conquered.
Pācem is the accusative singular form of pāx, pācis (3f): peace. Cum (prep.): with (takes the ablative). Victīs is the m/f/n (here m) ablative plural form of victus/victa/victum, the perfect passive participle (having been conquered, defeated) of vincō, vincere, vīcī, victum (3): to conquer, defeat; win, be victorious. Fēcimus is the first person plural perfect form of faciō, facere, fēcī, factum (3, –iō): to do; make.
E
e
And they will fill the land with the slain.
Et (conj.): and. Implēbunt is the third person plural future form of impleō, implēre, implēvī, implētum (2): to fill up; satisfy. Terram is the accusative singular form of terra, terrae (1f): land. Interfectīs is the m/f/n (here m) ablative plural form of interfectus/interfecta/interfectum, the perfect passive participle (having been slain, killed) of interficiō, interficere, interfēcī, interfectum (3, –iō): to kill.
He left angry.
Abiit is the third person singular perfect form of abeō, abīre, abiī, abitum (irreg.): to depart, go away. Īrātus /īrāta/īrātum is the perfect active participle (having become angry) of īrāscor, īrāscī, īrātus sum (3, deponent): to be or become angry (as an adjective: angry).
Having done their duty.
More literally: Having discharged the office.
(The phrase describes a person who no longer has authority because they’ve completed their assigned task.) Fūnctus /fūncta/fūnctum is the perfect active participle (having discharged, having performed, having executed) of fungor, fungī, fūnctus sum (3, deponent): to discharge, perform, execute (it takes an ablative object). Officiō is the ablative singular form of officium, officiī (2n): duty; office; service.
Before he could say more, life left him.
More literally: Life flees (him) having spoken no more (things/words).
Nōn: not. Plūra is the accusative form of plūrēs/plūrēs/plūra (3—usually plural when it’s an adjective): more numerous, more (in number); many. Locūtum is the m/n (here m) accusative singular form of locūtus/locūta/locūtum, the perfect active participle (having spoken) of loquor, loquī, locūtus sum (3, deponent): to speak. Vīta, vītae (1f): life. Fugit is the third person singular form of fugiō, fugere, fūgī, fugitūrus (3, –iō): to flee, run away.
Some suspected treachery and started a riot.
More literally: Some, having suspected a plot, excited a disturbance.
Īnsidiās is the accusative form of īnsidiae, īnsidiārum (1f, plural only): ambush, trap; plot. Quīdam is the masculine nominative plural form of quīdam/quaedam/quiddam (pron.): a certain one, somebody, something; (pl.) some (people), some things. Suspicātī is the masculine nominative plural form of suspicātus/suspicāta/suspicātum, the perfect active participle (having suspected) of suspicor, suspicārī, suspicātus sum (1, deponent): to suspect. Tumultum is the accusative singular form of tumultus, tumultūs (4m): commotion, disturbance, outbreak of violence. Excitāvērunt is the third person plural perfect form of excitō, excitāre, excitāvī, excitātum (1): to rouse, awaken; stir up, excite.
We are still dealing with admitted facts.
More literally: We are still engaged in the admitted (things/facts).
Adhūc (adv.): still, yet. Versāmur is the first person plural form of versor, versārī, versātus sum (1, deponent): to turn or move around; spend one’s time (in a certain place or activity); be engaged in, pay attention to. In (prep.): (with abl.) in, on; (with acc.) into. Cōnfessīs is the m/f/n (here n) ablative plural form of cōnfessus/cōnfessa/cōnfessum, the perfect passive participle of cōnfiteor, cōnfitērī, cōnfessus sum (2, deponent): to confess, admit. Cōnfiteor being a deponent verb, its perfect participle usually has an active meaning: having admitted. But perfect participles of deponent verbs occasionally have a passive sense, as here: (having been) admitted.